Resonance Raman de-enhancement caused by excited state mixed valence

Resonance Raman and absorption spectra of 9,10-bis(2-tert-butyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-anthracene (2) are measured and analyzed. The contribution of the individual vibrational normal modes to the reorganization energy is investigated. Excited-state mixed valence in this system is analyzed using density functional theory electronic structure calculations. The resonance Raman excitation profiles exhibit a resonance de-enhancement effect around 20 725 cm-1, but a corresponding feature is not observed in the absorption spectrum. This unusual observation is attributed to the presence of a dipole-forbidden, vibronically allowed component of the split mixed valence excited state. The de-enhancement dip is calculated quantitatively and explained in terms of the real and imaginary components of the polarizabilities of the two overlapping excited states.     

On the linear mixed valence compounds obtained by partial oxidation ofcis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)

Summary The partial oxidation products ofcis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] (Cisplatin) by (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and by K₂PtCl₆, as well as the recrystallization of the former product in various solutions (HClO₄, NaClO₄, NaBF₄, NaHSO₄, H₂SO₄) have been re-examined. Contrary to the conclusions of previous works, the general formulation of these compounds iscis-[Pt²⁺(NH₃)₂Cl₂]X_x·yH₂O ( = 0.3–0.4, X = SO ₄ ^2– , PtCl ₄ ^2– , ClO ₄ ^2– , BF ₄ ^2– , HSO ₄ ^2– , ..., 0y 1). These materials are all linear chain Pt—Pt compounds belonging to the class III of Robin-Day compounds with Pt—Pt distances in the range 3.00–3.06 Å. The oxidation of Cisplatin by persulphate gives two sulphate compounds of the same formulation (x = 0.2), which differ in aspect, metallic character and spectral properties. Structural information was obtained from polarized micro-Raman spectra of a needle-like sample of the perchlorate and from X-ray powder diffraction spectra. The cell of the perchlorate was orthorhombic while the two sulphate forms had a monoclinic cell with slightly different parameters. Expansion of the Cisplatin interchain distance occurred only along one crystallographic direction. The two sulphate forms differed in the degree of order along this direction. An approximate structure is proposed and discussed in relation to the Cisplatin precursor.     

低温等离子体技术治理气态污染物

本文综述了低温等离子体技术治理气态污染物及其反应装置的研究状况与技术优势,并展望了其应用前景。     

在非平衡等离子体中甲烷直接氧化成甲醛的研究

非平衡等离子体能使几乎所有的分子激发、电离、自由基化,以至达到高活化状态.如果在化学反应发生的瞬时使产物脱离等离子体区,或迅速将产物捕获,实现高的反应选择性和得率是可能的.本文报道不用引发剂,在非平衡等离子体中甲烷直接氧化成甲醛的反应.     

Effect of mixed valence state of titanium on reduced recombination for natural dye-sensitized solar cell applications

Nanocrystalline TiO₂ was prepared using water-assisted hydrothermal technique. X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of tetragonal anatase phase, and it was further confirmed with Raman results. Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot reveals an induced strain in the sample and the calculated crystallite size of 15 nm is in accordance with the XRD results. Strain induced in the sample is due to creation of oxygen vacancies (defect), and it is responsible for the mixed valence state of Ti atom (Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺) which is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Impedance studies result in increased conductivity of oxygen defect-based TiO₂ due to its fast electron hopping between the mixed valence states. High-resolution scanning electron microscopic (HR-SEM) image shows a well-agglomerated spherical-shaped nanoparticle with high surface area of 152 m²/g. Here, we report for the first time the effect of mono and co-sensitization of natural dyes on the prepared TiO₂ photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The interfacial charge transfer resistance, chemical capacitance and electron recombination lifetime of the devices were examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, and the performance of the best photoanode was studied using standard solar simulator at 1 Sun intensity (AM 1.5 G).     

Investigation of CO and formaldehyde oxidation over mesoporous Ag/Co3O4 catalysts

CO and formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation reactions were investigated over mesoporous Ag/Co₃O₄ catalysts prepared by one-pot (OP) and impregnation (IM) methods. It was found that the one-pot method was superior to the impregnation method for synthesizing Ag/Co₃O₄ catalysts with high activity for both reactions. It was also found that the catalytic behavior of mesoporous Co₃O₄ and Ag/Co₃O₄ catalysts for the both reactions was different. And the addition of silver on mesoporous Co₃O₄ did not always enhance the catalytic activity of final catalyst for CO oxidation at room temperature (20 °C), but could significantly improve the catalytic activity of final catalyst for HCHO oxidation at low temperature (90 °C). The high surface area, uniform pore structure and the pretty good dispersion degree of the silver particle should be responsible for the excellent low-temperature CO oxidation activity. However, for HCHO oxidation, the addition of silver played an important role in the activity enhancement. And the silver particle size and the reducibility of Co₃O₄ should be indispensable for the high activity of HCHO oxidation at low temperature.     

