芳香叔胺引发烯类单体聚合研究——单体结构与聚合的关系

不同烯类单体在芳香叔胺存在下的聚合机构不一样。甲基丙烯酸甲酯等有α-甲基的烯类单体在不照光的条件下即可被芳香叔胺引发聚合,其聚合机构认为是首先α—甲基被胺-氧复合物氧化,生成单体过氧化物。再与胺形成氧化还原体系,分解产生自由基。 丙烯酸酯,丙烯腈等没有α-甲基的单体,只有光照时才被芳香叔胺氧化聚合,不光照时完全不聚合。这是因为这些单体不被胺-氧复合物氧化。光照下聚合的机构认为是因光的激发,这些单体与芳香叔胺形成电子转移激发络合物,再分解产生自由基。 研究了单体结构,胺结构对光聚合速度的影响。不同单体的活性次序是: AN>MA>VA>St 不同芳香叔胺的活性次序是: DMT>DMA>DMB>DNA 表明单体双键电子云密度越小,芳香叔胺氮原子上电子云密度越大,越容易形成激发态电子转移络合物,从而越容易聚合。     

芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈光聚合研究

我们发现芳香叔胺是丙烯腈聚合极有效的光引发剂。芳香叔胺苯环上氢被正性基取代时,引发能力增加,被负性基取代时,引发能力下降。下列胺的活性次序是:N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺(DMT)>N,N-二羟乙基对甲苯胺(DHET)>N,N-二甲基苯胺(DMA)>N,N-二甲胺基苯甲醛(DMB)>N,N-二甲基对硝基苯胺(DNA)。芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈光聚合属自由基机构,聚合速度与叔胺浓度的0.66次方成正比。在叔胺浓度为10~(-2)—10~(-4)M范围内,聚合物平均聚合度的倒数与叔胺浓度的0.5次方成正比。初步认为在紫外光激发下,芳香叔胺与丙烯腈分子生成激发态电子转移络合物,再分解产生自由基,引发丙烯腈聚合。     

用电子吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究芳胺引发的光聚合机理

用紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱分析了苯胺等芳胺引发光聚合的聚丙烯腈和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的端基,认为一级胺引发的聚合物端基为二级胺,二级胺引发的聚合物端基为三级胺,从而表明,一级芳胺和二级芳胺在光照下与烯类单体相互作用产生氮自由基引发聚合。     

芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈光聚合的引发机理

芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈(AN)光聚合是通过形成激基复合物(exciPlex)进行的。紫外光谱和荧光光谱表明,芳香叔胺在基态可以和AN形成电荷转移复合物(CTC),而在激发态可和AN形成exciplc(称定域激发)。CTC经光照亦可激发(称CTC激发)。 定域激发引起光聚合速率为CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2>HOCH_2·C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_2CH_2OH)_2,与芳胺荧光被AN淬灭的Stern-Vo-lmer常数顺序一致。CTC激发引起的光聚合顺序为:CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_2CH_2OH)_2>HOCH_2C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2,与芳胺上取代基推电子能力一致。端基分析表明聚合物有芳胺端基。     

甲基丙烯酸2-(N-吖啶酮基)乙酯的合成及其敏化的烯类单体光聚合

我们曾报道过4-甲基丙烯酰氧基二苯甲酮(MABP)与甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)构成的氧化还原引发体系敏化丙烯腈的光聚合。由于MABP及DMAEMA是可聚合的二芳基酮和脂肪叔胺,因而既能参与引发又能参与聚合而进入聚合物链中。一般二苯甲酮要同三级胺,如三乙胺等一起在紫外光照条件下形成光氧化还原引发体系才能有较好的引发效果。同一分子中既含二苯甲酮基又含三级胺基的光敏剂,     

甲基丙烯酸2-(N-吖啶酮基)乙酯的合成及其敏化的烯类单体光聚合

A novel acrylic monomer having acridonechromophore, 2-(N-acridonono)ethyl methacry-late (AEMA) was prepared from methacryloyl chloride and N-hydroxyethyl acridone (HEA), which was obtained by reaction of acridone with ethylene carbonate. Both the monomer and its polymer can initiate the photopolymerization of vinyl monomers, such as AN, MMA etc, but P(AEMA) has higher initiation ability than monomeric AEMA does. The effects of oxygen and aliphatic tertiary amine on the polymerization rate were also revealed. The UV-analysis indicates that AEMA not only initiates photopolymerization of vinyl monomers,but also enters into the polymer chains.     

