Axiomatic unsharp quantum theory (From Mackey to Ludwig and Piron)

On the basis of Mackey's axiomatic approach to quantum physics or, equivalently, of a state-event-probability (SEVP) structure, using a quite standard fuzzification procedure, a set of unsharp events (or effects) is constructed and the corresponding state-effect-probability (SEFP) structure is introduced. The introduction of some suitable axioms gives rise to a partially ordered structure of quantum Brouwer-Zadeh (BZ) poset; i.e., a poset endowed with two nonusual orthocomplementation mappings, a fuzzy-like orthocomplementation, and an intuitionistic-like orthocomplementation, whose set of sharp elements is an orthomodular complete lattice. As customary, by these orthocomplementations the two modal-like necessity and possibility operators are introduced, and it is shown that Ludwig's and Jauch-Piron's approaches to quantum physics are interpreted in complete SEFP. As a marginal result, a standard procedure to construct a lot of unsharp realizations starting from any sharp realization of a fixed observable is given, and the relationship among sharp and corresponding unsharp realizations is studied.     

Algebraisch spezielle Einstein-Räume mit einer Bewegungsgruppe

In algebraically special Einstein spaces (R_v=0) with a hypersurfaceorthogonal spacelike Killing vector field _v, the trajectories of the multiple eigen null directions k lie — except one case — in the subspacesV ₃ orthogonal to _v (k=0) and are hypersurface-orthogonal. The solutions with vanishing expansion (k_,;=0, Kundt's class) can be determined explicitly.     

Diffusion and hopping conductivity in disordered one-dimensional lattice systems

We investigate one-dimensional lattice systems with (symmetric) nearest neighbor transfer ratesW _{n, n+1} which are independently distributed according to a probability density(w). For two general classes of(w), we rigorously determine the asymptotic behavior of the relevant single site Green function ₀() near=0, and obtain exact results for the long time decay of the initial probability amplitude and for the low energy density of states. A scaling hypothesis, accurately confirmed by computer simulations, is used to relate the low frequency hopping conductivity() uniquely to ₀(–i), and we conjecture that the resulting asymptotic behavior for() is also exact. The critical exponents associated with the various asymptotic laws depend on(w) and show a crossover from universal to non-universal behavior. Comparison is made with the results of several approximate treatments.     

Hall effect in heterogeneous Fe-Ni vacuum condensates

The temperature dependence of the electric conductivity and the Hall and Nernst-Ettinghausen effects of amorphous and microcrystalline Fe-Ni films obtained by ion-plasma sputtering, with a content of technological impurities of about 3 at. %, was studied for the first time. The relationship R_a(T) a²(T), was found between the anomalous Hall constant R_a and . R_a was found to be more sensitive to peculiarities of the complex transformation amorphous, microheterogeneous-crystalline state.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 29–33, September, 1990.     

Absorption Spectra of Pentamers of Tetrapyrrole Compounds in Aqueous Solutions

Pentamers of two types have been obtained in aqueous solutions containing mixtures of two tetrapyrrole compounds, in whose molecules there are positively or negatively charged peripheral groups. The pentamers of one type include one molecule of mesotetra(4Nmethylpyridyl) porphin (TMPP) and four molecules of the complex of mesomono(nsulfophenyl)etioporphyrin II with palladium (PdSPhEP), and the pentamers of the other type include one molecule of sulfonated phthalocyanine (PCS) and four molecules of TMPP. The absorption bands of the pentamers are broadened and shifted toward longer wavelengths in comparison with the bands obtained as a result of the addition of the spectra of the monomers. It seems that the changes in the absorption spectra are first of all due to the change in the interaction of the molecules of the pigments with the molecules of the surrounding in formation of associates and due to the influence of the resonance dipoledipole interaction between the molecules in the associates. The influence of the intermolecular photoinduced charge transfer is also possible (it is most probable for the associates with PCS). We have revealed an effective quenching of the fluorescence of PCS and TMPP solutions upon heteroassociation.     

The Hamiltonian systems on the Poisson structure of the quasi-classical limit of GL q (∞)

We consider the Hamiltonian systems on the Poisson structure of GL() which is introduced from the quantum group GL _q () by the so-called quasi-classical limit of GL _q (). Furthermore, we show that the Toda lattice hierarchy is a Hamiltonian system of this structure.     

