加速器驱动放射性洁净核能系统

 一、核能──人类能源的最终解决之道 经历数百万年而形成的煤、石油和天然气等化石能源,为人类的过去和现在提供了生存和发展的基础。２０世纪以来,人们将它们的化学能转化为更为方便的电能。经济的迅猛发展和人口的急速增长,人类正在加快耗尽这种不可再生能源。据估计,人类可以继续依赖化石能源的时间不过百来年。除了资源问题,化石能源开采和利用所带来的生态与环境问题,已经向我们这代人提出了严峻的挑战。ＣＯ２过量排放引起的温室效应以及酸雨的影响,对我们人类生活和生存的影响有多严重,还要以后才会更加充分地显露出来。无论是资源问题,还是环境问题,都要求人类找到一种可满足人类持续发展需求的洁净能源。     

加速器驱动的洁净核能系统国际研究进展

简述了加速器驱动的洁净核能系统的概念,评论了国际上几个重要研究计划的状况和进展,对我国开展相关的研究提出了建议.The concept for the clean nuclear power system driven by accelerator is presented. The status and progresses of several projects in the world are reviewed. The suggestions for the work to be done in China are proposed.     

加速器驱动的嬗变技术及应用──一个关于核能发展的热门话题

当前的核电技术存在着资源利用率低、排出高放射性长寿命废物以及运行的安全性等问题．利用加速器驱动次临界堆的嬗变技术,不仅可以产生“洁净”的核电,还可以对高放射性核废物进行嬗变处理,同时又能对核材料进行核燃料的增殖或生产,是新一代核能利用的发展方向．The existing nuclear power system has many problems, such as low utilization ratio of natural resources, output of long life radioactive nuclear wastes and safety of operation etc. The transmutation technology by using accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor can generate not only clean nuclear power, but also can transmutate nuclear wastes and proliferate and produce nuclear fuels. It will be a direction to develop new nuclear power.     

与散裂中子靶物理相关的理论计算程序探讨I薄靶计算

利用中能强流质子加速器形成的散裂中子源作为外加中子源驱动次临界反应堆的洁净核能系统是目前国际上的一个研究热点 .散裂中子源是这个系统的一个重要部分 ,也是一个急需解决的重点.有关散裂靶物理的理论计算程序的建立和基准检验是目前工作的一个重点.The research for intermediate energy proton accelerator driven radiologically clean nuclear power system has attracted considerable attention. The spallation neutron source induced by intermediate energy proton nucleus interaction is a key point and has not solved yet for the transmutation and applications. The theoretical programs related to the spallation neutron source for accelerator driven system (ADS) are discussed at present work.     

与加速器驱动的核能系统有关的核化学研究

提出了与加速器驱动的洁净核能系统有关的核化学研究课题,研究领域涉及到散裂反应产物与它们的产额分布、长寿命废料的嬗变、中子反应参数测量以及中子的诊断． Some of research scopes on nuclear chemistry, concerning development of clean nuclear power system driven by accelerator have been proposed. The research fields proposed include spallation products and their yield distributions, transmutation of long lived radiowaste, neutron measurement and diagnosis by activation techniques. Advantages of (n, xn) reactions used for transmutation of radiowaste have been discussed.     

铅散裂靶参数的初步研究

在束流能量为150MeV的前提下计算了中子产额对铅靶尺寸的依赖性.选择某一靶尺寸后讨论了靶系统的放射性活度随时间的变化.最后则比较了不同靶尺寸下的中子能谱.     

