聚偏二氯乙烯负载金鸡纳碱催化剂的合成及其对不对称Michael反应的催化性能

将天然的金鸡纳碱——辛可宁与聚偏二氯乙烯进行接枝反应,制备了聚偏二氯乙烯负载辛可宁的催化剂.将制备的催化剂用于催化不对称Michael反应,并探索了溶剂、催化剂用量、温度、底物等不同条件对其催化性能的影响.结果表明,该催化剂在甲苯中有很高的催化活性和较好的立体选择性,Michael反应中部分产率达到80%以上,e.e值达到72%,且该催化剂具有一定的重复使用性能.     

Kinetics of heterogeneous free-radical polymerization of vinylidene chloride

Poly(vinylidene chloride) precipitates as a crystalline phase during the polymerization reaction. Under the conditions studied, this phase is made up of complex particles with a lamellar substructure. The detailed morphology is very sensitive to reaction medium. The morphology developed by particles formed during polymerization of vinylidene chloride in dioxane suggests a mechanism of polymerization followed by crystallization. The morphology observed in mass polymerization suggests that both processes occurs simultaneously. Kinetic data, however, suggest a solid-phase reaction mechanism for both cases. The results are analyzed by comparison with a model that takes into account the solid-phase morphology. The theoretical analysis is consistent with experimental results if it is assumed that polymerization occurs on the edges of the lamellar crystals.     

Thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinylidene chloride)

The kinetics of the early stages of thermal degradation below 1% dehydrochlorination of emulsion-polymerized poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) is studied by the variation of the pH value of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution between 160 and 190°C in the presence of air and other gas streams. The results turned out that the thermal degradation of PVDC can be divided into three stages, which correspond to an induction period, a period with conversion below 0.1% dehydrochlorination, and that with conversion ranging from 0.1 to 1%. For the induction stage, the induction time depends upon the types of environment gas and degradation temperature. Both of the second and the third stages are zero-order reactions, which also result in the discoloration and crosslinking of the neat polymer. The average apparent activational energy of the zero-order degradation reaction was about 21 kcal/mol, which is independent of the types of environment gas. The whole degrading kinetics data can be well explained by the mechanism of a free-radical-induced dehydrochlorination. The viscosity of the degraded sample increases rapidly with degradation and becomes insoluble in regular solvents. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2035–2044, 1999     

Sodium hydroxide-assisted dechlorination of a poly(vinylidene chloride)-containing wrapping film in ethylene glycol solution

Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) wrapping film was dechlorinated using solutions of NaOH in ethylene glycol (EG) at temperatures between 150 and 190 °C. The reaction was comparable to that for PVDC powder; however, it occurred at a lower NaOH concentration, which can be explained by the dissolution of additives present in the wrapping film. Therefore, the best results for the dechlorination of the wrapping film were obtained at a temperature of 190 °C and NaOH concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.5 M, resulting in dechlorination yields of almost 90% after 135 min. For the dechlorination reaction, the activation energy of the PVDC wrapping film (185 kJ mol⁻¹) was determined to be higher than that of PVDC powder; this finding could be attributed to the presence of a stabilizer and the smaller surface area of the PVDC wrapping film.     

Degradation of vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate/phenylacetylene (VDC/MA/PA) terpolymers. Effect of internal unsaturation on the stability of Saran copolymers

The thermal degradation of vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate/phenylacetylene (VDC/MA/PA) terpolymers containing a constant 9 wt % methyl acrylate and small but varying amounts of phenylacetylene has been examined in the solid phase and in bibenzyl solution. Thermally promoted degradative dehydrochlorination, largely uncomplicated by methyl chloride formation, readily occurs at temperatures approaching 200°C. Incorporation of phenylacetylene into the polymer structure greatly facilitates degradative dehydrochlorination. Indeed, the presence of phenylacetylene induces the formation of polyene segments during the polymerization so that all the terpolymers, even at very low phenylacetylene loading, are tan in color. The decreased stability of polymers containing internal unsaturation arises from an increased rate of initiation for the degradation reaction. The propagation rate is largely unaffected by the level of unsaturation initially present in the polymer. Thus random double bonds have been identified as the principal defect sites responsible for the facile degradation of Saran copolymers. Species which promote the degradation of Saran polymers probably do so by facilitating the introduction of double bonds into the structure. The ratio of hydrogen chloride to stilbene formed for degradation of the terpolymers in bibenzyl solution is ca. 35:1. This is strongly reminiscent of PVDC degradation and suggests that for degradation of either the homopolymer or Saran copolymers the chain-carrying allylic radical pair does not dissociate to any appreciable extent as dehydrochlorination occurs.     

