多目标决策—理想点法评价水牛角,黄牛角与犀角的无机元素组…

以Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ和Ｐｂ的含量为评价指标，用多目标决策－理想点法从整体上分析了水牛解、黄牛角与犀角在无机元素组成方面的综合相似性，为寻找理想的犀工用品了科学依据。     

理想完全互溶双液系相图的数学解析

理想完全互溶双液系是两个组分都严格遵守Raoult定律的体系，从数学角度看，其平面相图有着确定的函数关系。本文以Clausius-Clapeyron方程为基础，推导了该类理想体系的p-x、T-x及p-T相图的函数解析式。     

双液系气－液平衡相图绘制中有关问题的探讨

本文以物理化学实验“苯－乙醇气液平衡相图绘制”为研究对象，对其混合液的浓度调整以期达到再利用进行了探讨，提出了调整方法，进行了实验验证，取得了理想的效果。     

表面扩散的Monte Carlo初探

利用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟了理想表面和分形表面上的扩散过程；通过模拟可以发现，表面扩散系数不仅与表面浓度有关，而且还与扩散的时间、表面的几何形貌等有关。在表面覆盖度比较高时，表面扩散系数有一极大值。与理想表面相比，分形表面会使扩散系数减小。     

DN非蛋白氮色谱分离检测新技术开发成功

不久前，西安交通大学生物医学信息工程教育部重点实验室与第四军医大学药学系、西安理工大学应用化学系联合开发出一种“糖尿病肾病非蛋白氮代谢物反相高效液相色谱分离检测”新技术。该技术的开发成功，为临床糖尿病肾病患者的早期诊断提供了理想的检测手段。     

理想反应器的时空特性和内在联系

以理想反应器时间和空间特性为出发点,探讨了间歇操作釜式反应器(BR)、平推流反应器(PFR)和全混流反应器(CSTR)等理想反应器之间的内在联系,推导了循环操作PFR反应器的停留时间分布函数,分析了多段串联全混流反应器和循环操作PFR反应器在各理想反应器之间的桥梁和纽带作用。在此基础上,简要归纳了各理想反应器之间的联系。     

金属态原子电负性的计算及应用(II)

利用修正后的Ｐａｕｌｉｎｇ计算单键键能的公式对Ｈ２、Ｏ２、ＣＯ双原子分子在某些过渡金属上解离吸附参数（包括活化吸附热，金属－吸附物种表面键能）进行了计算，获得了丰富的表面键能量参数数值，弥补了实验数据的不足。从而，为在一定程度上帮助人们从分子微观动力学的角度认识催化反应的实质，提供了较为可靠的理想依据。     

理想共聚体系共聚物组成方程的推导

理想共聚体系共聚物组成方程的推导彭宇行（中国科学院成都有机化学研究所，６１００４１）理想共聚是连锁聚合反应（自由基聚合、阳离子聚合和阴离子聚合）中的一类特殊共聚体系。在理想共聚中由不同单体生成的链增长活性中心对各共聚单体具有相同的反应活性，使得共聚物...     

河北科技师范学院应用化学学科

河北科技师范学院坐落在风景宜人的旅游城市秦皇岛。秦皇岛依山傍海，是我国首批对外开放的沿海城市，环境优美，交通便利，是著名的花果之乡、旅游胜地，自然与人文环境俱佳，为理想的办学之地。     

发光镧系超分子的设计及应用

理想的发光体在激光、显示器件、荧光灯、太阳能贮存与转换、光放大等技术领域有广阔的应用前景，在分析方面可用作标记、环境探针及传感元件等。镧系超分子是未来理想发光体设计的新途径，具有独特的优势。本文介绍目前发光镧系超分子研究的最新进展，阐述设计原则及一些实例，并概述其应用。     

Combination of mathematics and label-free proteomics for discovering keratin-derived specific peptide biomarkers to distinguish animal horn-derived traditional Chinese medicines

Saiga antelope horn and Rhinoceros horn have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. However, due to the protection of wildlife, the application of these rare animal horns has been restricted or prohibited. Therefore, water buffalo horn, goat horn, and yak horn have been applied as alternatives to Rhinoceros horn or Saiga antelope horn in a clinic. It is extremely difficult to distinguish normal animal horns in powdered or decocted form, especially identifying related species such as water buffalo horn, yak horn, and cattle horn. In this work, mathematics set and label-free proteomics analysis were combined for discovering keratin-derived specific peptide biomarkers. By using mathematics set analysis after nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics, the selected species-specific peptides could be used to identify the authenticity of the Saiga antelope horn and goat horn. Furthermore, peptide biomarkers were selected to distinguish related species-derived horns, water buffalo horn, yak horn, and cattle horn. In total, eight peptide biomarkers were selected and applied for simultaneously distinguishing different horn samples. The present strategy provides a method for peptide biomarkers discovery and also has positive significance for ensuring the quality and efficacy of animal horn-derived traditional Chinese medicines and their products.     

