Optimal modes for the laser cooling of solids

The method of the nonequilibrium statistical operator is employed to derive the kinetic equations for the numbers of phonons and photons and the collective population difference of the working transition that describe the laser cooling of solids. These equations are used to obtain the expressions for the efficiency of an optical heat engine in the inverse thermodynamic cycle and the limiting cooling temperature. Based on these expressions, the criteria for determining the type of the samples and the temperature and spectral ranges for the laser cooling experiments are formulated. The results of the numerical calculations are presented as supporting evidence.     

Mechanism of refrigeration cycle on laser cooling of solids

A simple model is developed to study the laser cooling of solids.The condition of laser cooling of a solid is developed.By using some parameters of the Yb 3＋ ion,which is most widely used in laser cooling,we then calculate the cooling power and the cooling efficiency.In order to make a more precise analysis, the effect of fluorescent reabsorption,which is unavoidable in the cooling process,is discussed using the random walk model.Taking Tm 3＋ ion as an example,we derive the average number of absorption events and determine the change in quantum efficiency due to reabsorption.Finally,we obtain the red-shift of the fluorescent wavelength and the requirement of sample dimension.     

影响固体材料激光冷却若干因素的研究

采用一个简单的二能级系统来分析激光冷却的微观物理过程，从微观的离子数等方面讨论制冷功率，从而计算出温度的变化，同时讨论了影响制冷功率的因素，找到了提高制冷功率的途径，详细分析了掺杂离子浓度、抽运功率、有效吸收截面对冷却极限的影响.最后比较了计算结果与实验数据，二者基本一致，从而验证了采用该二能级系统理论分析反斯托克斯荧光制冷的合理性.     

Superradiance of Blackholes

The Klein-Gordon equation is separated and the superradiance phenomenon isstudied on five-parameter (mass, angular momentum, cosmological constant,electric and magnetic charges) black-hole spacetimes.     

Advances of laser refrigeration in solids

The physics of laser cooling in solids is discussed. The coherent optical cooling of dye-doped polymer films in regime of anti-Stokes femtosecond photon echo is analyzed. The possibility of improved optical cooling by doped nanocrystalline structures is studied.     

Laser cooling of Er-doped solids

We consider theoretically a mechanism for laser cooling in rare-earth-doped low-phonon materials based simultaneously on two cooling cycles: a traditional cooling cycle with an anti-Stokes fluorescence transition as well as an infrared-to-visible upconversion cycle, to overcome the self-termination effects in either anti-Stokes or upconversion cooling on its own. Our simulations, performed for erbium-doped potassium-lead chloride crystal (Er³⁺:KPl₂Cl₅) known to be an extremely low phonon energy host, uses two pump wavelengths corresponding to the long wavelength tails of the absorption spectra of the ⁴I_15/2 → ⁴I_13/2 and ⁴I_15/2 → ⁴I_9/2 transitions. The contribution of each pump source to the cooling process is comprehensively investigated. We show that, although the energy gap between ⁴I_15/2 and ⁴I_9/2 levels exceeds the energy gap between ⁴I_15/2 and ⁴I_13/2 levels and cooling process is more efficient with the cycle based on the ⁴I_15/2 → ⁴I_13/2 transition, the second cooling cycle based on the ⁴I_15/2 → ⁴I_9/2 transition can be used as a supplementary one.     

Superradiance of trapped atoms

A new method for calculating the total power of the spontaneous emission of a few motionless two-level atoms located at a distance of the order of the resonance-radiation wavelength with dipole-dipole interaction is suggested. The method is based on the Schrödinger representation. It is shown, as an example, that two trapped atoms cannot emit a pulse of superradiance under any conditions, while four atoms can emit such a pulse at certain conditions. Different ways of introducing the quasi-stationary states of atoms along with the generalization of the proposed method to other resonance systems are discussed.     

Stimulated radiative laser cooling

Building a refrigerator based on the conversion of heat into optical energy is an ongoing engineering challenge. Under well-defined conditions, spontaneous anti-Stokes fluorescence of a dopant material in a host matrix is capable of lowering the host temperature. The fluorescence is conveying away a part of the thermal energy stored in the vibrational oscillations of the host lattice. In particular, applying this principle to the cooling of (solid-state) lasers opens up many potential device applications, especially in the domain of high-power lasers. In this paper, an alternative optical cooling scheme is outlined, leading to the radiative cooling of solid-state lasers. It is based on converting the thermal energy stored in the host into optical energy by means of a stimulated nonlinear process, rather than a spontaneous process. This should lead to better cooling efficiencies and a higher potential of applying the principle for device applications.     

