有机纳米材料在肿瘤光热治疗中的应用

光热治疗是利用在近红外具有较强光吸收的材料将光能转化为热能从而杀死癌细胞,与传统的化疗、放疗相比具有副作用小、治疗特异性好的优点。近年来各种不同的纳米材料被用于肿瘤光热治疗,并在动物肿瘤模型实验中取得了令人鼓舞的治疗效果。本文重点介绍几种典型的有机纳米材料在光热治疗中的应用,并讨论这一新兴领域的发展趋势。     

Recent advancements in 2D nanomaterials for cancer therapy

Since mechanical exfoliation of graphene in 2004, unprecedented scientific and technological advances have been achieved in the development of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. These 2D nanomaterials exhibit various unique mechanical, physical and chemical properties on account of their ultrathin thickness, which are highly desirable for many applications such as catalysis, optoelectronics, energy storage/conversion, as well as disease diagnosis and therapeutics. In this review, we summarized recent progress on the design and fabrication of functional 2D nanomaterials capable of being applied for the cancer treatment including drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy. Their anticancer mechanisms were discussed in detail, and the related safety concerns were analyzed based on current research developments. This review is expected to provide an insight in the field of 2D nanostructured materials for anticancer applications.     

Analytical applications of nanomaterials in electrogenerated chemiluminescence

This critical review covers the use of carbon nanomaterials (single-wall carbon nanotubes, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon quantum dots), semiconductor quantum dots, and composite materials based on the combination of the aforementioned materials, for analytical applications using electrogenerated chemiluminescence. The recent discovery of graphene and related materials, with their optical and electrochemical properties, has made possible new uses of such materials in electrogenerated chemiluminescence for biomedical diagnostic applications. In electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), electrochemically generated intermediates undergo highly exergonic reactions, producing electronically excited states that emit light. These electron-transfer reactions are sufficiently exergonic to enable the excited states of luminophores, including metal complexes, quantum dots and carbon nanocrystals, to be generated without photoexcitation. In particular, this review focuses on some of the most advanced and recent developments (especially during the last five years, 2010–2014) related to the use of these novel materials and their composites, with particular emphasis on their use in medical diagnostics as ECL immunosensors.     

Carbon nanomaterials in microbial sensing and bactericidal applications

The spread of antimicrobial resistance and lesser development of new antibiotics have intensified the search for new antimicrobial and diagnostic vehicles. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), which broadly include carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene/graphene oxide nanostructures, have emerged as promising theranostic materials exhibiting, in many instances, potent antibacterial activities and diagnostic capabilities. Ease of synthesis, tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and diverse modes of action make CNMs a powerful class of theranostic nanomaterials. This review discusses recent studies illuminating innovative new CNMs and their applications in bacterial theranostics. We particularly emphasize the relationship between the structural parameters and overall chemical properties of CNMs and their biological impact and utilization. Overall, the expanding work on the development and use of CNMs in therapeutic, sensing, and diagnostic applications in the microbial world underscores the considerable potential of these nanomaterials.     

DNA-based bioanalytical microsystems for handheld device applications

This article reviews and highlights the current development of DNA-based bioanalytical microsystems for point-of-care diagnostics and on-site monitoring of food and water. Recent progresses in the miniaturization of various biological processing steps for the sample preparation, DNA amplification (polymerase chain reaction), and product detection are delineated in detail. Product detection approaches utilizing “portable” detection signals and electrochemistry-based methods are emphasized in this work. The strategies and challenges for the integration of individual processing module on the same chip are discussed.     

Layered photocatalytic nanomaterials for environmental applications

The increasing pollution and human demand for a cleaner environment have made achieving the environmental sustainability a current research focus. As a “green” technology, semiconductor photocatalysis is of great significance to the environmental purification. Benefiting from the unique anisotropic crystal structure and electronic properties, layered photocatalytic nanomaterials show great potential for efficient photocatalytic environmental treatment. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress on layered photocatalytic nanomaterials for oxidation or reduction of pollutants in water and air along with the basic understanding of related mechanisms and developments in this field. First, the existing diversified layered photocatalysts are classified, and their different synthesis and modification strategies are discussed in detail to provide a comprehensive view of the material design that affects their photocatalytic performance. Subsequently, the extensive applications of the above-mentioned layered photocatalytic nanomaterials in environmental fields are systematically summarized, including photooxidation of water and air pollutants, and photoreduction of heavy metal pollutants, NO₃^?, BrO₃^? and CO₂. Finally, based on the current research achievements in layered photocatalysts for environmental remediation, the future development direction and challenges are proposed.     