Photostabilizing activity of tertiary hindered amines

The influence of the N-alkyl group of tertiary hindered amines on the photostabilization of polymers was studied. The photostabilizing effects of the tertiary amine derivatives of 4-benzoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine ( 1a ) in polypropylene were compared. All tertiary amine derivatives having α-H to hindered N showed higher effectiveness than 1a . Model liquid phase photoxidations were carried out by irradiating (UV-lamp) the solutions of tertiary hindered amines containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide as a photoinitiator. The tertiary hindered amines were oxidized more easily than corresponding parent hindered amine and converted to the parent amine, which was identified as its salt, resulting from the carboxylic acid produced from the N-alkyl group by oxidation. The thermal reaction of the tertiary hindered amines with tert-butyl hydroperoxide was also studied in the liquid phase. The tertiary hindered amines decomposed tert-butyl hydroperoxide more rapidly than the parent secondary hindered amine, and generated the parent amine. It was also found that the photostabilizing effects of tertiary hindered amines for polyolefins were higher than that of the parent secondary hindered amine.     

Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of benzophenone piperazine one‐component initiator

A one‐component type II photoinitiator (PDBP), based on 4‐hydroxybenzophenone (HBP), acryloyl chloride, and piperazine, was synthesized and its structure was confirmed by ¹H‐NMR. The photopolymerization kinetics of the photoinitiator was studied by real‐time Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). It indicated that PDBP was a more effective photoinitiator than that of BP/triethylamine (TEA). The rate of polymerization, final conversion increased and the induction period shortened with increase in PDBP concentration, light intensity, and amine concentration. The kinetics of photopolymerization for TPGDA incorporating PDBP in the presence of different tertiary amines as the initiating system indicated that the PDBP/TEA combination exhibited the highest polymerization rates among the PDBP/amine combinations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and polymerizations of six aminophosphonate‐containing methacrylates

Two different groups of novel aminophosphonate‐containing methacrylates were synthesized. The route to the first group involves reactions of ethyl α‐bromomethacryate (EBBr) and t‐butyl α‐bromomethacryate (TBBr) with diethyl aminomethylphosphonate and diethyl 2‐aminoethylphosphonate. Bulk and solution polymerizations at 60–80 °C with 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) gave crosslinked or soluble polymers depending on monomer structure and polymerization conditions. Increasing bulkiness from ethyl to t‐butyl decreases the polymerization rate, correlated well with the chemical shift differences of double bond carbons and consistent with the lower molecular weights of t‐butyl ester polymers (M_n = 1800–7900 vs. 50,000–72,000). The route to the second group involves the Michael addition reaction between diethyl aminomethylphosphonate and diethyl 2‐aminoethylphosphonate with 3‐(acryloyloxy)‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate (AHM) to give secondary amines. The photopolymerization using differential scanning calorimeter showed that these monomers have similar or higher reactivities than AHM, even though AHM has two double bonds. The high rates of polymerization of these monomers were attributed to both hydrogen bonding interactions due to additional NH groups as well as chain transfer reactions. All the homopolymers obtained produced char (17–35%) on combustion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.     

Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of tertiary amines

The sensitization effect of tertiary amines on the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate was studied. N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine, triethylamine, and N,N-dimethylaniline increased the rate of polymerization in this order, but pyridine did not show any effect. A free-radical mechanism was confirmed by the tacticity of polymer, the retarding effect of hydroquinone, and the copolymer composition with styrene. On the basis of the detailed kinetics of the sensitized polymerization and the ultraviolet spectra of the reaction mixtures, a sensitization mechanism is proposed, in which the excited monomer and the amine form a complex and generate an initiating radical.     