Crystallization kinetics for semicrystalline random copolymers of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with methyl acrylate (MA), and the effects on the internal morphology of the resin particles formed during synthesis

Isothermal crystallization kinetics for random copolymers of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with methyl acrylate (MA) is reported. Syntheses of many semicrystalline polymers follow heterogeneous reaction paths in which the macromolecule chains phase separate from the reaction mixtures. The internal particle morphology (the internal structure of the resin bead) from this type of reaction is granular and porous, as a result of the demixing processes accompanying polymer formation. Demixing in these polymers involves either liquid-liquid (L-L) phase separation followed by liquid-solid (L-S) transformation (crystallization) or L-S transformation alone. Crystallization (L-S transformation) must be an indispensable part of the process if a porous granular structure is to be expected. This is because L-S transformation is the most probable means by which the demixed structure can be stabilized against complete coalescence or agglomeration, which would lead to totally fused bead internal structure. This is particularly true if the glass transition temperature (T_g) is lower than the polymerization temperatures, as is the case with the VDC-MA copolymers. Copolymers that crystallize the fastest will have the finest (most porous) resin bead morphology. The result of this work is consistent with expectation. The homopolymer (PVDC) that crystallizes the fastest has the finest resin bead internal morphology. The copolymers show slower crystallization rates with increasing noncrystallizable MA content. Correspondingly, resin morphology measured by specific surface area decreased with increasing amounts of the noncrystallizable (MA) comonomer unit in the copolymer. This is clearly seen in SEM photographs of the internal bead structures of these copolymers. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Radiation-Induced Polymerization of Vinylidene Chloride in Bulk and Included in Thiourea Crystals

Vinylidene chloride (VDC) or 1,1-dichloroethylene was polymerized with γ radiation in bulk or as inclusion complex in thiourea crystals (inclusion polymerization). The resulting poly(vinylidenechloride) (PVDC) samples obtained from the two different polymerization techniques were characterized by FT-IR and electronic absorption spectroscopies, by ozonolysis and by thermal analysis (TGA, DTG and DTA). It was found that two selective secondary reactions occur in the two PVDC samples, respectively obtained from bulk polymerization or from inclusion polymerization. In the former case, the main reaction is only a crosslinking reaction, while in the latter case, with the PVDC included into the thiourea channels, the crosslinking reaction is fully inhibited and instead a dehydrohalogenation reaction takes place producing the polyene structures. The presence of polyene structures in the PVDC synthesized by the inclusion polymerization was demonstrated by electronic absorption spectroscopy and by ozonolysis experiments. The presence of polyene segments in the PVDC causes a reduction in the thermal stability of the polymer, lowers its melting point and reduces its crystallinity.     

Dechlorination of poly(vinylidene chloride) in NaOH/ethylene glycol as a function of NaOH concentration, temperature, and solvent

The wet dechlorination treatment of poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) was evaluated at atmospheric pressure in a solution of NaOH in ethylene glycol (EG), as a function of NaOH concentration, temperature, and solvent. Hydroxide ion from NaOH was required for dechlorination with EG acting solely as a solvent. The wet treatment exhibited significantly enhanced dechlorination efficiency over traditional thermal techniques, with a reaction efficiency as high as 92.8% in 1.0 M NaOH at 190 °C. Dechlorination reactions of PVDC in both NaOH/EG and NaOH/H₂O were expressed by an apparent first-order reaction. At 190 °C, the apparent rate constant in 1.0 M NaOH/EG was approximately 1.4 times larger than in 1.0 M NaOH/H₂O, with an apparent activation energy of 82.8 kJ mol⁻¹, indicating that the reaction proceeded under chemical control. The degree of dechlorination increased with increasing reaction temperature, favouring the elimination of HCl over the hydroxyl substitution of chloride.     

Investigation of poly(vinylidene chloride) distribution in perfluorinated cation-exchange membranes MF-4SK upon UV- and γ-initiated graft polymerization

A new process for grafting poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) to the membrane material MF-4SK by UV-initiated graft polymerization of the monomer from the gas phase has been developed. Modified membranes containing up to 20 wt % of UV-grafted PVDC have been obtained. Microphotographs of thin sections of the modified membranes have been investigated. It has been shown that the pretreatment of the membranes and variation of UV- or γ-grafting conditions make it possible to achieve an uniform distribution of grafted PVDC both along the thickness of the membrane and in a thin surface layer. The values of the parameters determining the character of the distribution have been estimated. Numerical simulation of the UV- and γ-initiated graft polymerization of VDC gave solutions for the grafted-PVDC distribution fitting with the experimental data.     

