Viscoelastoplasticity of Rubbery Polymers at Finite Strains

Constitutive relations are derived for the nonlinear response of rubbery polymers and polymeric melts at isothermal loading. The model is based on a concept of nonaffine temporary networks, where breakage and reformation of active chains are responsible for the viscoelastic behavior, whereas gliding of junctions with respect to a bulk medium reflects the plastic effects. Constitutive equations are developed using the laws of thermodynamics. They contain only one extra adjustable parameter compared to the Lodge formula in finite viscoelasticity. The model is applied to study stresses and residual strains in a bar at uniaxial extension and in a layer at simple shear. Fair agreement is demonstrated between experimental data for polystyrene and polyethylene at elevated temperature and the results of numerical simulation.Sommario. Vengono derivate equazioni costitutive che descrivono la risposta nonlineare di gomme polimeriche e fusioni di polimeri nel caso di carichi isotermi. Il modello proposto è basato sul concetto di reti temporanee non affini, in cui la rottura e la riformazione di legami attivi sono responsabili del comportamento viscoielastico, mentre lo scorrimento di giunzioni rispetto alla matrice del materiale è veicolo di effetti plastici. Le equazioni costitutive vengono sviluppate usando le leggi della termodinamica. Esse contengono solo un parametro regolabile aggiuntivo rispetto alla formula di Lodge in viscoelasticità finita. Il modello è applicato allo studio degli sforzi e delle deformazioni residue in una barra in allungamento uniassiale ed in uno strato soggetto a semplice scorrimento. Si dimostra un discreto accordo tra i dati sperimentali per il polistirene ed il polietilene ad elevate temperature e i risultati di simulazioni numeriche.     

Sub-Millimeter Measurement of Finite Strains at Cutting Tool Tip Vicinity

The present paper details a simple and effective experimental procedure dedicated to strain measurement during orthogonal cutting operations. It relies on the use of high frame-rate camera and optical microscopy. A numerical post-procedure is also proposed in order to allow particle tracking from Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Therefore strain accumulation within finite strains framework is achieved. The significant magnitude of the calculated strains is partially due to a singular side effect that leads to local material disjunction. The strain localization in the Adiabatic Shear Band (ASB) exhibits different strain paths at various locations along this band and a non-linear evolution of the strain accumulation. A focus is made on the formation mechanisms of serrated chips obtained from Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The side observation performed during this work allow to proposed three possible scenarios to explain this very phenomenon.     

Micromechanical Modeling of Elastic-Viscoplastic Behavior of Armco-Fe at High Strain Rate

Heterogeneous dynamical stress-strain response of Armco-Fe was investigated at high strain rates through the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB) testing. It was found that the viscoplastic deformation in BCC ferrite grains is affected by the strain rate. Thermal softening and variation in crystal orientations under high-strain-rate loading were used in the elastic-viscoplastic modeling. The micromechanical analysis with self-consistent transition and homogenization was used for estimation of the global impact response of the material. The results from modeling were found in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Analysis of an Anisotropic Finite Wedge under Antiplane Deformation

The antiplane deformation of an anisotropic wedge with finite radius is considered in this paper within the classical linear theory of elasticity. The traction-free condition is imposed on the circular segment of the wedge. Three different cases of boundary conditions on the radial edges are considered, which are: traction-displacement, displacement-displacement and traction-traction. The solution to the governing differential equation of the problem is accomplished in the complex plane by relating the displacement field to a complex function. Several complex transformations are defined on this complex function and its first and second derivatives to formulate the problem in each of the three cases of the problem corresponding to the radial boundary conditions, separately. These transformations are then related to integral transforms which are complex analogies to the standard finite Mellin transforms of the first and second kinds. Closed form expressions are obtained for the displacement and stress fields in the entire domain. In all cases, explicit expressions for the strength of singularity are derived. These expressions show the dependence of the order of stress singularity on the wedge angle and material constants. In the displacement-displacement case, depending upon the applied displacement, a new type of stress singularity has been observed at the wedge apex. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