Vector meson production and [SU(3) ⊗SU(3)]coll symmetry

The collinear production of a vector meson is considered in the scattering of pseudoscalar mesons on baryons. Relations between the experimental quantities, following from the symmetry [SU(3) SU(3)]_coll, are obtained.On leave from the Nuclear Research Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, e.     

On the two-dimensional stochastic Ising model in the phase coexistence region near the critical point

We consider the two-dimensional stochastic Ising model in finite square with free boundary conditions, at inverse temperature >₀ and zero external field. Using duality and recent results of Ioffe on the Wulff construction close to the critical temperature, we extend some of the results obtained by Martinelli in the low-temperature regime to any temperature below the critical one. In particular we show that the gap in the spectrum of the generator of the dynamics goes to zero in the thermodynamic limit as an exponential of the side length of , with a rate constant determined by the surface tension along one of the coordinate axes. We also extend to the same range of temperatures the result due to Shlosman on the equilibrium large deviations of the magnetization with free boundary conditions.     

The temperature vibrations of urea molecules

The structural and dynamic parameters of urea at 112°K and 295°K were determined by the least squares method. The characteristic temperature of the torsional optical vibrations of a molecule about a C-O bond was determined and is in good agreement with the value determined by Raman scattering. The fractional X-coordinate of the nitrogen atom corrected for torsional vibrations was determined and it was found that the magnitude of the projection of the C-N bond in the given temperature range changes only within the limits of observational errors. A new method, called temperature difference synthesis, is described and it is shown that it is suitable for rapid qualitative determination of the thermal anisotropy of the vibrations of atoms in a crystal lattice.

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112°K 295°K. C-O , , . X- , C-N . , , , .

     

Influence of Solvent Polarity and Viscosity on Nonradiative Processes in Oligothiophenes with Intramolecular Charge Transfer

By the methods of luminescence, picosecond spectroscopy, and quantumchemical calculations the mechanisms of electron excitation energy deactivation in some oligothiophenes with intramolecular charge transfer depending on the solvent polarity and viscosity have been investigated. While for 2Npiperidino5(2,2dicyanovinyl)thiophene (PDCVT) the main channel of nonradiative deactivation is the transition to a lower intermediate state with a twisted double bond controlled by the medium viscosity, in the case of (E){2[25piperidino2thienyl]6(trifluoridemethyl)4H4pyranylidene}propanedinitryl (PTFDN) fluorescence quenching is initiated by the solvent polarity. For two other oligothiophenes, 2Npiperidino5cyanothiophene (PCT) and 2Npiperidino5cyanoterthiophene (PCTT), differing in the length of the thiophene chain, we have revealed, along with the effective quenching of fluorescence in shortchain PCT (independent of the solvent polarity and viscosity), an increase in the radiation capacity in PCTT with increasing polarity of the solvent. The possible mechanisms of nonradiative deactivation in the investigated oligothiophenes are discussed.     

К ТЕОРИИ ГРАВИТАЦИОННОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ

. , , , . , . . . . , , . ; , .

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On the theory of gravitational radiation

The equations of motion of weakly radiating particles are investigated in a linear approximation in which the pseudo-Euclidian metric remains valid but energy changes caused by gravitational radiation are considered. The classical relativistic equations of motion with variable rest mass are applied. An elementary theory of the gravitational radiation of a rotator is formulated. The results are applied for particles in circular accelerators. It is found that a rotator with non-zero rest mass cannot exist for an unlimited period and that it cannot exceed the velocity of light. This explains why particles with non-zero rest mass cannot attain the velocity of light in circular accelerators; it is also shown that the gravitational radiation of particles in circular accelerators does not exist in practice.

     

КОРРЕКЦИОННЫЕ ФАКТО РЫ ПРИ АБСОЛЮТНОЙ ДОЗ ИМЕТРИИ ПЛОСКИХ ИСТОЧНИКОВβ-ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СЧЕТЧИКА ГЕЙГЕРА-МЮЛ ЛЕРА

n n, n , .     

ПОТОК ЭНЕРГИИ ЧЕРЕЗ Д ИЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЙ ТОНК ИЙ СЛОЙ ПРИ НАРУШЕННОМ ПОЛНО М ОТРАЖЕНИИ

, .

