Sur la nature de la transition à l'instationnaire d'un écoulement de convection naturelle en cavité différentiellement chauffée à grands écarts de température

Natural convection of air inside a rectangular cavity, differentially heated under large temperature gradients, is considered. The low Mach approximation equations are those obtained by Paolucci allowing for filtering of sound waves. Transition to unsteadiness is studied with numerical simulation, with a finite volume code based on a fractional time step method derived from projection methods used for incompressible flows. When the fluid physical properties are prescribed constants, transition to unsteadiness follows the classical scheme of a Hopf bifurcation. The transition is quite different when viscosity obeys Sutherland's law while the Prandtl number is kept constant. There is evidence of hysteresis, therefore the transition seems to be subcritical. In the vicinity of the transition, on the large amplitude branch, an intermittent solution is observed, with periodic bursts separating quasi-steady states.     

Analyse mathématique de l'équation de Galbrun en écoulement uniforme

We consider Galbrun's equation, used in linear aeroacoustics. For a simple case (rigid duct with uniform flow) in the time harmonic regime, we show that an approach based on a regularized variational formulation of the problem ensures the convergence of a nodal finite-element method.     

Modélisation de l'effet de portance dans un écoulement à bulles

We propose here a lift coefficient modeling in a turbulent bubbly boundary layer under the assumption of bidimensional stationary and vertical upward fully developed flow. The basic frame of this approach is to consider that the volumetric flux of bubbles is composed of the convective flux by the liquid, the contribution by the gravitational field and those of the lift force and the bubble dispersion terms. A discussion of results completes this study.     

Caractéristiques rhéologiques,coéfficient de frottement et écoulement en situation réelle de fluides à seuil

Résumé Ce travail porte sur l'étude de solutions diluées d'un polymère de l'acide acrylique dans l'eau (concentration en poids 0,1%). Ce fluide présente des effets de seuil. La mesure du champ de vitesse par vélocimétrie laser permet une détermination précise de l'indice rhéologique,n, étant un paramètre essentiel de la loi de comportement proposée: . Les autres constantes peuvent être déduites d'essais rhéologiques classiques, à fort taux de cisaillement. Il est possible de corriger le gradient de pression mesuréP/L, afin d'obtenir la valeur véritable de ce gradient, notéedp/dz. L'analyse de l'écoulement dans un élargissement brusque montre que le seuil a une forte influence sur les zones de recirculation.

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This work deals with the study of very dilute solutions of polyacrylic acid in water (weight concentration about 0.1%). These fluids seem to exhibit a yield effect. The determination of the fully developed velocity field by laser velocimetry allows us an accurate determination of the rheological indexn which is an essential parameter for the proposed rheological relationship: . Other constants can be determined from classical rheological experiments (high shear strain). It is possible to correct the experimental pressure gradientP/L so as to get the real value, noted asdp/dz. An analysis of the flow in an abrupt expansion shows that the yield effect strongly influences the recirculation zones.

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D, d m diamètre intérieur d'une conduite cylindrique - C % concentration en poids - _s Pa seuil de contrainte - K consistance - gradient de vitesse axiale - gradient pariétal de vitesse axiale - Pa s viscosité pour - Pa contrainte de cisaillement - m/s vitesse débitante - n indice de structure - dp/dz Pa/m gradient longitudinal de pression - z m abscisse longitudinale - u m/s vitesse axiale - écart entre le gradient de pression effectif et le gradient mesuré en Pa - P Pa différence de pression mesurée - L m distance entre 2 prises de pression - A Pa constante intervenant dans l'expression de - B 10^–3 Pa s constante intervenant dans l'expression de     

Inversion d'un écoulement plan de Stokes – application à l'écoulement à débit moyen nul entre deux plans parallèles

We present the interest and some characteristics of the inverse transformation of a 2D Stokes flow. This method is applied to the cellular flow between two parallel plates induced by a rotating cylinder to obtain the flow around two circular cylinders in contact placed in the centre of a rotating circular cylinder.     

Instabilités bidimensionnelles d'une couche libre cisaillée d'origine électromagnétique

The stability of a free shear layer, with one-directional velocity field, is addressed. The studied configuration is a special case among the quasi-two-dimensional motions, induced in an electro-conducting and incompressible fluid by a strong magnetic field, superimposed to electric current. The limit of unconditional stability of the shear flow is computed. When the electric current is under the threshold, every deviation from the basic state is monotonically damped. The result holds without any restriction, connected with the size of the perturbations. Patterns set on just above the unconditional stability limit, in the form of small vortices, on the slow side of the shear layer.     

Evaluation de la fraction volumique locale de la phase solide dans un écoulement diphasique

Local particle volume fraction measurements in two-phase flows are rare. Generally, the concentration is supposed to be spatially homogeneous in the sedimentation flows fundamental experiments. This is far to be realistic in regimes different from Stokes' regime, particularly near the walls. This paper compares two methods of evaluation of the volume fraction in a three-dimensional two-phase flow.     

Homogénéisation d'équations et d'inéquations à paramètres oscillants. Application à l'étude d'écoulement de faible épaisseur en régime transitoire

Double scale homogenization is used to average stationary equation or inequalities in which both highly oscillating variables and parameters appear. We demonstrate how the limit is obtained using a two-stage procedure , firstly by carrying out a classical homogenization process by freezing the oscillating parameter, then by averaging the result with respect to this parameter. These results allow us to average the pressure for a newtonian fluid in a narrow gap between two rough unstationnary surfaces.     

