Versatile synthesis of P-chiral (ephedrine) AMPP ligands via their borane complexes. Structural consequences in Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamidocinnamate

An efficient and versatile synthesis of aminophosphine phosphinite (AMPP) ligands derived from ephedrine, with possible stereogenic P(III)-center(s) is described, using the borane complex methodology. The reaction of oxazaphospholidine borane with an organolithium reagent, leads to the formation of the ring-opened product, which is trapped by a chlorophosphine (borane), to afford the corresponding aminophosphine phosphinite boranes in good yields. Treatment of the borane complexes with dabco, gives the corresponding aminophosphine phosphinite ligands in 70–90% yield. These ligands are used for the preparation of Rh catalysts applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamidocinnamate yielding the phenylalanine derivative with (R) 22% to (S) 99% e.e. These results show the importance of the structural modification at the P-stereogenic center(s), which could either amplify or cancel out the asymmetric induction resulting from the ephedrine backbone, for enantioselective catalysis.     

Desolvaton of Zinc(II)tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine Crystal Solvates as Probed by Thermogravimetry

Kinetic analysis of the thermal destruction of complexes of zinc(II)tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine Zn(t-Bu)₄Pc with organic solvent molecules has been carried out. For ligands having high ionization potentials, long refluxing of solution is required for preparing biligand complexes. For molecular ligands whose ionization potentials do not exceed 9.2 eV, the composition of complexes with Zn(t-Bu)₄Pc is independent of the preparation parameters. The destruction of the Zn(t-Bu)₄Pc complexes with n-propylamine, diethylaniline, piperidine (1: 1, cold synthesis), diethylamine, morpholine, quinoline, or cyclopentanone (1: 2, hot synthesis; 1: 2, cold synthesis) obeys fist-order equations; for complexes with pyridine, 1,4-dioxane, DMF, cyclopentanone (1: 1, hot synthesis), 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile, or piperidine (1: 2, hot synthesis), destruction obeys second-order equations. The activation energies of thermal destruction for the first group of molecular complexes fall in the range from 89 to 370 kJ/mol; the rate-controlling stage is nucleation and growth. For the second group, the activation energies fall in the range from 160 to 640 kJ/mol; the rate-controlling stage is a chemical reaction.     

Organoboranes : XXV. Hydridation of dialkylhaloboranes. New practical syntheses of dialkylboranes under mild conditions

Practical methods for the synthesis of dialkylboranes (R₂BH) via the hydridation of dialkylhaloboranes (R₂BX) have been developed. Convenient methods available for the preparation of R₂BX via the hydroboration of alkenes with monohaloborane complexes (H₂BX · SMe₂) make this approach valuable for the preparation of various dialkylboranes, R₂BH, many of which are not available by direct hydroboration of alkenes with borane itself. The suitability of various hydriding agents, such as borane derivatives, complex metal hydrides, and alkoxy metal hydrides, for the hydridation of R₂BX was examined, utilizing B-halo-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane as a representative dialkylhaloborane. In this case, the unusual stability of the resulting dialkylborane, 9-BBN, permits direct estimation of the reaction products by ¹¹B NMR spectroscopy. The generality of the procedure has been demonstrated.     

Stereoselective synthesis of tacalcitol via (R)-MeCBS catalyzed borane reduction

A novel and efficient approach for the synthesis of 1α, 24(R)-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (tacalcitol) starting from readily available enone 1 has been achieved with high stereoselectivity. The key step involved in the synthesis of tacalcitol was the stereoselective reduction of enone 1 using borane as the reducing agent, and the effects of the critical reaction parameters such as temperature, various borane complexes have been examined. Finally, tacalcitol was obtained in five steps from enone 1 with an overall yield of 32% and a ratio of 24-R/S = 95/5.     

A novel preparation of chlorophospholenium chlorides and their application in the synthesis of phospholene boranes

A novel preparation of 1-chloro-3-methyl-3-phospholenium chlorides was developed by reacting 1-substituted-3-methyl-3-phospholene 1-oxides with oxalyl chloride. The obtained cyclic chlorophosphonium salts were reacted with LiBH₄ to afford the corresponding 1-substituted-3-methyl-3-phospholene boranes. The latter protocol involves a silane-free deoxygenation, and borane complex formation. In one instance, a 2-phospholene borane and the corresponding P-oxide were synthesized via rearrangement of the double bond in the cyclic chlorophosphonium salt. This double bond migration was investigated by quantum chemical calculations.     