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Energy flux through thin dielectric film when total reflection is disturbed

It is shown that the energy flux through a thin dielectric film when total reflection is disturbed is brought about by the interference Poynting vector.

     

ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКВИВ АЛЕНТНАЯ СХЕМА ЗАТУХАЮЩИХ КОЛЕБАНИ Й СДВИГА ПЬЕЗОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СТЕРЖНЕЙ

n - , - .     

The effect of microsegregation on the generation of dislocations in zinc single crystals

The applicability of Tiller's considerations on the production of dislocations is proved. The density of dislocations appearing during impurity microsegregation increases with increasing rate of growth as a consequence of the corresponding change in the effective distribution coefficient. The real value of C at the microsegregation boundaries is at least twice as great as the average value of the concentration of impurities in the crystal in question.

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. , , . C , .

     

К ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ ПОСТОЯ ННЫХ РЕШЕТКИ МЕТОДОМ ДЕБАЯ-ШЕРРЕР А

, , , .     

The crystal structure of copper dipyridine dibromide Cu(C5H5N)2Br2

The X-ray structural analysis of copper dipyridine dibromide was carried out. The substance is monoclinic, its space group isP2₁/n, having the lattice constantsa=8.30 kXU,b=17.72 kXU,c=4.04 kXU,=96°,Z=2. The localization of the heavy atoms was carried out by means of the projections of the Patterson functionsP(u, v) andP(v, w), which provided the bases for determining the signs of the majority of structure factors. The projections of the electron density(x, y) and(y, z) were calculated on the basis of these data. The positions of the atoms were refined three times by methods of differential syntheses and by geometrical analysis. The structure of CuPy₂Br₂ is very close to that of CuPy₂Cl₂ [1], [2], differing from it primarily in the orientation of the symmetry elements with respect to the crystallographic axes. In both structures the copper atom is octahedrally coordinated with four halogen and two nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen atoms and two bromine atoms are bound to the copper covalently in the structure of the bromine derivative, as follows from the length of the bonds (Cu-N 1.99 kXU, Cu-Br, 2.46 kXU), while the remaining two bromine atoms are bound to the copper by weaker bonds and mediate the chain formation of molecules in the direction of thec axis.

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Cu(C₅H₅N)₂Br₂

. , 2₁/ ==8,30 kX,b=17,72 kX,=4,04 kX,=96°,z=2. (, v) P(v, w), . (, ) (, z). . CuPy₂Br₂ u₂1₂, . . , (-N 1,99 kX, u-r 2,46 kX), .

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The authors thank M. Serátor for supplying the crystal samples and for initiating the work, the management of the Institute of Technical Physics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in Prague and especially Dr. A. Línek for making it possible to calculate some of the Fourier maps on the special computer Elika and finally A. lechtová for carefully calculating the Fourier maps and structure factors.

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The first stage of this work was reported on at the 3rd State Conference on Inorganic Chemistry, held in Bratislava from June 29th to July 4th, 1959.     

Электронный метод из мерения времени послесвеченин катод олюминесценции в оБласти 200 msec-5 sec

200 msec-5 sec, . , .     

КОГЕРЕНТНОЕ ИЗЛУЧЕН ИЕ СИНХРОТРОННЫХ СГУ СТКОВ ЭЛЕКТРОНОВ В ЗАМКНУТ ОМ РЕЗОНАТОРЕ

. , .

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The coherent radiation of synchrotron electron clusters in a closed resonator

A study is made of the electromagnetic interaction of electrons in thin relativistic clusters during coherent radiation in a synchrotron. The magnitude and form of the tangential component of the force, acting on an isolated electron of a cluster of electrons, is expressed.

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. . .     

On the problem of the phase shifts of reflected light

. , . , . .

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On the problem of the phase shifts of reflected light

The paper solves the topical question of phase shifts when light is reflected. By introducing the reflection tensor and its transformation it was found that all phase shifts hitherto given in the literature can be used. It was proved that when different phase shifts are used the corresponding unit vectors must be oriented. If an arbitrary coordinate system and the relations pertaining to it are used consistently it is not possible by calculation or experiment to arrive at contradictory results.

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. , , . .: , 1961. . 45–49 . . , .. . , .