Nonlinear dynamic response of axially moving,stretched viscoelastic strings

The dynamical response of axially moving, partially supported, stretched viscoelastic belts is investigated analytically in this paper. The Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic material model is considered and material, not partial, time derivative is employed in the viscoelastic constitutive relation. The string is considered as a three part system: one part resting on a nonlinear foundation and two that are free to vibrate. The tension in the belt span is assumed to vary periodically over a mean value (as it occurs in real mechanisms), and the corresponding equation of motion is derived by applying Newton’s second law of motion for an infinitesimal element of the string. The method of multiple scales is applied to the governing equation of motion, and nonlinear natural frequencies and complex eigenfunctions of the system are obtained analytically. Regarding the resonance case, the limit-cycle of response is formulated analytically. Finally, the effects of system parameters such as axial speed, excitation characteristics, viscousity and foundation modulus on the dynamical response, natural frequencies and bifurcation points of system are presented.     

Simulation of damage evolution in ductile metals undergoing dynamic loading conditions

A set of constitutive equations for large rate-dependent elastic-plastic-damage materials at elevated temperatures is presented to be able to analyze adiabatic high strain rate deformation processes for a wide range of stress triaxialities. The model is based on the concepts of continuum damage mechanics. Since the material macroscopic thermo-mechanical response under large strain and high strain rate deformation loading is governed by different physical mechanisms, a multi-dissipative approach is proposed. It incorporates thermo-mechanical coupling effects as well as internal dissipative mechanisms through rate-dependent constitutive relations with a set of internal variables. In addition, the effect of stress triaxiality on the onset and evolution of plastic flow, damage and failure is discussed.Furthermore, the algorithm for numerical integration of the coupled constitutive rate equations is presented. It relies on operator split methodology resulting in an inelastic predictor-elastic corrector technique. The explicit finite element program LS-DYNA augmented by an user-defined material subroutine is used to approximate boundary-value problems under dynamic loading conditions. Numerical simulations of dynamic experiments with different specimens are performed and good correlation of numerical results and published experimental data is achieved. Based on numerical studies modified specimens geometries are proposed to be able to detect complex damage and failure mechanisms in Hopkinson-Bar experiments.     

Three-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory alloys based on microplane model

A new model for the behavior of polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMA), based on a statically constrained microplane theory, is proposed. The new model can predict three-dimensional response by superposing the effects of inelastic deformations computed on several planes of different orientation, thus reproducing closely the actual physical behavior of the material. Due to the structure of the microplane algorithm, only a one-dimensional constitutive law is necessary on each plane. In this paper, a simple constitutive law and a robust kinetic expression are used as the local constitutive law on the microplane level. The results for SMA response on the macroscale are promising: simple one-dimensional response is easily reproduced, as are more complex features such as stress-strain subloops and tension-compression asymmetry. A key feature of the new model is its ability to accurately represent the deviation from normality exhibited by SMAs under nonproportional loading paths.     

泡沫铝本构行为研究进展

作为泡沫金属的典型代表, 泡沫铝是一种集结构性和功能性于一体的新型材料, 随着生产工艺的提高及国民经济的发展, 泡沫铝在航空航天、交通运输、建筑工程、机械制造等领域的应用日趋深入和广泛. 工程中复杂的载荷工况, 对泡沫铝本构模型的准确性及实用性提出了更高的要求. 国内外学者对泡沫铝进行了大量的试验研究及有限元数值分析工作, 随着各种研究和数值分析本构模型的提出、验证及修正等, 人们对泡沫铝的力学性能及其应用的认识逐渐提高. 本文首先简要概述了泡沫铝力学性能的试验研究及有限元数值分析的进展, 然后重点综述泡沫铝本构行为的国内外研究进展及现状. 最后, 针对目前存在的问题, 讨论并展望了泡沫铝本构行为的研究发展趋势. 完善本构模型表征所需的特征参量, 将各向异性或横观各项同性材料假定引入模型构建体系, 明确静水压缩响应及单轴压缩响应在材料强化中的权重, 建立例如随动强化般更加真实且准确反映泡沫铝强化过程的强化准则, 将应变率效应研究成果引入本构模型中等是现有泡沫铝本构模型体系中的重要研究方向.      