离子注入超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能研究

对人工关节软骨材料——超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行O+和C+离子注入改性,采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了离子注入UHMWPE试样在血浆润滑条件下同Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时的摩擦磨损性能;用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了注入和未注入试样及其磨痕表面形貌,用红外光谱仪(IR)分析了注入和未注入试样的化学特征.结果表明:经O+和C+离子注入处理的UHMWPE试样表面发生了碳化并形成了类金刚石结构;O+和C+注入处理均有利于增强UHMWPE的耐磨性能,而O+离子注入试样的耐磨性能优于C+离子注入试样,经450keV、5×1015/cm2的O+离子注入试样的耐磨性能最佳;未注入UHMWPE试样在血浆润滑条件下同陶瓷对摩时主要呈现粘着、塑性变形和犁沟特征,而注入UHMWPE试样在相同条件下主要呈现表面硬化层疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展、剥落及磨粒磨损特征.     

Simulation of Rheological Properties of Polyethylene Melts under Uniaxial Tension

Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics - The modified Vinogradov–Pokrovskii rheological model is used to describe the occurrence of stresses in a polymer melt under uniaxial...     

离子液体作为聚乙二醇（PEG）添加剂的摩擦学性能

本文研究了作为聚乙二醇（PEG）添加剂的离子液体的摩擦学性能,并用扫描电镜和XPS研究了磨斑形貌和磨斑表面的元素种类及化学状态。结果表明:离子液体作为聚乙二醇添加剂时具有优异的减摩抗磨能力,这是因为在摩擦过程中,离子液体容易吸附在摩擦表面,进一步与摩擦副发生摩擦化学反应,形成1层稳定的保护膜而起到减摩抗磨作用。     

Microstructure and Tensile Mechanical Properties of Anisotropic Rigid Polyurethane Foam

An understanding of the mechanical properties of solid foams facilitates effective use of such materials, which are often deployed in load-bearing applications such as impact absorbers, cushioning and sandwich structures. This study is an experimental investigation that focuses on the deformation response of rigid polyurethane foam to tension. Microstructural features such as the size and geometry of constituent cells and the struts that define the cell edges, as well as their stiffness and tensile strength, are examined. The nature of cell deformation and fracture are identified through microscopy and the associated micromechanics analyzed. Results show that the cells are elongated and thus the foam exhibits anisotropic properties. Flexure of the struts that define the cell edges is the primary mechanism governing deformation and failure. Information on the mechanical, microstructural and deformation characteristics elicited through this investigation will facilitate formulation of idealized cell-based models to account for the mechanical response of rigid polymeric foams.     

简化Navier—Stokes方程的IFT理论的各向异性张力有限元法

本文首先讨论简化Navier-Stokes IFT方程组的有限元离散方式,然后对其广义解进行分析,并从而利用与之相匹配的各向异性张力单元对流函数—涡量方程进行计算。通过平板层流和台阶绕流两个算例的分析,证明这种与IFT理论相匹配的有限单元算法是成功的。     

Anisotropic plastic fields at a rapidly propagating crack-tip

Under the condition that all the stress components at a crack-tip are the functionsofθonly,making use of the equations of steady-state motion,stress-strain relationsand Hill anisotropic yield conditions,we obtain the general solutions at a crack-tip inboth the cases of anti-plane and in-plane strains.Applying these general solutions tothe concrete cracks,the anisotropic plastic fields at the rapidly propagating tips ofmodeⅢand modeⅠcracks are derived.     

Bending of an Elastic Anisotropic Plate with a Circular Opening Stiffened Over Finite Areas

A contact problem is solved for an infinite anisotropic plate weakened by a circular opening, stiffened by inclusions of variable stiffness, and subjected to bending. For the unknown contact force of interaction between the plate and an inclusion, an integro-differential equation is derived and then reduced to an infinite system of linear algebraic equations. The system is analyzed for regularity.     