Analysis of active components of rhinoceros, water buffalo and yak horns using two-dimensional electrophoresis and ethnopharmacological evaluation

Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici (rhinoceros horn, RH), Cornu Bubali (water buffalo horn, WBH), and Cornu Bovis grunniens (yak horn, YH) are traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and have been used in China for thousands of years. In this study, ethnopharmacological experiments were used to evaluate and verify the traditional efficacies of horns. Area under curve (AUC) was used to quantify the pharmacological efficacy strength of three horns. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to analyze the protein components in horns, as a result, 14 common protein spots in rhinoceros horn, water buffalo horn, and yak horn electrophoresis gels were found by image analysis. Then linear regression analysis was used to establish the correlation between pharmacological efficacies and components in the horns, and five potential active components were selected from the 14 common protein spots. Finally, two protein spots from five were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In this study, a simple method to construct correlation between components and efficacy strength was explored by linear regression analysis, which could be applied to screen potential active components of animal horns.     

藏药牦牛角中微量元素及其特征

采用日立１８０／８０原子吸收光谱仪、ＷＹＤ－２型氢化物原子荧光光谱仪测定了传统藏药牦牛角中的Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｓｅ、Ａｓ,Ｈｇ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ等１０种元素含量。结果表明,由于牦牛生活在青藏高原这一特独生境条件下,其角含有丰富的微量元素。     

Antifeedant Effects and Repellent Activity of Loline Alkaloids from Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue against Horn Flies,Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Haematobia irritans is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle and is the global major pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent upon broad-spectrum pesticides, which lately has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are necessary. Endophyte-infected grasses have been studied as an alternative due to their capability to biosynthesize alkaloids associated with anti-insect activities. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the antifeedant and repellent activity of lolines obtained from endophyte-infected tall fescue against H. irritans adults in laboratory conditions. The alkaloid extract (ALKE) was obtained by acid–base extraction. N-formyl loline (NFL) and N-acetyl loline (NAL) were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (pTLC) and column chromatography (CC), and the loline was prepared by acid hydrolysis of a NFL/NAL mixture. Loline identification was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Feeding behavior was evaluated by a non-choice test, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Accordingly, all samples showed antifeedant activities. NFL was the most antifeedant compound at 0.5 µg/µL and 1.0 µg/µL, and it was statistically equal to NAL but different to loline; however, NAL was not statistically different to loline. NFL and NAL at 0.25 µg/µL were more active than loline. All samples except loline exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer. Thus, the little or non-adverse effects for cattle and beneficial activities of those lolines make them suitable candidates for horn fly management.     

Insecticidal,Repellent and Antifeedant Activity of Essential Oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied. Leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin Heartwood against Horn Flies,Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle and is the major global pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent on broad-spectrum pesticides, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are needed. Essential oils have been studied as an alternative due to their wide spectrum of biological activities against insects. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and antifeedant activity of the essential oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood against horn flies in laboratory conditions. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Accordingly, α-pinene (36.50%) and limonene (20.50%) were the principal components of the B. cruckchanksii essential oil, and δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the most abundant compounds in the P. uviferum essential oil. Mortality of flies and feeding behavior were evaluated by non-choice tests, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Both essential oils were toxic to horn flies, with LC₅₀ values for B. cruckchanksii essential oil of 3.58 µL L⁻¹ air at 4 h, and for P. uviferum essential oil of 9.41 µL L⁻¹ air and 1.02 µL L⁻¹ air at 1 and 4 h, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer using only 10 µg of each oil, and these significantly reduced the horn fly feeding at all doses evaluated. Although further laboratory and field studies related to the insectistatic and insecticide properties of these essential oils against H. irritans are necessary, B. cruckshanksii leaves and P. uviferum heartwood essential oils are promising candidates for horn fly management.     