Degradation of polymer mixtures. IV. Blends of poly(vinyl acetate) with poly(vinyl chloride) and other chlorine-containing polymers

The degradation of the binary polymer blends, poly(vinyl acetate)/poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl acetate)/poly(vinylidene chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate)/polychloroprene has been studied by using thermal volatilization analysis, thermogravimetry, evolved gas analysis for hydrogen chloride and acetic acid, and spectroscopic methods. For the first two systems named, strong interaction occurs in the degrading blend, but the polychloroprene blends showed no indication of interaction. In the PVA/PVC and PVA/PVDC blends, hydrogen chloride from the chlorinated polymer causes substantial acceleration in the deacetylation of PVA. Acetic acid from PVA destabilizes PVC but has little effect in the case of PVDC because of the widely differing degradation temperatures of PVA and PVDC. The presence of hydrogen chloride during the degradation of PVA results in the formation of longer conjugated sequences, and the regression in sequence length at high extents of deacetylation found for PVA degraded alone is not observed.     

低头-头链含量的聚偏氟乙烯合成

研究了偏氟乙烯的聚合条件与其聚合物的头-头链含量的关系。实验表明聚合物的头-头链的含量与聚合温度有关,而与引发剂的种类无关。因而,可以在较低的聚合温度下聚合制得带有低的头-头结构(约3％)的聚偏氟乙烯。将聚合物链的A结构含量对其熔点作图,得一直线,可表示为方程式A=24.8+0.362T_m(％)。     

Solution decomposition of poly(vinylidene chloride): Effect of solvent and evolved HCl

The effect of HCl on the rate of thermal decomposition of poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) in nitrobenzene solution was measured with the object of determining the catalytic activity of HCl. Unlike those reports dealing with PVC decompositions, this study shows that in the absence of a cocatalyst, molecular HCl does not catalyze the decomposition of PVDC. In the presence of metals which can react with HCl to form Lewis acids (e.g., Fe⁰), a strong accelerating effect was observed. The uncatalyzed reaction shows a large rate increase with increasing polarity of the solvent, suggesting that in nitrobenzene the decomposition is mainly heterolytic in nature.     

Grafting of Vinyudene Chloride. Model Studies with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) as Substrate

The modification of coatings resins by graft polymerization of vinylidene chloride should produce a coatings binder with improved barrier properties. For superior color stability, vinylidene chloride must be copolymer-ized with other monomers such as alkyl acrylates and methacrylates. Ceric ion initiation was used to graft vinylidene chloride free-radically onto a model alcohol-containing polymer, polyvinyl alcohol. The effects of various reaction parameters on vinylidene chloride grafting were studied. Graft copolymers were characterized using selective solvent extraction, FTIR, SEM, XES, DSC, and x-ray diffraction.     

Effect of heat treatment on the morphology and structure of crystals,powders, and fibers of polyacrylonitrile and saran

As part of a study of chemical and physical changes accompanying the formation of carbons by the pyrolysis of polymers, conventional electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques have been used to examine structural and morphological features of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) crystals, powder, and fibers, and of Saran and poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) powder. Changes accompanying the heating of these polymers in air and in nitrogen have been investigated. PAN crystals grown from propylene carbonate were similar to those obtained by Klement and Geil. When heated in air at 220°C they retained their morphology, and electron diffraction gave the same reflections as PAN. On further heating to 400°C in nitrogen the morphology was retained, but the diffraction was lost. Crystals treated in nitrogen alone at 200°C showed morphology similar to that of the polymer. PAN powders and fibers retained discernable external features of their morphology on heating to 800°C. These results are discussed with reference to changes which take place when poly(vinylidene chloride) and Saran are heated in the range 150–180°C, which results in the loss of one hydrogen chloride per monomer unit, and are subsequently carbonized at 800°C. The development of pore structure and the adsorptive properties of Saran carbons are also discussed.     

Polymerization and Copolymerization of Some Monomers as Adducts with β-Cyclodextrin

The feasibility of chemical bond formation, especially in the chain-transfer reaction between polymer and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) molecules in the products of the radiation polymerization of β-CD with vinylidene chloride (VDC) its adducts has been considered. The lack of these bonds in the polymerization products of similar β-CD adducts with methyl methacrylate (MM), styrene (St), a mixture of VDC and allyl chloride (AC) and a mixture of VDC and MM (10:90 molar ratio) has been established. On the basis of the results obtained the lack of chemical bonds in the polymerization product of β-CD· VDC adduct is suggested.     

SYNTHESIS OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) WITH LOW CONTENTS OF HEAD-TO-HEAD CHAIN

The relations between polymerization conditions of vinylidene fluoride and contents of head-tohead chain in the polymer have been studied. It shows that the contents of head-to-head chain of the polymer are related to its polymerization temperature, but are not related with the kinds of initiators used. Therefore, poly(vinylidene fluoride) with low contents of head-to-head chain (ca. 3%) can be prepared under lower polymerization temperature. Plot of the contents of A chains against melting points of the polymer is linear, which can be expressed by an equation: A=24.8 + 0.362 T_m(%).     