一种单元谐波平衡法

基于有限元离散,对于工程中的非线性响应问题,提出一种单元谐波平衡法．与常规的谐波平衡法不同,本文将谐波平衡方程建立在有限元素上,从而兼顾了有限元素法和常规谐波平衡法两大优势．有限元技术的应用能使得求解问题的范围扩大到复杂工程结构,而谐波平衡概念的使用将使得含有复杂变形和复杂本构关系的动力学响应问题得到有效解决．所提方法能适用于工程结构中具有复杂非线性关系的动力学响应问题．由于谐波平衡法的实施依赖于谐波系数方程及其切线刚度矩阵的解析推导,尽管已经局限到有限元素上,但对于较为复杂一些的本构关系,推导仍非易事．为解决这些问题,放弃通常对于变形梯度和应变张量所作的向量假设,而是从连续介质力学中基本的几何关系入手,提出一种矩阵分解形式．通过利用张量的内蕴导数定义以及关于迹函数的有关性质,给出应力增量的一种新的表现形式．当它与变形梯度的矩阵分解相结合时,使得切线刚度矩阵的导出变得十分简单,而且所得计算形式也比通常紧凑和方便许多．     

缝合式C/SiC复合材料非线性本构关系及断裂行为研究

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.      

STUDY ON NONLINEAR CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF STITCHED C/SiC COMPOSITES$^{\bf 1)}$

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.     

Domain switching effect on fracture of piezoelectric solids

Rational design of smart sensors and actuators that consist of piezoelectric solids requires a thorough understanding of the constitutive behavior of this material under mechanical and electrical loading. Domain switching is the cause of significant nonlinearity in the constitutive behavior of piezoelectric solids, which may be enhanced in the presence of cracks. In this paper, the response of piezoelectric solids is formulated by coupling thermal, electrical, and mechanical effects. The corresponding finite element equations are derived and applied in the solution of the piezoelectric center crack problems. The effects of domain switching are evaluated on the near tip stress intensity factors.     

Gradient plasticity modeling of geomaterials in a meshfree environment. Part I: Theory and variational formulation

Deformation and strength behavior of geomaterials in the pre- and post-failure regimes are of significant interest in various geomechanics applications. To address the need for development of a realistic constitutive framework, which allows for an accurate simulation of pre-failure response as well as an objective and meaningful post-failure response, a strain gradient plasticity model is formulated by incorporating the spatial gradients of elastic strain in the evolution of stress and gradients of plastic strain in the evolution of the internal variables. In turn, gradients of only kinematic variables are included in the constitutive equations. The resulting constitutive equations along with the balance of linear momentum for the continuum are cast as a coupled system of equations, with displacements and plastic multiplier appearing as the primary unknowns in the final governing integral equations. To avoid singular stress fields along element boundaries, a finite element discretization of the governing equations would require C² continuous displacements and C¹ continuous plastic multiplier, which is undesirable from a numerical implementation point of view. This issue is naturally resolved when a meshfree discretization is used. Hence the developed model is formulated within the framework of a meshfree environment. The new constitutive model allows an analysis of grain size effects on strength and dilatancy of rocks. The role and effectiveness of the new gradient terms on regularizing the underlying boundary value problems of geomechanics beyond the initiation of strain localization will be assessed in a future paper.     

Microstructural modeling of asphalt concrete using a coupled moisture–mechanical constitutive relationship

The coupled effect of moisture diffusion and mechanical loading on the microstructure of asphalt concrete is studied. The traditional Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) framework is modified to model detrimental effects of moisture and mechanical loading. Adhesive/cohesive moisture-induced damage constitutive relationships are proposed to describe the time-dependent degradation of material properties due to moisture. X-ray two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography-imaging technique is used to construct finite element (FE) microstructural representation of a typical dense-graded asphalt concrete. After being calibrated against pull-off experiments, the proposed moisture-induced damage constitutive relationship, which is coupled to thermo-viscoelastic–viscoplastic–viscodamage mechanisms, is used to simulate the microstructure of asphalt concrete. Simulation results demonstrate that the generated 2D FE microstructural representation along with the coupled moisture–mechanical constitutive relationship can be effectively used to model the overall thermo-hygro-mechanical response of asphalt concrete.     

