南海北部海域内波环境下声传播损失起伏统计特性

浅海内波会引起声传播能量随时间的起伏变化,进而影响水声设备的工作性能.本文利用2015年南海北部一次浅海声场起伏实验数据,对比分析了浅海线性内波和孤立子内波条件下的声传播损失统计特性.在孤立子内波条件下,声传播损失起伏明显加剧,可达11 dB,且分布明显展宽,相对于线性内波的环境,声传播损失起伏可增加5 dB.从简正波...     

Al-0.5%Cu合金中表现反常振幅效应的低频位错内耗

用低频扭摆的方法,系统地研究了能够较有把握地观测到在Al-0.5％Cu合金中所出现的反常位错内耗的实验程序。结果指出,把试样在拉力试验机上预先拉伸到某一适当的形变量后,立即测量它在某一适当温度下时效的过程中的内耗,可以在内耗-时效时间曲线上观察到一个表现反常振幅效应(即内耗-振幅曲线上出现一个峯值)的时效内耗峯。用经过充分时效而内耗已经达到稳定值的试样,逐渐增加振幅,测量内耗,也可以观察到一个应变振幅内耗峯(当内耗表示为应变振幅的函数时)。此外,用一定的应变振幅在较高温度下,测量经过充分时效的试样的内耗时,也可以观察到一个表现反常振幅效应的温度内耗峯(当内耗表示为温度的函数时)。这些实验结果肯定地指出,在一定测量温度下的振幅内耗峯和表现反常振幅效应的温度内耗峯是存在的。为了找出以前在Al-0.5％Cu中所观察到的反常内耗现象重复性不好的原因,系统地研究了测量内耗所用的应变振幅对于出现振幅内耗峯的影响以及预形变量对于出现时效内耗峯和温度内耗峯的影响。对于出现反常内耗现象的实验条件进行了分析。所观察到的关于反常内耗现象的实验结果,都可用位错拖着溶质原子气团运动的模型来作定性的解释。具体的模型和理论分析将另行报导。     

内耗与力学谱基本原理及其应用

文章对内耗与力学谱的基本原理作了简明介绍,并结合几个具体研究实例评述了内耗技术在凝聚态物理和材料科学研究方面的可能应用,最后指出了该领域今后的主要研究课题是发展新的内耗测量方法和技术以及发现新的内耗谱和建立新的内耗理论．     

An explicit algorithm for imbedding solid boundaries in Cartesian grids for the reactive Euler equations

We present a local and point-wise scheme for imposing reflective boundary conditions to stationary internal boundaries for solving the reactive Euler equations on Cartesian grids. The scheme is presented in two and three dimensions and can run efficiently on parallel machines while still maintaining the same advantages over other methods for enforcing internal boundary conditions. Level sets are used to represent internal solid regions along with a new local node sorting algorithm that decouples internal boundary nodes by establishing their connectivity to other internal boundary nodes. This approach allows us to enforce boundary conditions via a direct procedure, removing the need to solve a coupled system of equations numerically. We examine the accuracy and fidelity of our internal boundary algorithm by simulating flows past various solid boundaries in two and three dimensions, showing good agreement between our numerical results and experimental data.     

鋼中含氫所引起的内耗峯

钢的内部发裂已经公认为与钢中的氢气有关。现有的理论认为这是由于氢气聚集于钢中的内部缺陷产生破裂压力所引起,然而关于缺陷的性质和引起内部发裂的详细机构迄今还没有明确的了解。本文尝试用内耗测量的方法来研究这个问题。初步实验的结果指出:(1)氢在钢中可以引起内耗峰(将内耗表示为测量温度的函数时);(2)轻微冷加工或保温对于内耗峰的颠值温度有着显著的影响,这表示所得的内耗峰与钢中的缺陷和应力状态有关系;(3)所得的内耗峰表现有反常的振幅效应,即在一定的观测温度时,如将内耗表示为外加应力的函数,则也得到一个内耗峰。这与本文作者之一以前在铝铜合金中所观测到的反常内耗峰的性质和表现相同,因而所得的内耗峰可能是由于氢与钢中的原子脱节的交互作用所引起来的。     

Free and controlled motion of a body with a moving internal mass through a fluid in the presence of circulation around the body

The free and controlled motion of an arbitrary two-dimensional body with a moving internal mass and constant circulation around the body in an ideal fluid is studied. Bifurcation analysis of the free motion is performed (under the condition of a fixed internal mass). It is shown that the body can be moved to a given point by varying the position of the internal mass. Some problems related to the presence of a nonzero drift of the body with a fixed internal mass are noted.     