Interpretation of unusual absorption bandwidths and resonance Raman intensities in excited state mixed valence

Excited state mixed valence (ESMV) occurs in molecules in which the ground state has a symmetrical charge distribution but the excited state possesses two or more interchangeably equivalent sites that have different formal oxidation states. Although mixed valence excited states are relatively common in both organic and inorganic molecules, their properties have only recently been explored, primarily because their spectroscopic features are usually overlapped or obscured by other transitions in the molecule. The mixed valence excited state absorption bands of 2,3-di-p-anisyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane radical cation are well-separated from others in the absorption spectrum and are particularly well-suited for detailed analysis using the ESMV model. Excited state coupling splits the absorption band into two components. The lower energy component is broader and more intense than the higher energy component. The absorption bandwidths are caused by progressions in totally symmetric modes, and the difference in bandwidths is caused by the coordinate dependence of the excited state coupling. The Raman intensities obtained in resonance with the high and low energy components differ significantly from those expected based on the oscillator strengths of the bands. This unexpected observation is a result of the excited state coupling and is explained by both the averaging of the transition dipole moment orientation over all angles for the two types of spectroscopies and the coordinate-dependent coupling. The absorption spectrum is fit using a coupled two-state model in which both symmetric and asymmetric coordinates are included. The physical meaning of the observed resonance Raman intensity trends is discussed along with the origin of the coordinate-dependent coupling. The well-separated mixed valence excited state spectroscopic components enable detailed electronic and resonance Raman data to be obtained from which the model can be more fully developed and tested.     

Double-stranded metal-organic networks for one-dimensional mixed valence coordination polymers

The design of new types of metal-organic networks and the search for unusual crystal architecture represents an important task for modern inorganic and materials chemistry research. A group of new monosubstituted phenylcyanoximes, containing F, Cl, and Br atoms at the 2, 3, or 4 positions, were synthesized using the high yield nitrosation reaction with CH3-ONO and were spectroscopically (1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-visible, IR, mass spectrometry) and structurally characterized. Results of X-ray analysis revealed nonplanar trans-anti geometry for 2-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(2Cl-PhCO); a nonplanar anti configuration for 4-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(4Cl-PhCO); and planar cis-syn geometry for 3-fluorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(3F-PhCO). All arylcyanoximes undergo deprotonation in solutions with the formation of colored anions exhibiting pronounced negative solvatochromism in a series of polar protic and aprotic solvents. Nine thallium(I) cyanoximates were obtained using the reaction between hot (approximately 95 degrees C) aqueous solutions of Tl2CO3 and solid powdery monohalogenated arylcyanoximes HL. Crystal structures of two Tl(I) cyanoximates [Tl(2Cl-PhCO) and Tl(4Br-PhCO)] contained centrosymmetric dimeric units (TlL)2 that are connected to a coordination polymer by means of an oxygen atom of the oxime group of the neighboring molecule. Cyanoxime anions act as bridging ligands in both structures where the polymeric motif consists of double-stranded Tl-O chains interconnected with the formation of zigzagging Tl2O2 planar rhombes. Thallium atoms form infinite linear arrays with close intermetallic separations. The nearest Tl(I)...Tl(I) distances are 3.838 and 4.058 angstroms in the Tl(2Cl-PhCO) and Tl(4Br-PhCO) structures, respectively, close to that in metallic thallium (3.456 angstroms). Monosubstituted phenyl groups are well aligned in pi-stacking columns that are perpendicular to the array of Tl(I) atoms and stabilize formed structures. Coordination polyhedrons of thallium(I) in these complexes represent distorted trigonal pyramids with stereoactive lone pair.     

Spectroscopic consequences of a mixed valence excited state: quantitative treatment of a dihydrazine diradical dication

