Beam intensity uniformization by mirror folding

It is often desirable to have an optical means for modifying a non-uniform intensity distribution. We describe a technique employing beam folding through the use of a wedged mirror tunnel to produce intensity distributions approaching the flat-top case. Computer simulation of the device performance is described and experimental results are shown in which the intensity variations are reduced to ±1.5 percent.     

浅海运动目标波束域波导不变量测距方法研究

波导不变量是描述海洋波导环境声信号水平距离与频率干涉结构现象的特征参量。运动目标波导不变量测距方法需要已知目标速度值,运动目标速度一般是未知的。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用水平线阵估计目标运动速度的浅海波导不变量测距方法。该方法通过不同时刻波束域声信号互谱分析进行声源速度估计,结合HOUGH变换提取的LOFAR图斜率和波导不变量进行运动目标测距。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效的进行运动目标的距离估计。利用2013年7月浅海实验数据,该方法估计出了发射船的距离,并与GPS测量的距离进行对比,相对误差小于10%。     

浅海运动目标波束域波导不变量测距方法研究

波导不变量是描述海洋波导环境声信号水平距离与频率干涉结构现象的特征参量。运动目标波导不变量测距方法需要已知目标速度值,运动目标速度一般是未知的。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用水平线阵估计目标运动速度的浅海波导不变量测距方法。该方法通过不同时刻波束域声信号互谱分析进行声源速度估计,结合HOUGH变换提取的LOFAR图斜率和波导不变量进行运动目标测距。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效的进行运动目标的距离估计。利用2013年7月浅海实验数据,该方法估计出了发射船的距离,并与GPS测量的距离进行对比,相对误差小于10%。     

Stability of spherical striations

It is found experimentally that spherical striations in volume low-pressure glow discharges are stable. Measurements are carried out for a cylindrical-anode discharge. The floating potential distribution indicates that the striations represent double electrical layers.     

Bi-static sonar applications of intensity processing

Acoustic intensity processing of signals from directional sonobuoy acoustic subsystems is used to enhance the detection of submerged bodies in bi-static sonar applications. In some directions, the scattered signals may be completely dominated by the incident blast from the source, depending upon the geometry, making the object undetectable by traditional pressure measurements. Previous theoretical derivations suggest that acoustic vector intensity sensors, and the associated intensity processing, are a potential solution to this problem. Deep water experiments conducted at Lake Pend Oreille in northern Idaho are described. A large, hollow cylindrical body is located between a source and a number of SSQ-53D sonobuoys positioned from 5 to 30 body lengths away from the scattering body. Measurements show changes in the acoustic pressure of less than 0.5 dB when the scattering body is inserted in the field. However, the phase of the acoustic intensity component formed between the acoustic pressure and particle velocity component orthogonal to the direction of incident wave propagation varies by as much as 55 degrees. This metric is shown to be a repeatable and strong indicator of the presence of the scattering body.     

重离子治癌终端的束流强度及剂量监测系统

为实现重离子肿瘤治疗临床实验中对照射束流状态的实时监测,研制了束流强度及剂量监测系统,包括积分电离室、后续电流频率转换电路及LabVIEW数据获取处理三部分。利用闪烁体探测器和标准剂量计测试了系统的线性响应和得到剂量的准确性,结果表明：系统在束流临床照射流强范围内的线性响应好于90%,其实时反馈的临床照射剂量偏差小于5%。同时束流强度及剂量监测系统与安全控制系统相结合,保证束流照射状态满足临床照射的安全要求。     

重离子治癌终端的束流强度及剂量监测系统

 为实现重离子肿瘤治疗临床实验中对照射束流状态的实时监测,研制了束流强度及剂量监测系统,包括积分电离室、后续电流频率转换电路及LabVIEW数据获取处理三部分。利用闪烁体探测器和标准剂量计测试了系统的线性响应和得到剂量的准确性,结果表明：系统在束流临床照射流强范围内的线性响应好于90%,其实时反馈的临床照射剂量偏差小于5%。同时束流强度及剂量监测系统与安全控制系统相结合,保证束流照射状态满足临床照射的安全要求。     

Moving striations in tapered discharge tube

Moving striations in the tapered tube with smoothly changing radius are studied experimentally. The frequency depends on local tube radius by nature and increases toward the narrow end of the tube, independent of direction and magnitude of the discharge current. Radius-frequency versus radius-pressure is compatible with the similarity law for striations in cylindrical tubes. When there appears synchronization, the frequency becomes apparently constant throughout the tube column. The wavelength shows different dependences on radius without and with the synchronization. An important role is played by the feedback through an electric circuit. Also, direction and magnitude of the current have influence on the phenomena. Steady states in the tubes are compared with those in cylindrical tubes. An attempt is made to explain the observed synchronizations and then the remarkable discrepancies between the previous experiments can be eliminated.     

Spherical striations in a glow discharge

The stratification of a volume glow discharge is observed experimentally. Spherically symmetric stationary striations are detected. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 66, No. 11, 679–682 (10 December 1997)     

Self-oscillations and bunching of striations in ionospheric modifications

Based on the theory of stationary striations created in ionospheric modifications by powerful radio waves, as developed by Gurevich et al. [Phys. Lett. A 206 (1995) 247], the existence of self-oscillations of striations and of a large scale nonlinear structuring in a modified region is predicted. The theory is shown to be in agreement with existing observational data. Direct in situ rocket measurements of the electron temperature inside the striations, analogous to the recent plasma density measurements [M.C. Kelley et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 17 367], are desirable.     