拖曳体激发内波时空特性实验及其理论模型

在具有密度跃层的分层流体中,采用沿水槽中纵剖面对称布置电导率探头阵列的方法,对1个球体和2个不同长径比细长体在拖曳运动下激发内波的时空特性进行了系列实验.结果表明:存在一个与长径比近似为线性关系的临界Froude数Frc,当FrFr_c时,内波相关速度均与物体运动速度一致,体积效应内波为主控内波,内波波高均随拖曳速度增大而先增大后减小,Lee波峰值对应速度随长径比增大而增大;当FrFr_c时,内波相关速度均小于物体运动速度,其相关速度Froude数Fr_(iw)均在0.43—1.18之间的一个条带内变化,尾迹效应内波为主控内波,内波波高均随拖曳速度增大而近似线性增大.此外,从波形结构上看,体积效应内波关于水槽中纵剖面是对称的,而尾迹效应内波关于水槽中纵剖面是不对称的.结合上述实验结果,在已有针对拖曳球产生内波的等效源理论模型基础上,针对体积效应内波,提出了不同长径比模型的等效源移动速度和体积的设置方法;针对尾迹效应内波正对称和反对称这一特性,提出了正对称组合源和反对称组合源理论模型及其参数设置方法.所得计算结果在波高、波形结构和波系分布上与实验结果符合良好,表明了所提出的理论模型及其参数设置方法的合理性和有效性.     

Experimental investigation of the generation of large-amplitude internal solitary wave and its interaction with a submerged slender body

A principle of generating the nonlinear large-amplitude internal wave in a stratified fluid tank with large cross-section is proposed according to the‘jalousie’control mode.A new wave-maker based on the principle was manufactured and the experiments on the generation and evolution of internal solitary wave were conducted.Both the validity of the new device and applicability range of the KdV-type internal soliton theory were tested.Furthermore,a measurement technique of hydrodynamic load of internal waves was developed.By means of accurately measuring slight variations of internal wave forces exerted on a slender body in the tank,their interaction characteristics were determined.It is shown that through establishing the similarity between the model scale in the stratified fluid tank and the full scale in the numerical simulation the obtained measurement results of internal wave forces are confirmed to be correct.     

Internal stress in a model elastoplastic fluid

Plastic materials can carry memory of past mechanical treatment in the form of internal stress. We introduce a natural definition of the vorticity of internal stress in a simple two-dimensional model of elastoplastic fluids, which generates the internal stress. We demonstrate how the internal stress is induced under external loading, and how the presence of the internal stress modifies the plastic behavior.     

Analysis and modeling of broadband airgun data influenced by nonlinear internal waves

To investigate acoustic effects of nonlinear internal waves, the two southwest tracks of the SWARM 95 experiment are considered. An airgun source produced broadband acoustic signals while a packet of large nonlinear internal waves passed between the source and two vertical linear arrays. The broadband data and its frequency range (10-180 Hz) distinguish this study from previous work. Models are developed for the internal wave environment, the geoacoustic parameters, and the airgun source signature. Parabolic equation simulations demonstrate that observed variations in intensity and wavelet time-frequency plots can be attributed to nonlinear internal waves. Empirical tests are provided of the internal wave-acoustic resonance condition that is the apparent theoretical mechanism responsible for the variations. Peaks of the effective internal wave spectrum are shown to coincide with differences in dominant acoustic wavenumbers comprising the airgun signal. The robustness of these relationships is investigated by simulations for a variety of geoacoustic and nonlinear internal wave model parameters.     

非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型

研究了浅海非线性内波对远程混响场的影响。通过分析非线性内波活动引起声源到海底散射元以及散射元到接收点之间的声传播变化,给出了非线性内波引起远程混响强度变化的表示,建立了非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型,数值计算了非线性内波运动引起远程混响强度的变化。理论和数值计算表明,非线性内波的活动能够引起远程混响强度的变化,在某些情况下会导致远程混响强度增强。通过讨论非线性内波引声简正波的耦合效应,给出了其引起远程混响强度增强的原因。      

Internal stress and heterogeneous dislocation structure in creep

The present work deals with the problem of microstructural interpretation of internal stress measured in high-temperature creep by the strain-transient dip-test technique. The development of microstructure in the course of creep is considered a transition from uniformly distributed dislocations to a well-developed substructure. The substructure is supposed to have a composite character that consists of cell or subgrain boundaries with few dislocations in cell or subgrain interiors. Model equations for the relation of internal stress to the parameters of the dislocation structure are discussed and examined with reference to experimental data. The evolution of internal stress in creep, evaluated using different formulae, is compared with the evolution of macroscopically measured internal stress. The use of applied-stress dependences of microstructure parameters permits quite realistic estimates of the values of internal stress in steady-state creep.     

浅海内波环境下声场时间相关特性*

浅海内波是导致声场时间相关半径减小的一个重要原因,利用2015年南海声传播起伏实验,对比分析了线性内波以及孤立子内波环境下声场时间相关半径的统计特性。实验数据表明大振幅孤立子内波的存在极大的降低了声场的时间相关半径,声场时间相关半径从线性内波环境下的1小时-3小时,降低为孤立子内波环境下的小于20分钟。利用RAM程序仿真模拟了内波环境下的声场时间相关半径,理论预报结果与实验结果相符。     

Internal friction related to viscous motion of phase interfaces during thermoelastic martensitic transformation

Two internal friction peaks were observed in CuAlNiMnTi polycrystalline shape memory alloy by a partial phase transition method in non-isothermal measurements. The low-temperature internal friction peak arising from the soft mode effect caused by the viscous movement of atoms along phase interfaces was studied in the present study in terms of internal friction fundamentals. An internal friction model related to the peak was established, which was shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.     