Modélisation du frottement pariétal dans un écoulement à bulles

In the present study, we propose a wall friction modeling in a vertical upward bubbly flow under the assumptions of bidimensional stationary and fully developed flow. This approach is based on the two-fluid model and on the hypothesis that the averaged flow is parallel to the wall. The turbulence modeling is an essential part in this model. Comparison with experimental data (presently available) exhibits satisfactory agreement. Other experimental studies, especially at a high void fraction, are desirable to examine further the model validity.     

Extension du modèle d'échelles mixtes à la diffusivité de sous-maille

In the large-eddy simulation frame for non-isothermal turbulent flow, the Mixed Scale Model is extended to the subgrid diffusivity, in order to dissociate the computation of subgrid viscosity and diffusivity. The identification of the subgrid thermal dissipation term in the subgrid flux transport equation leads to an algebraic expression of the subgrid diffusivity. This diffusive model, as the Smagorinsky one, is weighted by a model based on scale similarity. This expression leads to satisfactory results when applied to a buoyant turbulent flow in a differentially heated cavity.     

Variation de la vitesse de propagation d'ondes ultrasoniques au cours du passage de l'état liquide à l'état solide

Résumé Une étude théorique de la vitesse de propagation des ondes ultrasoniques dans les liquides et solides rend plausible l'hypothèse que l'évolution de l'état liquide à l'état solide doit être accompagnée d'une variation de la vitesse de propagation des ondes ultrasoniques.Il résulte des essais d'orientation relatés dans ce mémoire que la variation de la vitesse de propagation des ondes ultrasoniques est susceptible de caractériser la vitesse de passage de l'état liquide à l'état solide d'une matière ou d'un matériau.La méthode est applicable dans un domaine étendu et est sensible même assez loin du point de solidification. Elle se prête à l'étude du processus de l'évolution de la solidification des suspensions, des solutions, des matériaux organiques à longue chaîne, etc.

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Zusammenfassung Die theoretische Überlegung über die Geschwindigkeit der Ausbreitung von Ultraschallwellen in Flüssigkeiten und festen Körpern kann die Hypothese angenommen werden, daß die Umwandlung vom flüssigen in den festen Zustand von einer Geschwindigkeitsänderung der Ultraschallwellen begleitet wird.Aus den in diesem Bericht gebrachten Einführungsversuchen ergibt sich, daß die Variation der Ausbreitung von Ultraschallwellen dazu geeignet ist, die Umwandlungsgeschwindigkeit der Materialien von flüssigem in festen Zustand zu bewerten.Die Methode ist in einem weitem Bereiche brauchbar und ist auch weit vom Erstarrungspunkt empfindlich. Sie kann angewendet werden, um den Erstarrungsprozeß von Suspensionen, Lösungen und organischen Stoffen zu untersuchen.

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Ingénieur des constructions civiles. Docteur spécial en connaissance des matériaux. Agrégé près la Faculté des Sciences Appliquées de l'Université de Liège (Belgique).     

Interprétation géométrique de la décomposition des équations de compatibilité en grandes déformations

In this paper, we establish compatibility equations satisfied by the right Cauchy–Green stress tensor by annihiling the associated curvature and torsion. The cancelation of torsion, using variables introduced by the polar decomposition, is not trivial as is usually the case. This point is the key to the decomposition of compatibility conditions in two first-order EDPs.     

Impact non-pénétrant sur le thorax : une contribution à l'étude de la propagation des ondes

The stress wave generated by a nonpenetrating impact on the thorax is likely to cause severe injury to the lung. Theoretical studies are necessary to help the understanding of injury mechanisms. Within the framework of elastodynamics, we study the transmission of a wave at the interface between two weakly coupled semi-infinite media representing the thoracic wall and the lung. By using an appropriate method, we describe the distribution of energy carried by the shear and pressure waves in the medium representing the lung. These results should contribute to a better interpretation of the experimental results.     

Étude numérique des instabilités de la phase fluide et de l'interface de solidification en croissance dirigée horizontale

Convective instabilities of low Prandtl number fluids are subject to various studies. The purpose here is an extension to hydrodynamic transitions in the fluid phase with a free or rigid surface under phase change and to construct the corresponding bifurcation diagram. Investigations interesting the process control by using the latent heat and the solid/liquid thermal conductivity difference are considered. The solution methodology is based on a front localisation approach showing a very good ability to describe convection regimes coupled to the phase change transition in the case of vertical solidification with confinement. To cite this article: E.A. Semma et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Représentation de la ligne de contact mobile dans les équations de la mécanique des fluides

Although the contact angle at equilibrium has a well understood theory for the case of flat homogeneous solid surfaces, the displacement of the contact line is still not well understood. We propose to introduce in the dynamics of the contact line a mobility relation between the deviation of the contact angle out of its equilibrium value and the speed of the line on the solid. When the line slides on the solid thanks to an evaporation/condensation process, this introduces a dynamical Arrhenius factor that may be sufficiently small to make the mobility of the contact line the limiting factor of the dynamics in many physical situations. Then, the shape of the liquid/vapor interface will be in quasi equilibrium giving a contact angle that will define ultimately the speed of the contact line.     

Mise en évidence par granularité en lumière blanche de phénomènes de multilocalisation de la déformation pour les bétons de poudres réactives sollicités en traction

From kinematic observations by granularity in whiting light mode based on a technique of digital speckle images correlation, the behaviour in tension of a reactive powders concrete is studied. The measures show several localisation areas of the deformation fields and the role of the fibres in the transmission of the stresses in the neighbourhood of a damaged area.