加速器驱动次临界系统散裂靶参数优化计算

采用国际开源程序包Geant4,构建高能质子束轰击加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)散裂靶的物理模型,模拟计算质子轰击液态金属铅、铅-铋合金和汞靶的泄漏中子谱分布,以及计算不同能量质子对应的铅靶泄漏中子产额和轴向积分分布,获得1 Ge V质子对应的铅圆柱靶优化参数,考虑入射质子的利用率和整个堆芯的体积质量,优化靶半径范围为16～24 cm,靶高为100 cm,相关研究结果可为(ADS)散裂靶的物理和工程设计提供理论依据。     

新一代干净的核能——加速器驱动的次临界堆

介绍了新一代干净的核能－加速器驱动的次临界堆的原因和国际研究进展，并对国内如何开展这方面的研究提出了建议。     

RFQ加速器束流接受度的计算

基于RFQ加速器中束流横向运动方程描述了一种计算其入口处束流接受度的方法.针对特定结构参数的四翼型RFQ加速器,给出了计算结果为:加速质子束时的系统接受度在x-x′平面为0.0153cm·rad,在y-y′平面为0.0114cm·rad.此方法也适用于求解其它已知结构、使用射频场加速、线性横向电场的加速器的接受度.     

用于洁净核能源的ADS-EA方案

加速器驱动系统 (ADS)是一种新型的洁净能源装置 ,它采用加速器提供的强流高能量质子束驱动次临界的核反应堆 ,既有安全可靠和产生核废料少的优点 ,还可以处理传统反应堆留下的核废料 .能量放大器是一个基于回旋加速器组合的 ADS方案 ,由三级回旋加速器组成的加速器系统可以产生流强为12 m A和能量为1 .2 Ge V的质子束 (束流功率1 4.4MW) ,用以驱动1500 MW的核反应堆. Accelerator Driving System (ADS) is a new device for cleaning energy. A high intensity, high power proton beam provided by accelerators is used to drive a sub critical nuclear reactor. It is safe, reliable and can produce less nuclear waste, and also can be used to treat the nuclear waste from the classical reactor. An Energy Amplifier (EA), which is composed of three cyclotrons, is one type of ADS. It will be used to produce 14.4 MW proton beam (12 mA, 1.2 GeV) and to operate a 1 500 MW nuclear reactor.     

CiADS中LBE散裂靶的放射性核素研究

铅铋合金(LBE)作为中国加速器驱动系统(CiADS)散裂靶的候选材料,长期辐照使其具有很强的放射性。散裂靶放射性核素的研究仅考虑了质子束的散裂反应,而忽略了反应堆裂变中子的活化作用。本文采用FLUKA和MCNP耦合计算LBE和及其结构件的放射性产物。比较了裂变中子和高能质子在放射性产物的活度、主要放射性核素、毒性和衰变光子等方面的贡献。裂变中子的活化作用对主壳、导管和射束管有显著影响。当反应堆趋于临界状态时,裂变中子对LBE的活化作用是高于质子束流的。在LBE中,96.66%的 210Po是由裂变中子诱导的。这些结果表明,裂变中子在LBE及其结构部件的活化计算中是必不可少的。此外,本研究为CiADS的辐射防护提供了参考数据,也为ADS系统中散裂靶的放射性核素研究提供了更准确的方法。     

ADS中子源散裂靶物理研究

运用蒙卡程序DCM CEM对ADS标准散裂中子靶进行了计算研究.计算了在0.1~1.6GeV的质子轰击下,标准Pb靶发生散裂反应产生的泄漏中子产额及分布、中子能谱以及靶内能量沉积分布.计算结果与文献理论数据、实验数据进行了比较.     

加速器驱动反应堆的靶实验及核废料嬗变与焚化

对加速器辅助驱动次临界核反应堆的最近研究进展,特别是靶实验结果,进行了评述 .通过对靶实验首次全产物截面的测定,达到了剥离反应与裂变反应二者产物的完全识别. The recent progresses in accelerator driven nuclear subcritical nuclear reactor, especially in target experimental data have been reviewed.The data contained all the isotopes producing cross sections. The reaction products were identified whether they came from the spallation or fission reaction .     