A model for the quantitative treatment of molecular systems possessing mixed valence excited states is introduced and used to explain observed spectroscopic consequences. The specific example studied in this paper is 1,4-bis(2-tert-butyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diyl dication. The lowest energy excited state of this molecule arises from a transition from the ground state where one positive charge is associated with each of the hydrazine units, to an excited state where both charges are associated with one of the hydrazine units, that is, a Hy-to-Hy charge transfer. The resulting excited state is a Class II mixed valence molecule. The electronic emission and absorption spectra, and resonance Raman spectra, of this molecule are reported. The lowest energy absorption band is asymmetric with a weak low-energy shoulder and an intense higher energy peak. Emission is observed at low temperature. The details of the absorption and emission spectra are calculated for the coupled surfaces by using the time-dependent theory of spectroscopy. The calculations are carried out in the diabatic basis, but the nuclear kinetic energy is explicitly included and the calculations are exact quantum calculations of the model Hamiltonian. Because the transition involves the transfer of an electron from the hydrazine on one side of the molecule to the hydrazine on the other side and vice versa, the two transitions are antiparallel and the transition dipole moments have opposite signs. Upon transformation to the adiabatic basis, the dipole moment for the transition to the highest energy adiabatic surface is nonzero, but that for the transition to the lowest surface changes sign at the origin. The energy separation between the two components of the absorption spectrum is twice the coupling between the diabatic basis states. The bandwidths of the electronic spectra are caused by progressions in totally symmetric modes as well as progressions in the modes along the coupled coordinate. The totally symmetric modes are modeled as displaced harmonic oscillators; the frequencies and displacements are determined from resonance Raman spectra. The absorption, emission, and Raman spectra are fit simultaneously with one parameter set. The coupling in the excited electronic state H(ab)(ex) is 2000 cm(-1). Excited-state mixed valence is expected to be an important contributor to the electronic spectra of many organic and inorganic compounds. The energy separations and relative intensities enable the excited-state properties to be calculated as shown in this paper, and the spectra provide new information for probing and understanding coupling in mixed valence systems.     

Surface oxidation and degradation of polyethylene in a mixed argon-oxygen plasma

Changes in surface chemical composition and the rates of formation of gaseous degradation products under the action of a mixed argon-oxygen plasma on polyethylene (PE) were studied using multiple attentuated total internal reflection (MATIR) IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. It was found that the dilution of a gas mixture with argon decreased the rate of degradation of the material at argon contents higher than 30%. It was demonstrated that absorbance at the absorption bands of the main oxygen-containing groups in a PE film remained unchanged over an argon concentration range from 0 to 90%. Conceivable mechanisms of processes occurring in gas and solid phases, which allowed us to describe the phenomena observed, are discussed.     

A new mixed valence compound of vanadium

A new mixed valence compound of vanadium was prepared in nonpolar solvents by mixing vanadyl(IV) bis(acetylacetonate) with a similar copper(II) or zinc complex and with a tetraalkylammonium salt. Based upon a variety of physical studies, the proposed formula for the deep violet crystals obtained is [(C₂H₅)₄N]₄[V₁₀O₂₈H₄] in which eight of the vanadium atoms are in the quinquivalent state and two are in the quadrivalent state. The optical spectrum exhibits a very broad and intense band at about 20,000 cm⁻¹ as well as a less intense but very broad band centered about 12,100 cm⁻¹. The ESR spectrum shows a hyperfine splitting by two equivalent ⁵¹V nuclei. An attempt to assign these spectra is made.     

Electronic and photophysical properties of a novel phenol bound dinuclear ruthenium complex: evidence for a luminescent mixed valence state

A novel dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex bridged by dianionic bridge 3-(2-phenol)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole in which the ruthenium metal atoms are bound through N,N coordination to the pyridine and triazole and O,N coordination to the triazole and phenolate is described. The electrochemical, spectroscopic and photophysical behaviour of the dimer is compared with its associated N,N- and O,N-coordinated mononuclear complexes. The mixed valence complex was prepared electrochemically and a weak inter-valence charge transfer transition is observed which from Hush theory provides an electronic coupling matrix element of 666 cm(-1), suggesting the complex is weakly coupled and valence trapped. In its native state the dinuclear compound is essentially non-emissive but upon the oxidation of the O,N moiety luminescence from the complex is reversibly switched on at 0.3 V and reversibly switched off by application of 1.3 or 0 V. To our knowledge this is the first report of a luminescent mixed valence ruthenium complex.     

p-n型异质结催化剂Ag2O-BiVO4对微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)的光化学氧化机理研究