Superradiance in molecular H aggregates

Direct evidence of superradiance from an organic semiconductor (quaterthiophene) whose molecules are arranged in a H aggregate fashion, is reported. Time resolved photoluminescence measurements show a linear correlation between the radiative lifetime (tau(rad)) of the purely electronic exciton recombination and the inverse of the number (N(C)) of the coherently emitting dipoles, i.e., tau(rad) proportional, variant 1/N(C). These data support the recently developed theoretical models describing the optical properties of H aggregates of rodlike molecules with a nonvanishing component of the perpendicular molecular transition dipole moment.     

Feedback-controlled nonresonant laser cooling

We present a new approach to nonresonant laser deceleration and cooling of atoms based on their interaction with a bistable optical cavity. The cooling mechanism presents a photonic version of Sisyphus cooling, in which the conservative motion of atoms is interrupted by sudden transitions between two stable states of the cavity mode. The mechanical energy is extracted due to the hysteretic nature of those transitions. The bistable character of the cavity may be achieved by an external feedback loop, or by means of nonlinear intracavity optical elements. In contrast to the conventional cavity cooling, in which atoms experience a viscoustype force, bistable cavity cooling imitates “dry friction” and stops atoms much faster. Based on this novel approach, we explore the prospects of using optical bistability for efficient radiation pressure cooling of micromechanical devices that are modeled as a Fabry-Perot resonator with one fixed and one oscillating mirror. In all cases, analytical results are presented, supported by realistic numerical examples.     

Superradiance of dyonic black holes

The Klein-Gordon equation is applied to investigate superradiance around a dilatonic variant of dyonic black holes, a type of black holes whose extremal limits are justified for the S-wave approximation. The result is: The dilaton field boosts the superradiance.     

Solid-state laser system for laser cooling of sodium

We demonstrate a frequency-stabilized, all-solid laser source at 589 nm with up to 800 mW output power. The laser relies on sum-frequency generation from two laser sources at 1064 nm and 1319 nm through a PPKTP crystal in a doubly resonant cavity. We obtain conversion efficiencies as high as 2 W/W² after careful optimization of the cavity parameters. The output wavelength is tunable over 60 GHz, which is sufficient to lock on the sodium D₂ line. The robustness, beam quality, spectral narrowness and tunability of our source make it an alternative to dye lasers for atomic physics experiments with sodium atoms.     

Optimization of the dimensions of an Yb(3+):ZBLANP optical fiber sample for laser cooling of solids

We propose a theoretical model for an optimized fiber structure for use in anti-Stokes laser cooling of solids. The sample is an optical fiber fabricated from a fluorozirconate glass ZBLANP with a core doped with Yb(3+) ions. The diameter of the fiber core is optimized to achieve the largest temperature change in the sample. It is shown that for each value of the pump power there is an optimized diameter of the fiber core, which permits the largest drop in the temperature of the sample.     

Electron temperature scaling in laser interaction with solids

A precise knowledge of the temperature and number of hot electrons generated in the interaction of short-pulse high-intensity lasers with solids is crucial for harnessing the energy of a laser pulse in applications such as laser-driven ion acceleration or fast ignition. Nevertheless, present scaling laws tend to overestimate the hot electron temperature when compared to experiment and simulations. We present a novel approach that is based on a weighted average of the kinetic energy of an ensemble of electrons. We find that the scaling of electron energy with laser intensity can be derived from a general Lorentz invariant electron distribution ansatz that does not rely on a specific model of energy absorption. The scaling derived is in perfect agreement with simulation results and clearly follows the trend seen in recent experiments, especially at high laser intensities where other scalings fail to describe the simulations accurately.     

Superradiance of several cold atoms

A method for calculating the spontaneous emission power of several immobile dipole-interacting two-level atoms located in a volume of about the wavelength of resonance radiation has been proposed in the Schrödinger representation. It has been shown that two atoms cannot, but four atoms can, emit a superradiance pulse under the conditions corresponding to experiments with cold atoms in dipole traps. Various methods for determining the quasistationary mixed atomic states, as well as the generalization of this method to other resonance emitting systems, are discussed.     

Energy-gap distortion in solids under intense laser fields

We discuss, within the framework of the nearly-free electron model, the influence of an intense laser field on the motion of an electron in the effective lattice potential. It is shown that, for moderately intense fields, the band gap decreases linearly with increasing laser intensity.