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

In the past decade,nanoscale metal-organic frameworks(nMOFs) have drawn a great attention due to their high porosity,wide range of pore shapes,tunable frameworks and relatively low toxic.With the development of nanotechnology,many researchers studied the synthesis,characterization,functionalization and biotoxicity of nMOFs,and a more thorough understanding was developed about numerous nMOFs as promising platforms for biomedical applications.This review highlights the up-to-date progress of nMOFs...     

Recent applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis and therapy

In recent years, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has gained importance for non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic applications in cancer. This technology is based on differences of endogenous chromophores between cancer and normal tissues using either oxy-haemoglobin or deoxy-haemoglobin, lipid or water bands, or a combination of two or more of these as diagnostic markers. These marker bands provide a basis for the diagnosis and therapy monitoring of several cancers. Various applications also use advances in NIR fluorescence spectroscopy which is based on exogenous contrast-enhancing agents. In this review the literature published during the last seven years has been assessed. It will provide an overview on the importance of the NIRS tools in cancer pathology, and in the near future it is envisaged to play a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, treatment decisions, and defining therapeutic drug levels.     

金属纳米材料中的晶格应变及其在催化中的应用

纳米结构中的晶格应变作为基础研究课题的势头日益增强.可以设计纳米颗粒的表面晶格以产生应变或者其他结构变化,使其原子位置偏离正常的晶格点,进而影响纳米颗粒的电子结构和催化性能.本文首先介绍了金属纳米粒子的不同应变源,重点介绍了不同应变基本结构的合成.讨论了晶格应变的表征手段及其在催化领域应用的研究进展.最后介绍了应变金属...     

Application of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy

Cancer has become one of the major public health problems all over the word. Cancer immunotherapy is the treatment that utilizing the patient's own immune system to fight cancer. Although promising outcomes of cancer immunotherapy have been achieved nowadays, it is still a challenge to develop a therapeutic pattern with low toxicities, high specificity, and long-lasting efficacy in this field. Nanomaterials can be employed as vehicles to deliver antigens or immune modulating therapeutics. Nanomaterials can enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by protecting their payload during circulation, promoting the delivery of antigen to antigen presenting cell, triggering the activation of antigen-specific T cell, and regulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we briefly summarize the application of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy, including nanovaccines, tumor immune environment modulation, and other application. Without a doubt, with the advances of the interdisciplinary research focused for materials science, immunology and tumor biology, cancer immunotherapy will further enhance the therapeutic benefits and reduce side effects in the future.     

Melanin/polydopamine-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

The natural melanin is one kind of ubiquitous biological pigments, which is produced in melanosomes and widely distributed in living organisms. The synthetic melanin, often known as polydopamine(PDA), has similar chemical compositions and physical properties to natural melanin. In recent years, both natural melanin and PDA have aroused increased research interests in biomedical fields owing to their inherent biocompatibility, antioxidant activity, free-radical scavenging, metal ion chelation,strong near-infrared absorption and high photothermal conversion efficiency. Inspired by these fascinating properties, melanin and PDA have been widely used as building blocks for the construction of multifunctional nanoplatforms for various biomedical applications. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art progress in melanin/PDA-based nanomaterials, which covers from their preparation methods to biomedical applications including bioimaging, treatment, theranostics, antibacterial, UV/radiation protection, biosensor and tissue engineering. Moreover, the current trends and the future prospects of melanin/PDA-based nanomaterials are also discussed.     

Advanced carbon nanomaterials for electrochemiluminescent biosensor applications

Electrochemiluminescent biosensors are nowadays an established technology in the field of immunosensors and diagnostics. Along with the advent of nanotechnology, the marriage between electrochemiluminescence and nanomaterials results in promising enhancing strategies in many biosensor applications. Among nanomaterials, carbon-based ones are the most used, as (i) scaffolds, (ii) luminophores and (iii) electrode materials of the sensor. In this review, we describe the importance of a rational modification and functionalization of carbon nanomaterials to optimize electrochemiluminescence signal, and we also resume the latest and most relevant applications of electrochemiluminescent biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials.     

Perfluorocarbon nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality in which a photosensitizer is irradiated with light, producing reactive oxygen species, often via energy transfer with oxygen. As it is common for tumors to be hypoxic, methods to deliver photosensitizer and oxygen are desirable. One such approach is the use of perfluorocarbons, molecules in which all C–H bonds are replaced with C–F bonds, to co-deliver oxygen because of the high solubility of gases in perfluorocarbons. This review highlights the benefits and limitations of several fluorinated nanomaterial architectures for use in PDT.     