The Four Lives of a Nuclear Accelerator

Electrostatic accelerators have emerged as a major tool in research and industry in the second half of the twentieth century. In particular in low energy nuclear physics they have been essential for addressing a number of critical research questions from nuclear structure to nuclear astrophysics. This article describes this development on the example of a single machine which has been used for nearly sixty years at the forefront of scientific research in nuclear physics. The article summarizes the concept of electrostatic accelerators and outlines how this accelerator developed from a bare support function to an independent research tool that has been utilized in different research environments and institutions and now looks forward to a new life as part of the experiment CASPAR at the 4,850” level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility.     

质子入射散裂产物理论研究方法探讨

简要介绍了几种关于中高能质子入射引起散裂反应产物理论计算的方法,以及这些方法的最新发展.比较了这些方法在理论计算中的特点,指出经典外推方法有局限性,量子分子动力学方法和改进后的M C方法的计算结果与实验数据有较好的符合,但是计算量大,而且量子分子动力学方法在与宏观输运理论连接上存在不少的困难.半经验计算方法已经取得了初步的成果,需要根据新的实验结果来对其进行发展. The analysis on spallation product of proton-induced reaction with intermediate energy has important applications, such as astrophysics, biophysics, spallation neutron source, and accelerator-driven system (ADS) etc. In recent year, some theoretical models have been developed to investigate this reaction processes. At present work, we introduce the extrapolated classic theory, the quantum molecule dynamic (QMD) plus statistical decay and fission models, the method of Mento-Carlo and Smiempirical method for...     

体积填充率变化对球床钨颗粒散裂靶中子学特性影响的研究

应用MCNPX程序,构建质子束轰击球床钨颗粒散裂靶的物理模型,模拟散裂靶泄露中子产额、能谱、通量轴向分布以及散裂靶沉积能分布。针对不同钨颗粒直径和体积填充率,研究了不同钨颗粒直径下体积填充率变化对球床散裂靶中子学特性的影响。模拟结果表明,钨颗粒体积填充率增加,散裂靶的最大沉积能密度减小。在1～20 mm的范围内,钨颗粒的直径越小,散裂靶泄漏中子产额越大,散裂靶泄漏中子产额随钨颗粒体积填充率变化的波动越小,有利于维持CIADS系统反应堆功率稳定。The physical model of the high-energy proton bombarding the tungsten pebble bed spallation target is simulated by the MCNPX program. The effect of the filling rate on the neutronic characteristics with different particle diameters is studied, by calculating the leakage neutron yield, leakage neutron spectrum axial neutron flux distribution and the energy deposition of the target. The result shows that when the diameter increases from 1 to 20 mm,the maximum deposited energy density decreases in the target, but the leakage neutron yield increases. When the filling rate reaches 74%, leakage neutron yields are almost the same value with different particle diameters. When the target is piled up with 1 mm tungsten particles, neutron leakage yield changes smaller with the variation of the filling rate than the other diameter particles which is beneficial to maintain the reactor power stability in ADS.     

加速器质谱在核科学研究中的应用进展

加速器质谱(AMS) 由于其极高的测量灵敏度而广泛应用于核科学、生命科学、地球科学、环境科学和考古学等研究领域,同时,AMS还可以用来分析样品中的微量核素,是核科学领域的重要研究工具。目前,AMS研究的最新领域是U和Pu 等锕系元素的测量,在核保障、核监测及核试验沉降物示踪大气输运和表面沉积物的迁移等研究中也显示出了较大潜力。综述了AMS在核科学研究中的应用及研究现状,主要包括AMS在放射性核素半衰期的测定、核反应截面的测量等方面的研究进展。Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a promising method to provide extreme sensitivity measurements of the production yields of long-lived radioisotopes, which cannot be detected by other methods. AMS technique plays an important role in the research of nuclear physics, as well as the application field of AMS covered nuclear science and technology, life science, earth science, environmental science, archaeology etc. The newest AMS field is that of actinide, particularly U and Pu, isotopic assay with expanding applications in nuclear safeguards and monitoring, and as a modern bomb-fallout tracer for atmospheric transport and surface sediment movement. This paper reviews the applications of AMS in the research of nuclear energy and nuclear security including the research of half life of radionuclides, cross section of nuclear reaction.