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器束流调试靶系统

中国原子能科学研究院正在建造一台100 MeV,200 A的强流质子回旋加速器,需要使用束流调试靶来调试加速器,为此设计了一套束流功率为20 kW的质子束调试系统。对该系统的束流输运线、靶材料的选取、靶结构、水冷计算、屏蔽结构等作了介绍。给出了整条束流输运线的匹配计算结果;通过对质子打靶后的中子产额、角通量、靶的活化等方面的比较,最终选用铝作为靶材料;根据加速器引出束流能量和功率,设计了分层式靶结构,同时对靶进行了水冷计算;打靶产生的出射粒子平均能量较高,导致产生的辐射剂量很大,考虑到对环境与工作人员的影响及费用,需要对其进行局部屏蔽,给出了屏蔽计算结果及屏蔽结构的设计。     

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器束流调试靶系统

中国原子能科学研究院正在建造一台100 MeV,200 A的强流质子回旋加速器,需要使用束流调试靶来调试加速器,为此设计了一套束流功率为20 kW的质子束调试系统。对该系统的束流输运线、靶材料的选取、靶结构、水冷计算、屏蔽结构等作了介绍。给出了整条束流输运线的匹配计算结果;通过对质子打靶后的中子产额、角通量、靶的活化等方面的比较,最终选用铝作为靶材料;根据加速器引出束流能量和功率,设计了分层式靶结构,同时对靶进行了水冷计算;打靶产生的出射粒子平均能量较高,导致产生的辐射剂量很大,考虑到对环境与工作人员的影响及费用,需要对其进行局部屏蔽,给出了屏蔽计算结果及屏蔽结构的设计。     

Fundamentals of the direct measurement of sound intensity and practical applications

Sound intensity is a measure of the magnitude and direction of the flow of sound energy. Developments in sound intensity measurement capabilities in the last quarter century have occurred because of several reasons. The main ones include the derivation of the cross-spectral formulation for sound intensity and developments in digital signal processing. This paper begins with a brief historical introduction of sound intensity measurements. Then elementary theory for sound intensity is presented. A section on sound intensity measurements is then included. The next section of the paper discusses sources of measurement error; the major sources of error are described in some detail. The paper continues with a discussion of the main applications of sound intensity measurements: sound power determination, noise source identification, and transmission loss measurements. The paper concludes with a discussion of ISO and ANSI intensity related standards and relevant references.     

A frequency-adapted optimal-weighted method of array interference striations

Considering the filter properties of the long horizontal line array(HLA) to the sound field modes,we established an adaptive optimal method to design HLA weights,which can change the filter pass band with the frequency.Using the normal modes theory and combining with the feature of the sound field HLA beamformer,and analyzing the differences of definition and slope in the LOFAR(Low Frequency Analysis Recording) spectrogram between the single-hydrophone and the beamformer,a frequency-adapted optimal-weighted(FAOW)estimate method was obtained by solving a quadratic optimization model with linear equality constraints.The numerical simulation and the experimental data analysis indicated that we can obtain the beamformer signal with the designed optimal array weight which was made up by the Surface-Reflected Bottom-Reflected modes or Non-Surface-Reflected Bottom-Reflected modes.The slope of striations in the signal spectrogram fitted well with the theoretical analysis.     

A derating method for therapeutic applications of high intensity focused ultrasound

Current methods of determining high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields in tissue rely on extrapolation of measurements in water assuming linear wave propagation both in water and in tissue. Neglecting nonlinear propagation effects in the derating process can result in significant errors. A new method based on scaling the source amplitude is introduced to estimate focal parameters of nonlinear HIFU fields in tissue. Focal values of acoustic field parameters in absorptive tissue are obtained from a numerical solution to a KZK-type equation and are compared to those simulated for propagation in water. Focal wave-forms, peak pressures, and intensities are calculated over a wide range of source outputs and linear focusing gains. Our modeling indicates, that for the high gain sources which are typically used in therapeutic medical applications, the focal field parameters derated with our method agree well with numerical simulation in tissue. The feasibility of the derating method is demonstrated experimentally in excised bovine liver tissue.     

Simplified coefficients in the Pekarek-Lee theory of moving striations

The coefficients in the Pekarek-Lee theory of moving striations are given in more simplified forms by making investigation into the equation of energy balance for electrons.     

Field reversal in an electronegative plasma containing moving striations

Evidence is presented to show that under some conditions the radial ambipolar field, in a diffuse positive column containing moving striations, reverses near the discharge tube axis.     

轴对称磁场的束流光学及其在ECR离子源中的应用

带电粒子在轴对称磁场中一边沿着对称轴向前运动,一边绕对称轴旋转。所以横向运动可以分解为两部分：聚焦运动和子午面的旋转。因此,4维横向传输矩阵可以表示为聚焦矩阵和旋转矩阵的乘积。用旋转矩阵和聚焦矩阵重新推导了总的传输矩阵。然后给出了相应的相椭圆系数矩阵来进一步估算从ECR离子源引出束流的发射度.详细地讨论了束流分布函数的二次矩。