Peptidome characterization of the antipyretic fraction of Bubali Cornu aqueous extract by nano liquid chromatography with orbitrap mass spectrometry detection

In the present study, the antipyretic activity of Bubali Cornu (water buffalo horn) fraction and its metabolomics were investigated. The fraction decreased rat rectal temperature, and 13 endogenous metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers. Selected metabolites were involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism etc. Following treatment with the fraction, four metabolites, pyroglutamic acid, palmitelaidic acid, leukotriene A4, and prostaglandin A2 were reversed. In addition, the levels of interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, prostaglandin E₂, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in plasma were also reversed after treatment as determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, nano‐flow liquid chromatography with orbitrap mass spectrometry detection was used to analyze the peptides in the fraction. In total, 824 peptide sequences mainly from keratins were determined, with Keratin 14, Keratin 34, and Keratin 86 representing the three main types of keratin hydrolysis in water buffalo horn based on peptide heat maps. Of the identified peptides, 81.2% were hydrophilic and the molecular weight of 70.3% of identified peptides was lower than 2000 Da. According to the metabolomics‐ and peptidomics‐based approach used in the present study, it is feasible to identify and analyze the active peptide matrix from animal‐horn‐derived traditional Chinese medicines.     

Comparison of the peptidome released from keratins in Saiga antelope horn and goat horn under simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Goat horn (Caprae Hircus Cornu, GH) has been used as a substitute for Saiga antelope horn (Saigae Tataricae Cornu, SAH) in the clinic and the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, peptides released from SAH and GH under simulated gastric and intestinal digestion were identified. The results showed that most of the peptides released from SAH and GH under simulated gastrointestinal digestion were hydrophilic, and over 75% of the peptides from keratins (KRTs) were hydrophilic. In total, over 58% of the identified peptides were released from KRTs, and were from the four main regions of KRTs. The peptide features and the peptide release profiles from KRTs in SAH and GH were similar, which may provide a method for the identification of sustainable alternatives to replace the threatened SAH, and provide further evidence of the feasibility of using GH as a replacement for SAH based on their peptidomic analysis.     

Identification of short‐chain poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrates in Saiga horn extracts using LC–MS/MS

Saiga horn extracts were analyzed with the goal of obtaining new information about compounds present in it. The purpose of this study is to find synthetic alternatives to Saiga horn extract, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine, by identifying potentially biologically active compounds in the extracts. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry, we have been able to identify a series of short‐chain polyhydroxybutyrates in alcoholic extracts of Saiga horn. Optimized high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry methods for analysis of short‐chain poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrates were developed and subsequently applied to investigate Saiga horn extract for the presence of these compounds, which might explain its biological actions, particularly for its antipyretic and procoagulant properties.     

Ultrasonic‐assisted derivatization of estrogenic compounds in a cup horn booster and determination by GC‐MS

Cup horn boosters are miniaturized ultrasound baths that maximize efficiency and precision. The optimization of an ultrasonic‐assisted derivatization step by means of a cup horn booster and the determination of estrone, 17β‐estradiol, estriol, 17α‐ethynyl estradiol and mestranol was developed by GC‐MS. Different derivatization reagents and solvents were studied for maximizing the di‐derivatization of 17α‐ethynyl estradiol under ultrasound energy. Only N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% of trimethylchlorosilane in pyridine gave satisfactory results and this mixture was further used in the optimization of the ultrasound assisted derivatization. The experiment designs included sonication time (1–10 min), sonication power (20–80%), sonication cycles (1–9), derivatization reagent volume (25–125 μL) and solvent volume (25–125 μL). Once the optimum conditions were fixed, the effect of organic matter and the frequency of the water bath change were studied. Finally, the validation of the analytical method was carried out using spiked natural and synthetic waters. Recoveries (natural (138–70%) and synthetic (112–89%)), the LODs (0.35–1.66 ng/L), and LOQs (1.16–5.52 ng/L) and the precision (0.2–5.3%) of the method were studied. This is the first work in the literature where a cup horn booster is used with the aim of minimizing derivatization time during the determination of estrogenic compounds.     

Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced from Yellow Horn Oil by LC

A simple and accurate HPLC method with refractive index detection was developed to determine the main fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel produced from yellow horn oil. Methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl arachidate, methyl stearate, methyl palmitate and methyl oleate were separated on a HIQ SIL C18W column using methanol as mobile phase. The method has good repeatability and precision, the intraday and interday RSD for both retention time and peak area was less than 3.2%. The LOD (S/N = 3) and LOQ (S/N = 9) were less than 0.004 and 0.015 mg mL⁻¹, respectively.