微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)是一种具有两个精氨酸结构的微囊藻毒素,它是由蓝藻细菌产生的一种能普遍被检测到的细胞毒素,近来由于其潜在的肝毒性受关注.在可见光(λ≥420 nm)照射条件下,以MC-RR为光催化降解污染物,对BiVO4,Ag-BiVO4,Ag2O-BiVO4和Ag/Ag2O-BiVO4光催化降解性能进行了比较研究.通过HPLC-MS测定了其中间产物,并分析了其可能的降解途径.结果表明,Ag的存在通过构筑p-n异质结光催化剂而提高了Ag/Ag2O-BiVO4的光催化效率.此外,Ag0的存在极大地促进了MC-RR在光催化剂表面上的吸附作用.小鼠的毒理学实验表明,MC-RR经过光催化降解后毒性显着降低.由于水体富营养化形成的蓝绿藻促进微囊藻毒素的形成,这已成为全球关注的问题.被微囊藻毒素污染的饮用水除了会毒害野生动物,家畜和家禽外,还会损害人类肝脏,这也是肝癌的发病率高的原因.毒理学研究发现,微囊藻毒素通过结合到1A(PP1)和2A(PP2)上强烈地抑制蛋白磷酸酶的活性,从而导致肝细胞的损伤,引发原发性肿瘤.目前对光催化降解MC-RR的研究主要集中在紫外光催化氧化领域.采用太阳光中的紫外区或者近紫外区,利用传统的TiO2光催化剂对MC-LR的光催化氧化研究;太阳光中只有极少部分(约4%)的紫外光,大部分(约43%)是可见光,因此,如何将光催化剂的吸收光谱拓宽至可见光区域,提高催化剂对可见光的利用率,进一步提高光催化降解MC-RR的能力,具有一定的理论和实际意义.钒酸铋是一类新型的p型可见光光催化剂,将其与n型半导体Ag2O材料选择性的复合制备出p-n型异质结复合光催化剂能够显著地提高其光催化性能.本文将这种复合光催化剂的应用扩展到广泛检测到的毒素MC-RR的降解中,以实现可见光降解.发现Ag/Ag2O-BiVO4可以在可见光照射下有效光催化降解MC-RR.跟踪其降解中间产物,研究了其可能降解途径,并提出了在异质结催化剂表面上的光催化降解机理.催化剂表征结果表明,Ag2O和BiVO4形成有效的异质结界面,在降解中发挥重要作用.在该异质结结构中,Ag和Ag2O作为电子受体以增强电荷载流子寿命并提高光催化活性.依据MC-RR氧化产物的结构、化学性质和降解体系中所检测到的产物,推测其可能的机理:Ag-Ag2O-BiVO4可见光光催化降解MC-RR是一个涉及到羟基自由基和超氧自由基的共同氧化作用,同时根据液相质谱对中间产物的鉴定,得到MC-RR两条主要的可能降解途径,其中主要涉及到Adda中不饱和碳碳双键和Mdha中烯键的氧化,以及各氨基酸之间肽键的水解.小鼠急性毒理实验表明,经光催化反应后MC-RR的毒性明显减小.     

Polypropylene fibers modified by plasma treatment for preparation of Ag nanoparticles

A novel method for preparing poly(propylene-graft-2-methacrylic acid 3-(bis-carboxymethylamino)-2-hydroxy-propyl ester)-silver fibers (PPG-IAg fibers) by plasma-induced grafting polymerization is presented in this study. The chelating groups, -N(CH2COO-)2 (GMA-IDA), on the surface of the PPG-I fibers are the coordination sites for chelating silver ions. At these sites, Ag nanoparticles were grown first by reduction with UV light with a wavelength of 366 nm, and second, through immersion in a 24% formaldehyde solution with pH values set variously at 2, 5, 8, and 11. The characteristics of the PPG-I fibers with differing durations of plasma treatment were monitored by using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscope. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis show that the percentage of GMA-IDA grafted onto PP fiber reaches a maximum when the plasma treatment time is 3 min. Plasma treatment time beyond a certain length of time results in an abundance of free radicals and causes considerable cross-linking on the fiber surface which thus decreases the extent of grafting. Moreover, the crystalline phase of Ag nanoparticles is identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). When the PPG-I fibers are reduced by the UV light method, SEM and TEM microscopes reveal that the size of the Ag nanoparticles on the fiber surface decreases significantly with the increase of pH values in aqueous solutions. Notably, in the reduction of formaldehyde solution, the particle size of Ag nanoparticles reaches a minimum at the lowest pH value. The TEM observations show that Ag nanoparticles are distributed both in the exterior and interior of the grafting layer. In addition, under high pH values the distribution of the Ag nanoparticles permeate more deeply in the GMA-IDA grafting layer due to the swelling effect of the GMA-IDA polymer.     

Theoretical investigation for the EPR g-factors of the mixed ground state in NaCl: Ag2+ crystals

In this paper, it is considered that the local structure of the (AgCl6)4- cluster for the NaCl: Ag2+ crystal is of the axially elongational D4h symmetry which possesses the weaker rhombic distortion at <001> lattice site. The mechanism for an admixture of the 2A1g into the ground state 2B1g is taken into account. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) g factors of NaCl: Ag2+ are studied by using the double spin-orbit coupling model and an approximation of a semiempirical molecular orbit. The EPR g factors for the NaCl: Ag2+ crystals are reasonably explained as well as the good agreement between the calculated values and the experimental data is obtained.     

Kinetics and mechanism of autocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde by nitric acid

The kinetics of the reaction between nitric acid and formaldehyde have been studied by spectrophotometry. The reaction is autocatalytic. A two-step mechanism is proposed, which accounts for this behavior and describes the effect of reactant concentrations on the characteristics of the kinetic curves: the length of the induction period, t_i, the maximum rate, r_max of nitrous acid production and the final product concentration, c_f.