位错芯区扩散引起的非线性滞弹性内耗峰

若干年来,我们对于出现在Al-Cu和Al-Mg系中的表现正常和反常振幅效应的坐落在室温附近的内耗峰进行了系统研究,测得的激活能接近于溶质原子在位错管道中扩散的激活能，从而认为内耗峰的基本过程是溶质原子在隹错芯内的扩散，并且提出了根据位错弯结模型的物理图像。在70年代，Windler-Gniewek等根据弦模型对于位错芯内的扩散进行了理论计算，推导出描述内耗行为的数学表达式与我们的实验结果有许多相似之处。本文对于弦模型和弯结模型进行了对比，分析了位错芯内的纵向扩散和横向扩散所引起的内耗的非线性表现以及内耗峰温和峰高随着应变振幅和测量温度而变化的情况，进一步了我们发现的室温非线性内耗峰（非线性滞弹性内耗）是由于溶质原子在位错芯内扩散所引起的。 关键词：     

One-dimensional Ising chain with generalized molecular field

The behavior of a spin-$\text{1}\text{2}$ one-dimensional nearest-neighbor Ising chain coupled to a generalized internal molecular field is considered. The internal field is shown to be equivalent to long-range spin-spin interactions. An assumed expansion of the internal field in powers of the magnetization results in the possibility of first- or second-order phase transitions and softening in the spontaneous magnetization and specific heat near the transition temperature. The internal energy and magnetic susceptibility are also discussed.     

Comparative research for transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes of different doping structures on surface photovoltage

In order to well study the internal body performance for transmission-mode GaAs photocathode of different varied doping structures, two GaAs photocathodes of exponential doping structure and gradient doping structure were designed respectively. Because surface photovoltage spectrum has close relation with the internal properties of GaAs photocathodes, the connection between surface photovoltage and internal electronic field was well discussed through deduction and calculation. The difference of two structures and the value of internal electronic energy were exactly calculated and verified by experiments. The internal band bending energy could form an internal electronic field with the same direction, which could help the photo-excited electrons to move toward surface barrier layer. This research shows a better method to well study the varied doping structures for GaAs photocathode materials and will help to improve the growth structure for transmission-mode GaAs photocathode module in the future.     

Internal waves and synchronized precession in a cold vapor

Exchange in a Boltzmann gas of bosons with several internal states leads to collective transport of internal polarization. The internal dynamics can be understood as Larmor precession in the presence of a torque induced by atoms on each other via exchange coupling. A generalized Bloch equation that includes interatomic exchange effects as well as orbital motion in the gas is derived and used to interpret a recent experiment by Lewandowski et al. as an excitation of a collective wave of internal state polarization. It is shown that exchange leads to formation of domains in which precession frequencies are synchronized.     

Relationship between surface potential and d33 constant in cellular piezoelectric polymers

The development of cellular piezoelectric polymers has shown very promising results thanks to their high d₃₃ piezoelectric constants which make them candidates for many applications. Cellular piezoelectric polymers, known as ferroelectrets, are obtained by means of an activation process which consists in generating an internal dipole with electrostatic charges produced by internal electric discharges. The most common system for this activation process is the application of a corona discharge on the surface of the sample in order to produce a high internal electric field. The theoretical electrostatic model of the process which is widely used is the Sessler model which relates the internal surface charge density, the air and polymer layers thickness, the dielectric permittivity of the polymer and the Young's Modulus of the cellular material to the d₃₃ piezoelectric constant. In our work, we relate the internal charges of the material with the d₃₃ piezoelectric constant by means of a surface potential scanning of cellular polypropylene biaxially stretched samples. Samples were charged by a corona discharge controlled with a triode electrode. Surface potentials were high enough to generate internal discharges and obtain measurable d₃₃ piezoelectric constants but low enough to be measured with spatial resolution by means of a 3 kV electrostatic probe. Surface potential profiles showed some deviations from the expected bell-shape profile due to the internal electric field generated by the internal static charge. These deviations can be numerically related to the measured d₃₃ piezoelectric constant with the electrostatic Sessler model.     

关於镍中含碳所引起的内耗峰

镍中磁畴在应力作用下的转动可以引起一个内耗峰(当内耗表示为温度的函数时),是众所周知的现象。最近在我们的实验室中发现镍中含碳可以引起内耗峰。本文叙述进一步的实验,确切证明这个新内耗峰与镍的磁性无关,而与镍中固溶体所含的溶解碳量有关。关于激活能的较精确测量指出:与这个内耗峰相联系的激活能确与碳在镍中扩散的激活能很相近。这些实验说明这个新内耗峰是由于碳在镍中的应力感生微扩散而起的。简单地讨论了这个内耗峰的机构,认为可能与镍的晶体点阵中的空穴有关。