Normal and shear behaviours of the auxetic metamaterials: homogenisation and experimental approaches

Meccanica - The auxetic metamaterials exhibit attractive mechanical properties, including negative Poisson’s ratio and compressional resistance. Although auxetic metamaterials have been...     

负泊松比材料和结构的研究进展

负泊松比材料和结构具有特殊的力学性能,在单轴压力(拉力)作用下发生横向收缩(膨胀).其在抗剪承载力、抗断裂性、能量吸收和压陷阻力等方面比传统材料更有优势,因而负泊松比材料在医疗设备、传感器、防护设备、航空航海及国防工程等领域有广泛的应用前景,但目前负泊松比材料的应用与普及仍面临一些挑战.本文广泛讨论了国内外关于负泊松比材料的研究成果并介绍了负泊松比材料的最新进展,将负泊松比材料大体概括为以下4类:天然负泊松比材料、胞状负泊松比材料、金属负泊松比材料、多重和复合负泊松比材料.主要介绍了各种负泊松比材料的内部结构、负泊松比机理、力学性能以及在各行各业的新发明、新应用.针对目前负泊松比材料研究理论和实验成果多,而实际应用仍然较少的情况,指出了负泊松比材料的缺点及其推广所面临的挑战.目前负泊松比材料面临的主要问题是制造成本高、孔隙率大而承载力不足以及仅适用于小应变情况等.本文针对此情况详细介绍了金属负泊松比材料及其设计和制作的方法,改善负泊松比材料的不足并推广其应用.      

折纸结构和折纸超材料动力学研究进展

折纸结构和折纸超材料由于其无穷的设计空间,突出的变形状、变大小、变拓扑特性,以及由折叠诱发的超常规力学特性,在最近几年迅速成为数学、物理和工程学科的研究前沿和热点.折纸结构和折纸超材料在航天、医疗、材料、机器人等众多工程领域具有广泛的应用前景,其典型的代表包括大型空间可展开结构、自折叠可重构机器人、微型可折叠器械等.随...     

力学超材料研究进展与减振降噪应用

力学超材料是一类由人工微结构单元构筑的复合结构或复合材料,具有天然材料所不具备的静力学/动力学性能.由于这些超常特性通常取决于微结构单元而非材料组分,这就为力学性能调控和结构功能材料设计提供了新思路.本文在简述力学超材料概念的提出、发展及其超常力学性能的基础上,以装备减振降噪工程需求为牵引,重点探讨力学超材料在水声调控,空气声吸隔声降噪,结构减振抗冲设计等方面的应用探索及发展趋势,为相关领域的科研及工程人员提供一定参考.     

Wave dispersion and dissipation performance of locally resonant acoustic metamaterials using an internal variable model

Engineering structures for different dispersion and dissipation levels of wave propagation use internal variable models, which may enhance the performance of acoustic metamaterials (AMMs). In this study, the wave dispersion and dissipation performance of AMMs is studied using an anelastic displacement fields (ADF) model. A symmetric state-space method based on Floquet-Bloch’s theorem for a nonviscously damped unit cell is developed. The study also constructs Bloch’s eigenvalue problems built from the symmetric state-space formulation to obtain the wavevector-dependent damped frequency and damping ratio for wave propagation analysis of periodic structures. The effects of wave dispersion and dissipation on the performance of AMMs are studied by using two numerical examples of mass-in-mass lattice systems containing multiple resonators. It is shown that nonviscous damping increases the wave dispersion performance of AMM. It is also shown that the metadamping phenomenon enhances the wave dissipation performance of AMM. It is demonstrated that the new method in symmetric form is applicable for performance analysis of periodic phononic crystal.     

Analysis of the geometrical dependence of auxetic behavior in reentrant structures by finite elements

Materials with a negative Poisson's ratio(PR)are called auxetics;they are characterized by expansion/contraction when tensioned/compressed.Given this counterintuitive behavior,they present very particular characteristics and mechanical behavior.Geometrical models have been developed to justify and artificiall reproduce such materials' auxetic behavior.The focus of this study is the exploration of a reentrant model by analyzing the variation in the PR of reentrant structures as a function of geometrical and base material parameters.It is shown that,even in the presence of protruding ribs,there may not be auxetic behavior,and this depends on the geometry of each reentrant structure.Values determined for these parameters can be helpful as approximate reference data in the design and fabrication of auxetic lattices using reentrant geometries.     

基于模糊数学的贴片式左手超材料微结构选择方法研究

研究了基于模糊数学的贴片式左手超材料结构的选择机制,其核心思想是基于现有左手超材料结构构建左手材料微结构集合,将集合中结构的特性参数以某种隶属函数映射到[0,1]区间,用隶属度表示各元素对设计需求的符合度;根据模糊目标及约束的隶属度确定元素的模糊优越集,最终找到最适合于相应设计的结构方案。给出了材料库中每种结构方案相对于模糊目标及约束的隶属度的确定方法。为了验证所提出选择方法的可行性,建立了不同拓扑形式的左手超材料构型集合和不同尺寸的巾型构型集合,针对具体的设计目标和约束要求,计算了相应集合的模糊优越集,给出了最适合的个体元素排序,计算结果表明本文提出的结构选择方法可选出满足设计要求的结构构型。     

Equivalent theories and tension properties of semi-reentrant structures

Meccanica - Semi Reentrant structures, which exhibit zero Poisson’s ratio and monoclastic curvature, are combinations of hexagonal Honeycomb and auxetic Reentrant structures. Deflections and...     