Hyperbranched poly(ether amine)(hPEA)as novel backbone for amphiphilic one-component type-Ⅱ polymeric photoinitiators

A series of amphiphilic polymeric photoinitiators with hyperbranched poly(ether amine) (hPEA) as novel backbone were developed, which can initiate photopolymerization of water-soluble and hydrophobic monomers very efficiency and might have great potential applications in the field of photo-curing.     

可聚合二苯甲酮类光引发剂的合成及其光聚合性能研究

以4-(2,3-环氧丙氧基)二苯甲酮(EBP)和丙烯酸为原料,通过开环反应合成了含有不饱和双键的可聚合光引发剂4-(丙烯酸-2-羟基丙酯-3-氧基)二苯甲酮(AEBP).采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹HNMR)对其结构进行表征,利用紫外吸收光谱对AEBP的紫外吸收波长进行表征,通过实时红外(RT-IR)研究了AEBP引发丙烯酸酯单体的光聚合动力学.采用萃取法对比了BP与AEBP引发固化体系后的迁移性.结果表明,随AEBP浓度增加,单体最终转化率增加;当助引发剂N,N-二甲氨基苯甲酸-乙酯(EDAB)浓度为1.2%时,单体最终双键转化率最高;AEBP对双官能度单体的引发效率较之三官能度单体的好;聚合速率随光照强度的增强而变快;固化后AEBP的迁移性比传统的BP大大降低.     

The influence of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone on polymerization kinetics and thermo‐mechanical properties of crosslinked acrylate polymers

Polymerization of multifunctional acrylate monomers generates crosslinked polymers that are noted for their mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. A common reactive diluent to photopolymerizable formulations is N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), which is known to reduce the inhibition of free radical photopolymerization by atmospheric oxygen. In this work, the copolymerization behavior of NVP was examined in acrylate monomers with two to five functional groups. At concentrations as low as 2 wt %, NVP increases the polymerization rate in copolymerization with multifunctional acrylate monomer. The relative rate enhancement associated with adding NVP increases dramatically as the number of acrylate double bonds changes from two to five. The influence of NVP on polymerization kinetics is related to synergistic cross‐propagation between NVP and acrylate monomer, which becomes increasingly favorable with diffusion limitations. This synergy extends bimolecular termination into higher double bond conversion through reaction diffusion controlled termination. Copolymerizing concentrations of 5–30 DB% NVP with diacrylate or pentaacrylate monomer also increases Young's modulus and the glass transition temperature (T_g) in comparison to neat acrylate polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4062–4073, 2007     

Concise synthesis of aromatic tertiary amines via a double Petasis–borono Mannich reaction of aromatic amines,formaldehyde, and organoboronic acids

A simple and efficient strategy to construct aromatic tertiary amines via a double Petasis–borono Mannich reaction of aromatic amines, formaldehyde, and organoboronic acids has been developed. The transformation provides a useful method for the synthesis of amine derivatives.     

Three component ketocoumarin, amine, maleimide photoinitiator II

Three component photoinitiator systems containing N-substituted maleimide/ketocoumarin/tertiary amine have been used for the visible light photopolymerization of acrylate and thiol-ene monomers. Thin-film calorimetry studies were conducted. The polymerization exotherms of these systems with the blue (470 nm) and cyan (505 nm) LED light sources show that the multicomponent initiator package is an effective system for visible light polymerization of acrylate and thiol-ene monomers. Exotherms of a visible light initiator combination of camphorquinone/amine were recorded for comparison purposes.     

Photo-induced coupling of tertiary amines with Ugi-derived dehydroalanines as a practical device in the synthesis to 2,4-diaminobutyric acid derivatives

An Ir-mediated photocatalytic coupling of tertiary amines with Ugi-dehydroalanines was developed as an entry to medicinally important 2,4-diaminobutyric acid derivatives. In the process the 2,4-diaminobutyric acid framework is assembled directly embedded into a peptoide structure, via the construction of the C₃(sp³)–C₄(sp³) bond, through a CH functionalization. The photocatalyzed oxidation of the tertiary amine produce a free radical intermediate which reacts with the double bond present in the dehydroalanines. The complete protocol comprises an Ugi 4-CR followed by an elimination reaction and the photo-induced coupling. Using this strategy, 15 new diversely substituted unnatural α,γ-diamino acids peptide derivatives were prepared in low to good yields.     