Nonlinear Fractional Order Viscoelasticity at Large Strains

In this paper, we formulate a fractional order viscoelastic model for large deformations and develop an algorithm for the integration of the constitutive response. The model is based on the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into elastic and viscous parts. Further, the stress response is considered to be composed of a nonequilibrium part and an equilibrium part. The viscous part of the deformation gradient (here regarded as an internal variable) is governed by a nonlinear rate equation of fractional order. To solve the rate equation the finite element method in time is used in combination with Newton iterations. The method can handle nonuniform time meshes and uses sparse quadrature for the calculations of the fractional order integral. Moreover, the proposed model is compared to another large deformation viscoelastic model with a linear rate equation of fractional order. This is done by computing constitutive responses as well as structural dynamic responses of fictitious rubber materials.     

Nonlinear Fractional Order Viscoelasticity at Large Strains

In this paper, we formulate a fractional order viscoelastic model for large deformations and develop an algorithm for the integration of the constitutive response. The model is based on the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into elastic and viscous parts. Further, the stress response is considered to be composed of a nonequilibrium part and an equilibrium part. The viscous part of the deformation gradient (here regarded as an internal variable) is governed by a nonlinear rate equation of fractional order. To solve the rate equation the finite element method in time is used in combination with Newton iterations. The method can handle nonuniform time meshes and uses sparse quadrature for the calculations of the fractional order integral. Moreover, the proposed model is compared to another large deformation viscoelastic model with a linear rate equation of fractional order. This is done by computing constitutive responses as well as structural dynamic responses of fictitious rubber materials.     

聚四氟乙烯和超高分子量聚乙烯的磨粒磨损性能与机理研究

为了开发地面机械触土部件用高聚物基复合材料，以９６．５％（ｗｔ）石英砂（粒度４５０－９００μｍ）和３．５％（ｗｔ）膨润土（粒度７６μｍ）作磨料，在ＪＭＭ型转盘式磨粒磨损试验机上对聚四氟乙烯和超高分子量聚乙稀的耐磨粒蘑损性能与淬火回火４５＃钢的进行了对比试验研究，并且通过磨损表面形貌的扫描电子显微镜观察，探讨了这两种高聚物材料的磨损机理，在相对滑动速度为１２３．６ｍ／ｍｉｎ、滑动距离为２５７０８．８ｍ、试样摩擦面与磨粒运动的切向呈３５°角、试样在磨料中的埋入深度为４０ｍｍ的试验条件下，用重量损失和体积损失计量时，尽管超高分子量聚乙烯的耐磨性分别是聚四氟乙烯的８．４２倍和３．７６倍，但与淬火回火４５＃钢相比，其以重量损失计量时的耐磨性是后者的４．０４倍，而以体积损失计量时的耐磨性却不及４５＃钢的５０％，这说明要将超高分子量聚乙烯用于制造地面机械的触土部件，还应设法改善它的耐磨性能。研究表明，导致聚四氟乙烯磨损的重要机制是犁切，导致超高分子量聚乙烯磨损的重要机制是疲劳磨损。     

Anisotropic plastic fields at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack-tip

Under the condition that all the stress components at a crack-tip are the functions ofθonly,making use of the equations of steady-state motion.Hill anisotropic yield condition and stress-strain relations,we obtain the general solution of anisotropic plastic field at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack-tip.Applying this general solution to four particular cases of anisctropy,the general solutions of these four particular cases are derived.Finally,we give the anisotropic plastic field at the rapidly propagating plane-stress modeⅠcrack-tip in the case of X=Y=Z     

Retrieval of Spacewise Dependent Hydraulic Properties of Anisotropic Rocks from Transient Flow Experiments

An inverse finite-difference method (FDM) is developed to characterise the spatially dependent components of the hydraulic conductivity tensor together with the specific storage for anisotropic materials, using experimental data generated from the direct FDM. This simulated surface data serves as additional information to a genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation procedure, using a modified least squares functional, that minimises the difference between the experimental data and the FDM-predicted boundary pressure and/or average hydraulic flux measurements based on current hydraulic conductivity tensor and specific storage estimates.