Comparison of isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening in thermoplasticity

A coupled thermo-mechanical problem is presented in this paper. The constitutive model is based on thermoplastic model for large strains where both kinematic and isotropic hardening are included. It is shown that a non-associated plasticity formulation enables thermodynamic consistent heat generation to be modeled, which can be fitted accurately to experimental data. In the numerical examples the effect of heat generation is investigated and both thermal softening and temperature-dependent thermal material parameters are considered. The constitutive model is formulated such that pure isotropic and pure kinematic hardening yield identical uniaxial mechanical response and mechanical dissipation. Thus, differences in response due to hardening during non-proportional loading can be studied. Thermally triggered necking is studied, as well as cyclic loading of Cook’s membrane. The numerical examples are solved using the finite element method, and the coupled problem that arises is solved using a staggered method where an isothermal split is adopted.     

形状记忆合金管接头空间轴对称有限元分析

本文采用形状记忆合金（ＳＭＡ）的三维本构方程和有限变形理论，考虑拉、压不同应力状态对相变点移动的规律，编制了ＳＭＡ轴对称大变形的有限元程序，与单向拉伸下解析所得的应力、应变曲线相比，证实程序的正确性．文末计算一ＳＭＡ管接头，并指出按空间轴对称计算的必要性．     

Continuum modeling of a porous solid with pressure-sensitive dilatant matrix

The pressure-sensitive plastic response of a material has been studied in terms of the intrinsic sensitivity of its yield stress to pressure and the presence and growth of cavities. This work focuses on the interplay between these two distinctly different mechanisms and the attendant material behavior. To this end, a constitutive model is proposed taking both mechanisms into account. Using Gurson's homogenization, an upper bound model is developed for a voided solid with a plastically dilatant matrix material. This model is built around a three-parameter axisymmetric velocity field for a unit sphere containing a spherical void. The void is also subjected to internal pressure; this can be relevant for polymeric adhesives permeated by moisture that vaporizes at elevated temperatures. The plastic response of the matrix material is described by Drucker–Prager's yield criterion and an associated flow rule. The resulting yield surface and porosity evolution law of the homogenized constitutive model are presented in parametric form. Using the solutions to special cases as building blocks, approximate models with explicit forms are proposed. The parametric form and an approximate explicit form are compared against full-field solutions obtained from finite element analysis. They are also studied for loading under generalized tension conditions. These computational simulations shed light on the interplay between the two mechanisms and its enhanced effect on yield strength and plastic flow. Among other things, the tensile yield strength of the porous solid is greatly reduced by the internal void pressure, particularly when a liquid/vapor phase is the source of the internal pressure.     

基于机器学习软骨细胞的时间依赖性力学行为及本构参数反演

探究软骨细胞机械负载下的力学特性对于理解软骨细胞的正常和病理状态以及骨性关节炎的病因至关重要. 基于软骨细胞有限元计算模型的力学响应与其本构参数之间的高度复杂非线性, 本文提出了分别利用双向深度神经网络TW-Deepnets模型和随机森林RF模型并结合有限元方法来识别软骨细胞本构参数的两种反演方法. 首先, 建立了软骨细胞的无侧限压缩实验有限元模型, 收集MSnHS本构参数空间点与对应的有限元计算模型的压缩反作用力响应数据集. 其次, 结合贝叶斯超参数优化算法搭建了用于软骨细胞本构参数反求的TW-Deepnets模型和RF模型, 对有限元收集的数据进行训练, 并利用单个软骨细胞受到50%压缩程度下的实验数据对软骨细胞的MSnHS本构参数进行了反求. 最后, 通过与实验曲线的对比验证了所提出的反演方法的有效性, 并引入决定系数R2对两种模型的预测准确性进行了对比评估, 检验了模型对各本构参数的预测性能, 分析了MSnHS本构模型中各参数影响软骨细胞力学响应的重要性占比. 结果表明, 本研究提出的本构参数反演方法能够有效获取软骨细胞的本构参数值, 从而准确描述软骨细胞的时间依赖性力学特性, 该方法也可进一步推广到生物细胞在静态或动态负载条件下的复杂参数反演问题.      

Finite element analysis of the fatigue crack growth rate in transformation toughening ceramics

The fatigue crack growth rate in the zirconia tetragonal polycrystal is analyzed through the finite element method. In order to achieve this purpose, a continuum based constitutive law for materials subjected to phase transformations has been suitably implemented into a commercial finite element code. The fatigue crack growth in a notched beam, subjected to a cyclic four points bending load, has been investigated through a sensitivity analyses with respect to the two most relevant constitutive parameters: one accounting for the amount of the transformation strain and one accounting for the activation energy threshold. The fatigue crack growth rate typical of transforming materials is characterized by two distinct stages: at the beginning of the crack propagation process, the crack growth rate exhibits a negative dependency on the applied stress intensity factor; thereafter, a linear positive dependency is observed. This two stage process is well caught by the finite element model presented in this paper. Moreover, the response of the computational analyses has shown that the strength of the transformation process is determinant for the crack growth process to be arrested.     