Effect of amines on the ceric ion-initiated polymerization of vinyl monomers. II. Polymerization of acrylonitrile by ceric ion in presence of various substituted amines

The effect of various substituted amines on the polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by ceric ammonium sulfate has been studied in aqueous solution at 30°C. It was found that the secondary and tertiary amines considerably increased the rate of polymerization, whereas the primary amines seemed to have no effect at all. From the kinetic studies it was found that the overall polymerization rate R_p is independent of ceric ion concentration and can be expressed by the equation: R_p = k₁ [amine] [monomer] + k₂[monomer]², where k₁ and k₂ are constants (involving different rate constants). The accelerating effect of the amines was attributed to a redox reaction between the ceric ion and the amine involving a single electron transfer, the relative activity of the different amines being thus dependent on the relative electron-donating tendency of the substituents present in the amine. The mechanism of the polymerization is discussed on the basis of these results, and various kinetic constants are evaluated.     

Ternary microemulsions of vinylic and acrylic monomers

Ternary systems consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant, water and several vinyl and acrylic monomers [vinyl acetate (VAc), acrylonitrile (ACN), ethyl acrylate (EtA), butyl acrylate (BuA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl methacrylate (MMB) and styrene (St)] were studied. The solubilization of monomer in aqueous solutions of SDS was found to be dependent on its structure and concentration. The molar specific solubility was observed to decrease with hydrophobicity and increase with polarity of monomer, that is, it was lowest for St, EHA and highest for MMA, EtA. The NMR and fluorescence studies indicate that solubilization occurred at a different domain of the interfacial layer. The hydrophobic monomers are solubilized toward the hydrocarbon interior of the micelles whereas the hydrophilic ones, toward the hydrated tail of the surfactant. The penetration of monomers into the oil-in-water interface is limited because the screening of charged ions of emulsifier is not operative. A relationship between the persulfate initiator decomposition rate and the lability of the α-hydrogen linked to the substituted carbon of the double bond was established. The initiator productivity was the highest for MMA (lacking such α-hydrogen) and the lowest for VAc and St, the monomers in which the C-H_α bond is the most reactive.     

Sesamin as a co-initiator for UV photopolymerization

Sesamin, a nature compound from sesame seed, which contains two cyclic acetal structures, was used as a co-initiator for UV polymerization initiator system, and 1,6-Hexanedioldiacrylate was used as the photopolymerization monomer. Photopolymerization kinetics was recorded by real-time infrared spectroscopy. For BP/Sesamin initiator system, the double bond conversion increased with the increase of Sesamin concentration and light intensity. Combination of p-chlorobenzophenone and Sesamin had the highest initiating reactivity. The polymerization rate and final double bond conversion of acrylate monomer were higher than that of methacrylate monomer.     

2,2′-二邻甲氧基苯基-4,4′,5,5′-四苯基-1,2′-二咪唑复合光引发体系的光聚合动力学研究

本文研究了对2,2′-二邻甲氧基苯基-4,4′,5,5′-四苯基-1,2′-二咪唑(BMOIM)复合光引发体系引发聚合动力学过程.采用紫外光谱仪对引发剂、供氢体、增感剂在紫外区的吸收谱图进行了表征.利用实时红外光谱仪对复合光引发体系引发聚合动力学过程进行实时监测,考察了不同光强、引发剂浓度以及不同官能度单体对反应速率及最终双键转化率的影响.结果表明,在引发剂浓度为0.6%(质量分数)时,20s内双键转换率达到96%,随着引发剂浓度的提高,聚合速率增大.聚合速率以及最终双键转化率随着光强增大而增大;双官能团单体的最终双键转化率比三官能团单体的最终双键转化率要高.