A study on the development of CVD precursors V - syntheses and characterization of new N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate complexes of titanium

The synthesis and characterization of various new titanium N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate complexes are reported. Reactions between N-alkoxy-β-ketoimine ligands and Ti(O-iPr)₄ resulted in dimeric [Ti(O-iPr)₂(N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate)]₂ complexes or monomeric [Ti(N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate)₂] ones depending on the amount of ligands. Terdentate N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate ligands do not prevent dimer complexes from undergoing disproportional rearrangement to produce Ti(O-iPr)₄ and [Ti(N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate)₂]. The mechanism of this behavior is too complicated but it may include the dissociation and recoordination of ligands. Crystal structures of [Ti(N-alkoxy-β-ketoiminate)₂] (MeC(O)CHC(Me)NC(Et)CH₂O (3f) and t-BuC(O)CHC(Me)NCH₂CH(Me)O (3k)) show that these are distorted octahedron and β-ketoiminate ligands appear to coordinate as a β-imino enolate. Two terdentate β-ketoiminate ligands coordinate meridionally and they are perpendicular to each other. Thermal characteristics of monomeric and dimeric titanium complexes were determined by TGA and DSC and these are reasonably volatile as potential precursors of TiO₂ thin films.     

Improved synthetic routes to methylene-bridged P-chiral diphosphine ligands via secondary phosphine–boranes

Improved methods for the preparation of methylene-bridged diphosphine ligands are described. Both enantiomers of the key intermediate tert-butylmethylphosphine–borane were prepared via resolution or by the conversion of one enantiomer into the opposite enantiomer. The precursor borane complexes of bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)methane (t-Bu-MiniPHOS), bis((1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)methylphosphino)methane (t-Oct-MiniPHOS), and (tert-butylmethylphosphino)(di-tert-butylphosphino)methane (trichickenfootphos) were prepared in good yields and enantiopure form.     

Preparation and application of air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone via the palladium-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide

Air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands L1–L7 with cyclic secondary amine moieties linked to the benzene rings of triphenylphosphine were designed and prepared. The chelating coordination mode of the P,N-bidentate ligands to the Pd(II) center was confirmed by determining the X-ray structures of the Pd(II) complexes C1 and C2 derived from ligands L1 and L2, respectively. The ligands were used for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone through the palladium (Pd)-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide. The highest yield (60% with 79% selectivity) was observed using the Pd₂(dba)₃/4-(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)morpholine (L2) catalyst system.     

Trifluoroacetaldehyde: A useful industrial bulk material for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated amino compounds

The synthesis of various trifluoromethylated amino compounds was studied using trifluoroacetaldehyde, an industrial bulk material, as a starting compound. One general application of trifluoroacetaldehyde is the preparation of trifluoroethylamino derivatives via reductive amination reaction. This synthesis includes the formation of the corresponding N,O-acetal intermediates followed by their reduction using NaBH₄ or 2-picoline borane complex, affording the target trifluoroethylamino compounds in moderate to good yields (47-87%).Another general application of trifluoroacetaldehyde is the synthesis of chiral α-substituted trifluoroethylamino compounds. In this synthesis, trifluoroacetaldehyde was first converted into the chiral trifluoromethyl tert-butyl sulfinimine, which was subjected to 1,2-nucleophilic addition reactions across its CN double bond. The addition of phenyllithium afforded α-(phenyl)trifluoroethylamino derivative in 83% yield and with 96% de. Allylation and Reformatsky reactions produced the corresponding α-substituted trifluoroethylamino derivatives in 82 and 58% yields and with 90 and 91% de, respectively.     

A CSD analysis on H-bond patterns from phosphoric triamides to their coordination compounds, new complexes with (tBuNH)3PO ligand (PO): Cl2Ph2Sn(PO)2 and Fe(PO)2(NO3)3

The phosphoryl donor ligand (^tBuNH)₃PO (PO) was used for preparation of new tin(IV), Cl₂Ph₂Sn(PO)₂ (1), and iron(III), Fe(PO)₂(NO₃)₃ (2), complexes. These complexes are the first examples of using a phosphoric triamide containing a secondary nitrogen atom, [RNH]₃P(O), for preparation of an organotin(IV) complex of the type ([RNH]₃P(O))₂X₂Ph₂Sn, X = halide, and an iron(III) complex. In 1, the Sn coordination geometry is octahedral with the pair of similar ligands in a trans orientation. The Fe center in 2 is seven-coordinated with the two phosphoramide ligands in a trans fashion, too. This article also reviews the structures of analogous complexes with phosphoric triamide ligands, deposited in the CSD, aiming to classify hydrogen bond patterns in this category of compounds. Moreover, it is tried to find a relationship between the H-bond patterns in complexes and the related free ligands.     