Composition of vinylidene chloride/phenylacetylene (VDC/PA) copolymers and vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate/phenylacetylene (VDC/MA/PA) terpolymers from analysis by 13C-NMR spectroscopy

¹³C-NMR spectroscopy has been utilized to characterize Saran polymers containing polyene segments generated by incorporating phenylacetylene (PA) units into either poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or a typical Saran copolymer of 91% vinylidene chloride (VDC) and 9% methyl acrylate (MA). The incorporation of PA could not be defined in the usual statistical way because the presence of the PA double bond in the polymer backbone appeared to cause the dehydrohalogenation of units next to it. Thus, sequences of PA next to VDC were not observed. Rather, sequences of olefinic units next to VDC units were present at a level equal to the level of PA incorporation. The level of unsaturation in the PA copolymers is approximately four times the level of PA incorporation. These observations are consistent with the random incorporation into the copolymer of PA which then initiates the dehydrohalogenation in adjacent VDC units. This dehydrohalogenation reaction appears to propagate from one unit to the next along the backbone of the polymer such that polyene segments containing the PA unit are formed.     

Thermal decomposition of poly(vinylidene chloride) prepared in presence of oxygen

The thermal decomposition of poly(vinylidene chloride) was studied for samples prepared in the presence of oxygen. The products from both mass and aqueous suspension polymerizations show two modes of thermal decomposition. A rapid initial mode varies in rate and extent with the amount of oxygen present. A slower mode is unaffected by oxygen and in similar in rate to the polymer made in the absence of oxygen. The chief volatile products are phosgene and formaldehyde for the rapid decomposition and hydrogen chloride for the slow decomposition. The rapid decomposition is interpreted to be an unzipping reaction of a vinylidene chloride–oxygen alternating copolymer initiated by homolysis of a peroxide bond. The absence of significant amounts of hydrogen chloride during this stage of decomposition shows that none of the free radicals generated are capable of initiating a chain reaction that would unzip hydrogen chloride from the poly(vinylidene chloride) backbone. The presence of oxygen during the aqueous suspension polymerization correlates with the generation of hydrochloric acid in the aqueous phase. By analogy with the high temperature decomposition, the hydrochloric acid is believed to result primarily from the hydrolysis of phosgene produced by partial decomposition of the polyperoxide. Initiation of the decomposition is believed due to a reaction of the chain propagating radical.     

Effect of pH on Poly(acrylic acid) Solution Polymerization

The free-radical redox-initiated aqueous solution polymerization of fully and partially neutralized acrylic acid was carried out at room temperature under full exposure to air. The effect of neutralization degree on the polymerization rate and product properties was studied. Increasing neutralization of the reaction mixture with sodium hydroxide resulted in greater conversion of acrylic acid to sodium acrylate. The rate of polymerization, determined from a gravimetric off-line water removal technique, was shown to decrease significantly with decreasing degree of neutralization. Molecular weight also decreased with decreasing degree of neutralization. The glass transition temperature and hydrophilicity of the polymer product decreased with increasing degree of neutralization. In-line infrared monitoring was also used to monitor the reaction progress and was shown to be an effective tool for this purpose.     

Coordination polymerization in water affording amorphous polyethylenes

The coordination polymerization of ethylene in water as a reaction medium was studied. Rubbery amorphous branched polyethylene was obtained when a known cationic diimine-substituted methyl complex was employed as a catalyst precursor. High rates of up to 900 TOh(-1) (turnover frequency) were observed. In contrast to solution polymerization in an organic solvent, the rate of suspension polymerization in water increases greatly with ethylene pressure in the range up to 20 bar; this indicates control of the polymerization rate by the concentration of the olefin monomer at the catalytically active site. The effect and mode of mass transfer phenomena were studied. A high catalyst stability in the aqueous coordination polymerization was observed. It was found to be due to an "encapsulation" of the water-insoluble catalyst precursor in the hydrophobic amorphous polymer during the polymerization reaction, and this resulted in strongly restricted accessibility for the aqueous phase. Surprisingly, exposure of the water-stable catalyst precursor to ethylene monomer in solution in the presence of water resulted in immediate decomposition. Polymer microstructure, and thermal and mechanical properties were investigated. The different degree of branching, molecular weight, and corresponding macroscopic properties of the polymers obtained in water as a reaction medium versus solution polymerization in methylene chloride under the same conditions are due to the different phase behavior during polymerization (suspension vs. solution), as opposed to an effect of water on the catalytically active centers.