声波超材料设计的力学原理与进展

声波超材料是一种特殊的人工复合材料,它基于连续介质力学理论描述,通过对微观结构的精心设计,在宏观上获得反常规的动态材料属性,如负动态质量,负动态模量,负折射率等.超材料的出现为实现波动控制提供了可能,相关研究在工程领域具有潜在的应用价值.本文着重阐述了弹性固体超材料、声波超材料、超表面、主动超材料的设计原理与相关研究进展, 所述原理对于波控结构的设计与制备实现具有指导意义.     

星型负泊松比超材料防护结构抗爆抗冲击性能研究

采用数值方法对星型宏观负泊松比效应夹芯结构的抗冲击响应过程以及抗水下爆炸过程中的破坏形式进行了研究:探讨了星型负泊松比结构胞元壁厚、层数和胞元泊松比等参数对弹体侵彻及水下爆炸防护性能的影响。研究结果表明:对于高速或超高速弹体侵彻问题,单纯依靠结构性的被动防御无法应对;负泊松比效应蜂窝夹芯防护结构相较常规防护结构具有良好的水下抗爆性能;等质量条件下,泊松比的变化对抗爆性能影响明显,层数3 层、泊松比为-1.63 的星型夹芯结构的抗爆性能相对更优;等壁厚条件下,其水下抗爆性能随蜂窝胞元层数减小而增强。     

Wave Propagation Characteristics in Thick Conventional and Auxetic Cellular Plates

Based on Mindlin plate models and Kirchhoff plate models,this study was concerned with the wave propagation characteristics in thick conventional and auxetic cellular structures,with the objective to clarify the effects of negative Poisson's ratio,shear factor and orthotropic mechanical properties on the dynamic behaviors of thick plates.Numerical results revealed that the predictions using variable shear factor in Mindlin plate models resulted in high wave frequencies,which were more significant for plates with negative values of Poisson's ratio.The present study can be useful for the design of critical applications by varying the values of Poisson's ratio.     

Active elastic metamaterials for subwavelength wave propagation control

Recent research activities in elastic metamaterials demonstrate a significant potential for subwavelength wave propagation control owing to their interior locally resonant mechanism. The growing technological developments in electro/magnetomechanical couplings of smart materials have introduced a controlling degree of freedom for passive elastic metamaterials. Active elastic metamaterials could allow for a fine control of material physical behavior and thereby induce new functional properties that cannot be produced by passive approaches. In this paper, two types of active elastic metamaterials with shunted piezoelectric materials and electrorheological elastomers are proposed.Theoretical analyses and numerical validations of the active elastic metamaterials with detailed microstructures are presented for designing adaptive applications in band gap structures and extraordinary waveguides. The active elastic metamaterial could provide a new design methodology for adaptive wave filters, high signal-to-noise sensors, and structural health monitoring applications.     

负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究及应用

本文综述了负泊松比材料与结构研究的发展过程,包括负泊松比材料拉伸膨胀理论研究、天然和人工制备负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究、负泊松比材料与结构的制备以及其在各个领域的广泛应用,并对未来负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究及应用进行了展望.      

舰艇新型宏观负泊松比效应蜂窝舷侧防护结构

提出一种具有宏观负泊松比效应的新型蜂窝舷侧防护结构,通过对负泊松比效应蜂窝胞元特殊结构构型设计,实现中等弹速下良好抗爆抗冲击性能。利用有限元动力学分析软件,研究鱼雷或导弹水下对舷侧防护结构的撞击侵入和穿透过程,对比研究了不同蜂窝构型、材料、胞元尺寸和胞壁厚度对舷侧结构抗冲击性能的影响。结果表明,蜂窝防护结构具有良好的抗冲击性能,负泊松比蜂窝构型较正泊松比蜂窝构型抗冲击性能更优。     

Singularities in auxetic elastic bimaterials

In this paper we study the effects of negative Poisson's ratios on elastic problems containing singularities. Materials with a negative Poisson's ratio are termed auxetic. We present a brief review of such materials. The elasticity problem of a bimateral wedge is presented, then two particular cases of this problem are investigated: the free-edge problem and the interface crack problem. We study the effect on the stress singularity due to one portion of the bimaterial becoming auxetic. We find that the auxetic material has a significant effect on the singularity order, even causing the singularity to vanish for certain values of the elastic constants.     