Rh2[(R)-(+)-MTPA]4 as an NMR auxiliary for the enantiodifferentiation of chiral secondary and tertiary phosphine–borane complexes

The direct chiral recognition of secondary and tertiary phosphine–borane complexes is made possible by applying the dirhodium method (NMR in the presence of Rh₂[(R)-(+)-MTPA]₄, Rh¹). Due to the acid lability of the phosphine–borane complexes, it is advisable to use deuterated benzene as solvent rather than deuterated chloroform. The decomposition of the phosphine–borane complexes and the resulting Rh¹–phosphine adducts are also studied.     

Template synthesis and characterization of oxovanadium(IV) complexes with tetraaza macrocyclic ligands and their activity on potato virus X

The oxovanadium(IV) complexes (I) of the type [VO(L)]SO₄ have been prepared using an in-situ method of synthesis with ligands derived from di-2-thienylethanedione with 1,2-diaminobenzene or 2,3-diaminopyridine. These parent complexes have been further reacted with μ-diketones to yield macrocyclic complexes (II) of types [VO(mac)]SO₄ (where mac = macrocyclic ligands derived by condensation of amino group of parent complex with μ-diketones), wherein the VO²⁺ cation acts as a template. Tentative structures of these complexes have been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis, electrical conductance, magnetic moments and spectral (infrared, electronic and electron spin resonance) data. The oxovanadium(IV) complexes are five coordinated wherein the tetraaza macrocyclic ligands act as tetradentate chelating agents. All the complexes are found to inhibit the infectivity of potato virus X, when checked using the test plant Chenopodium amaranticolor.     

Recent development of aminophosphine chalcogenides and boranes as ligands in s-block metal chemistry

The coordination chemistry of the aminophosphine chalcogenide ligands [Ph₂P(O)NHR], [Ph₂P(S)NHR], and [Ph₂P(Se)NHR] (R = 2,6-Me₂C₆H₃,^tBu, CHPh₂, CPh₃) or corresponding borane derivative [Ph₂P(BH₃)NHR] toward group 1 and 2 metals is reviewed. The structural characterization of a huge number of mono- and bis-aminophosphine chalcogenide/borane complexes with group 1 and 2 metals—in most cases lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium complexes—reveals a poly-metallacyclic motif in each case. The coordination takes place from adjacent chalcogen/borane and nitrogen as donor atom or group of the ligand confirming the direct bond between metal and chalcogen/borane to develop homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes. The heteroleptic group 2 metal complexes were used as pre-catalysts in hydrophosphination and hydroamination reactions. Similarly, aminophosphine chalcogenide alkaline earth metal complexes were used in the catalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) study of ?-caprolactone.     

Preparation and application of air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone via the palladium-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide

Air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands L1–L7 with cyclic secondary amine moieties linked to the benzene rings of triphenylphosphine were designed and prepared. The chelating coordination mode of the P,N-bidentate ligands to the Pd(II) center was confirmed by determining the X-ray structures of the Pd(II) complexes C1 and C2 derived from ligands L1 and L2, respectively. The ligands were used for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone through the palladium (Pd)-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide. The highest yield (60% with 79% selectivity) was observed using the Pd₂(dba)₃/4-(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)morpholine (L2) catalyst system.     

Chiral pyridine N-oxides derived from monoterpenes as organocatalysts for stereoselective reactions with allyltrichlorosilane and tetrachlorosilane

The synthesis of enantiomerically pure C₂-symmetric dipyridylmethane ligands and related N,N′-dioxides is reported. A procedure for the synthesis of a few new enantiomerically pure C₂-symmetric pyridine N-oxides and the preparation of four pyridine N-oxides with oxygen and nitrogen atoms as further coordinating elements in the heterocycle framework is described. All compounds were prepared from naturally occurring monoterpenes. These new compounds were assessed as organocatalysts in two different reactions, namely the allylation of aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilane that afforded homoallylic alcohols in good yields and up to 85% ee and the stilbene oxide opening by the addition of tetrachlorosilane that gave chlorohydrin in quantitative yield and up to 70% ee.     