Luminescent rare earth nanomaterials for bioprobe applications

Inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have initiated an extensive upsurge in biological application research. Just as quantum dots are regarded as a vigorous reinforcement of the organic dye family, rare earth (RE) fluorescent NPs, as another phosphors branch, also possess unique optical characteristics. The advantages of RE NPs in photostability and colorimetric purity make them suitable for bioprobe applications. Since the preparation technologies have been well developed, it is favourable to prompt the research in the interdisciplinary field of biology and material sciences. Herein, we summarize the synthesis and performance, together with bioprobe applications of RE oxide, sulfoxide, vanadate, phosphate, fluoride, and sodium RE fluoride nanomaterials. The prospects of these promising materials as applied in the biological field is described to draw readers' attention and to attract more research interest.     

Novel synthesis and characterization of CuO nanomaterials:Biological applications

CuO nanoparticles were synthesized at a relatively low temperature(80 ℃) for 2 h using polyethylene glycol-glycerol mixture which acts as a capping agent.A detailed characterization of the synthesized nanomaterials were performed utilizing X-ray diffraction(XRD),infra-red spectroscopy(IR),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA-DTA),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),photoluminescence(PL) by studying its crystalline phase,vibrational mode,thermal analysis,morphology and photoluminescence properties.The effect of annealing on the as-prepared nanoparticles were studied and compared with their corresponding bulk counterpart.The synthesized nanoparticles have been screened for in vitro cytotoxicity(1C_(50)) studies against the human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line(HeLa) using WITT assay methods.The as-prepared nanoparticle inhibits the proliferation of this HeLa cell.The standard disc diffusion method has been used to study the antibacterial activity of the samples against the human pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli(MTCC 729),Proteus mirabilis(MTCC 425) and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp.pneumoniae(MTCC 432).The results have been compared with the positive control antibiotic gentamycin.The synthesized nanoparticles would provide a potential alternative to antibiotics for controlling some of the microorganisms causing urolithiasis.     

DNA-based supramolecular hydrogels: From construction strategies to biomedical applications

DNA-based supramolecular hydrogels are important and promising biomaterials for various applications due to their inherent biocompatibility and tunable physicochemical properties. The three-dimensional supramolecular matrix of DNA formed by non-covalently dynamic cross-linking provides exceptional adaptability, self-healing, injectable and responsive properties for hydrogels. In addition, DNA hydrogels are also ideal bio-scaffold materials owing to their tissue-like mechanics and intrinsic biological functions. Technically, DNA can assemble into supramolecular networks by pure complementary base pairing; it can also be combined with other building blocks to construct hybrid hydrogels. This review focuses on the development and construction strategies of DNA hydrogels. Assembly and synthesis methods, diverse responsiveness and biomedical applications are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of DNA-based supramolecular hydrogels are discussed.     

基于催化应用调控氧化铈纳米材料的形貌

催化剂的设计、合成和结构调控是获得优异性能的关键.传统的策略主要是尽量减小催化剂颗粒尺寸以增加活性中心的数目,即尺寸效应.近年来,材料科学的快速发展使得在纳米尺度上调变催化剂的尺寸和形貌成为可能,特别是通过形貌调控可暴露更多的高活性晶面,大幅度提高催化性能,即纳米催化中的形貌效应.因此,调节催化剂的尺寸与形貌可以单独或协同优化材料的性能.氧化铈作为催化剂的重要组分与结构、电子促进剂被广泛应用于多相催化剂体系.本文总结了近期氧化铈材料形貌可控合成的进展,包括主要的合成策略和表征方法; 进而分析了氧化铈和金-氧化铈催化材料的形貌效应,指出金-氧化铈之间独特的相互作用与载体形貌密切相关; 阐述了氧化铈纳米材料因暴露晶面的差异而获得不同催化性能的化学机制.     

Recent advances of Rh-based intermetallic nanomaterials for catalytic applications

Rhodium (Rh) has received widespread attention in fundamental catalytic research and numerous industrial catalytic applications. Compared to homogeneous catalysts, Rh-based nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts are much easier to separate and collect after usage, making them more suitable for commercial use. To this purpose, there has been a constant demand in constructing stable and highly active Rh-based nanomaterials. In contrast to Rh-based solid solutions with a random distribution of metallic atoms in the lattice, Rh-based intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with a fixed stoichiometric ratio and an ordered atomic arrangement can ensure the homogenous distribution of active sites and structural stability in the catalytic process. In this review, we concentrate on the fabrication of Rh-based IMCs for catalytic applications. Various synthetic methods and protocols for the controlled preparation of Rh-based IMC are illustrated. Meanwhile, the catalytic applications and corresponding catalytic mechanisms are discussed. In addition, personal perspectives about the remaining challenges and prospects in this field are provided. We believe this review will be useful in directing the development of Rh-based IMC catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.