Anisotropic Mullins stress softening of a deformed silicone holey plate

Rubber like materials parts are designed using finite element code in which more and more precise and robust constitutive equations are implemented. In general, constitutive equations developed in literature to represent the anisotropy induced by the Mullins effect present analytical forms that are not adapted to finite element implementation. The present paper deals with the development of a constitutive equation that represents the anisotropy of the Mullins effect using only strain invariants. The efficiency of the modeling is first compared to classical homogeneous experimental tests on a filled silicone rubber. Second, the model is tested on a complex structure. In this aim, a silicone holey plate is molded and tested in tension, its local strain fields are evaluated by means of digital image correlation. The experimental results are compared to the simulations from the constitutive equation implemented in a finite element code. Global measurements (i.e. force and displacement) and local strain fields are successfully compared to experimental measurements to validate the model.     

Initiation and propagation of localized deformation in elasto-plastic strips under uniaxial tension

This paper deals with the evolution of inhomogeneous deformation in shape memory alloy strips and mild steel strips under uniaxial tension. New experiments on NiTi strips, which initially are in an austenitic phase, show that at a critical stress level martensite nucleates in sharp bands inclined at 55° to the axis of loading. Under prescribed end displacement martensite subsequently spreads either by steady-state propagation of inclined transition fronts or via a criss-cross pattern of finger-like features. Similar events have been reported in the literature regarding the evolution of Lüders bands in fine grained steel strips and wires. The similarity of macroscopic events, despite the different mechanisms of instability at the micro-level, prompted us to approximate the material behavior as a finitely deforming elasto-plastic solid with a trilinear up-down-up nominal stress-strain response. Two such stress-strain responses were used in finite element simulations of strip tension tests. In the first the true stress-strain response maintains its stability and in the second the intermediate branch has a negative slope. While both material models produced inhomogeneous deformations with features similar to those of the experiments, the larger initiation peak associated with the second gave results which closely resembled specific experiments. The numerical simulations confirmed that the evolution of events seen in experiments on SMAs and mild steels is strongly influenced by overall geometric (structural) effects. Furthermore, the success of this simple continuum constitutive model strongly suggests that continuum level events remain dominant players in such fine grained materials.     

有初始几何缺陷的壳体弹塑性大变形分析

本文在等温小变形弹塑性内时本构方程偏量形式的基础上，导出了适用于大位移、大转动、小应变分析的弹塑性内时本构方程，进一步推导出了带有初始几何缺陷的非线性弹塑性问题的有限元方程，可用于分析缺陷对结构非线性弹塑性反应的影响，也可用于带缺陷的非线性问题求解及稳定性分析．     

弹塑性本构关系的Ilyushin应变空间理论研究进展

Ｉｌｙｕｓｈｉｎ提出五维偏应变矢量空间中的一般弹塑性本构理论，将应力表示为变形迹内蕴几何学参数的泛函，适合于描写复杂加载下金属材料的塑性响应特性。本文对其实验和理论两方面的研究进展作了综述，涉及关于塑性响应矢量特性的“局部确定性”假设，标量特性的“延心原理”假设及Ｉｌｙｕｓｈｉｎ关于矢量空间的“特殊各向同性”假设等的实验研究和验证，微分型和积分型本构模型的建立及所含本构泛函的形式和确定。     

On constitutive equations for branching of response with selectivity

Materials, such as elastic-plastic, which exhibit distinct regimes of response are usually modeled by different constitutive equations in each regime. The present paper explores a method for the construction of a unified constitutive equation from these separate relations. The main idea is to write this unified equation in an implicit form which contains these separate solutions as non-unique solutions. The form is chosen in order to utilize the notions of branch points and branches. Different solutions, corresponding to constitutive equations for different regimes of response, are then regarded as bifurcations at branch points from the fundamental response. The choice of the appropriate branch at a branch point is governed by a selectivity condition which depends on the nature of the response under consideration. A detailed example is provided for elastic-plastic response, with and without the effect of strain rate dependence.