On the Use of Amine–Borane Complexes To Synthesize Iron Nanoparticles

The effectiveness of amine–borane as reducing agent for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles has been investigated. Large (2–4 nm) Fe nanoparticles were obtained from [Fe{N(SiMe₃)₂}₂]. Inclusion of boron in the nanoparticles is clearly evidenced by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectrometry. Furthermore, the reactivity of amine–borane and amino–borane complexes in the presence of pure Fe nanoparticles has been investigated. Dihydrogen evolution was observed in both cases, which suggests the potential of Fe nanoparticles to promote the release of dihydrogen from amine–borane and amino–borane moieties.     

Syntheses of C1-symmetric bidentate ligands having pyridyl and 1,3-Thiazolyl, 1-methylimidazolyl or pyrazinyl donor groups for enantioselective palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution and copper-catalyzed cyclopropanation

New chiral C₁-symmetric bidentate ligands, which possess two different nitrogen heterocycles, 1,3-thiazolyl, 1-methylimidazolyl or pyrazinyl and one pyridyl group, were prepared by Kröhnke condensation in 36-59% overall yield. Stable Pd(II)-allyl and Cu(II) chloride complexes formed by some of the ligands were obtained in 60-65% yields. X-ray crystal structure analysis of a copper(II) complex having 1-methylimidazolyl group indicated that it is a μ-chloro bridge dimer. The Pd(II)-allyl complexes were found to be active catalysts in the asymmetric allylic substitution of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-enyl acetate. The best result observed was 85% e.e. and 99% isolated yield. In addition, the in situ generated Cu(OTf)₂ complexes were found to be active catalysts in cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate.     

Rhenium(I) complexes of (2-cyanoethyl)diphenylphosphine

Rhenium pentacarbonyl halides react with (2-cyanoethyl) diphenylphosphine (L) to yield complexes of the stoichiometry [Re(CO)₃LX]_n. The infrared spectra of the complexes are consistent with structures containing terminal halogens and bridging L groups. Molecular weight studies indicate that n is two for solutions of 10⁻³M. The nitrile portion of the ligand is readily displaced by σ donor ligands to yield complexes in which L functions as a monodentate phosphine.     

Chiral Aminoalcohols and Squaric Acid Amides as Ligands for Asymmetric Borane Reduction of Ketones: Insight to In Situ Formed Catalytic System by DOSY and Multinuclear NMR Experiments

A series of squaric acid amides (synthesized in 66–99% isolated yields) and a set of chiral aminoalcohols were comparatively studied as ligands in a model reaction of reduction of α-chloroacetophenone with BH₃•SMe₂. In all cases, the aminoalcohols demonstrated better efficiency (up to 94% ee), while only poor asymmetric induction was achieved with the corresponding squaramides. A mechanistic insight on the in situ formation and stability at room temperature of intermediates generated from ligands and borane as possible precursors of the oxazaborolidine-based catalytic system has been obtained by ¹H DOSY and multinuclear 1D and 2D (¹H, ^10/11B, ¹³C, ¹⁵N) NMR spectroscopy of equimolar mixtures of borane and selected ligands. These results contribute to better understanding the complexity of the processes occurring in the reaction mixture prior to the possible oxazaborolidine formation, which play a crucial role on the degree of enantioselectivity achieved in the borane reduction of α-chloroacetophenone.     

Generation of 1,2-azaboretidines via reduction of ADC borane adducts

Reaction of the acyclic (diamino)carbene (ADC) :C(NiPr₂)₂ (1) with different dihaloboranes of the type RBX₂ (R = Mes, Dur; X = Cl, Br) smoothly afforded a novel class of ADC-stabilized borane adducts. For MesBBr₂ however, the reaction did not stop at the adduct level, but an uncommon rearrangement process occurred, which eventually resulted in the formation of a 5-membered boracycle after elimination of mesitylene. Chemical reduction of the ADC borane adducts by KC₈ selectively yielded air stable 1,2-azaboretidines. Detailed DFT studies suggest a reduction mechanism involving a highly reactive borylene intermediate, which is converted into the boracycles via a rearrangement/C–H activation sequence.