声光子晶体带隙特性与声光耦合作用研究综述

声光子晶体是一种同时具有光子和声子带隙的周期性结构.声光子晶体为同时控制电磁波和弹性波的传播提供了一个系统的平台,并在光学、声学及声光多功能器件、腔光力学等领域展现了十分广阔的应用前景.论文首先介绍了声光子晶体的基本概念,包括声光子晶体的材料、空间周期分类、能带结构的计算方法等;阐述了不同体系下声光子晶体双重带隙的特性,以及拓扑优化方法在声光子晶体带隙优化方面的应用;然后简要介绍了腔光力学,以及计算声光耦合作用的准静态方法和光力耦合系数方法,并针对当前各种声光子晶体结构中声光耦合作用的研究进行了阐述;还进一步介绍了声光子晶体波导和传感器的相关研究;最后,基于当前声光子晶体的研究进展对未来的研究方向进行了展望,其中涉及到增强声光子晶体谐振腔的声光相互作用、三维声光子晶体的研究、声光超构材料的设计、声光子晶体器件设计与应用等.     

负泊松比蜂窝材料的动力学响应及能量吸收特性

针对传统正方形蜂窝,通过用更小的双向内凹结构胞元替代原蜂窝材料的结构节点,得到了一种具有负泊松比特性的节点层级蜂窝材料模型。利用显式动力有限元方法,研究了冲击荷载作用下该负泊松比蜂窝结构的动力学响应及能量吸收特性。研究结果表明,除了冲击速度和相对密度,负泊松比蜂窝材料的动力学性能亦取决于胞元微结构。与正方形蜂窝相比,该负泊松比层级蜂窝材料的动态承载能力和能量吸收能力明显增强。在中低速冲击下,试件表现为拉胀材料明显的"颈缩"现象,并展示出负泊松比材料独特的平台应力增强效应。基于能量吸收效率方法和一维冲击波理论,给出了负泊松比蜂窝材料的密实应变和动态平台应力的经验公式,以预测该蜂窝材料的动态承载能力。本文的研究将为负泊松比多胞材料冲击动力学性能的多目标优化设计提供新的设计思路。     

压电超构材料及其波动控制研究:现状与展望

弹性波超构材料是一种人为设计的周期结构材料, 因其独特的力学性能而受到广泛的关注, 在军用和民用领域都展现出重要而独特的应用前景. 根据需求主动或被动地调控弹性波超构材料的力学特性, 能够赋予其更强的适用性能. 其调控的方式多种多样, 其中运用压电材料进行调控是一种方便、速度快、精度高、体积小且价格低的调控方式. 文章中首先简要地介绍弹性波超构材料、可调超构材料、压电材料和几种常用的分流电路的基本特性. 然后依据压电材料在弹性波超构材料中应用形式的不同, 将其分为两大类: 第一类中, 压电材料作为主体结构材料或主体结构的一部分组成材料; 第二类中, 压电材料主要以压电弹簧或压电片的形式贴附于主体结构的表面或内嵌在结构中, 作为激励器或/和传感器. 文章主要介绍两种类型弹性波超构材料的研究内容和发展历史, 涉及带隙调控、波导、负折射、超传输、拓扑态、隐身以及外接分流电路等. 最后总结压电弹性波超构材料研究的不足之处并给出相应的未来研究展望.      

Auxetic frameworks inspired by cubic crystals

In this work we show that a structure consisting of a network of bending beams can exhibit a negative Poisson’s ratio. We have shown that the negative Poisson’s ratio behaviour is driven by the (bcc analogous) type III beams, the type II (fcc like) beams result in a structure with a Poisson’s ratio of around zero and type I (simple cubic configuration) beams result in a Poisson’s ratio of nearly +1. The tensile and shear strengths of the type III beams are augmented by addition of type II and type III beams. By tailoring the relative stiffness of the component beams within the structure it is possible to design an auxetic truss structure with specific Poisson’s ratio, tensile and shear moduli.This validates the hypothesis that crystal structures can provide inspiration for macro structures with tailored mechanical properties where the mechanism for negative Poisson’s ratio (auxetic) behaviour at the atomic scale in cubic crystals is replicated by bending beams.     

3D Strain Field Evolution and Failure Mechanisms in Anisotropic Paperboard

Background

Experimental analyses of the 3D strain field evolution during loading allows for better understanding of deformation and failure mechanisms at the meso- and microscale in different materials. In order to understand the auxetic behaviour and delamination process in paperboard materials during tensile deformation, it is essential to study the out-of-plane component of the strain tensor that is, in contrast to previous 2D studies, only achievable in 3D.

Objective

The main objective of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the influence of different out-of-plane structures and in-plane material directions on the deformation and failure mechanisms at the meso- and microscale in paperboard samples.

Methods

X-ray tomography imaging during in-situ uniaxial tensile testing and Digital Volume Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the 3D strain field evolution and microscale mechanical behaviour in two different types of commercial paperboards and in two material directions. The evolution of sample properties such as the spatial variation in sample thickness, solid fraction and fibre orientation distribution were also obtained from the images. A comprehensive analysis of the full strain tensor in paperboards is lacking in previous research, and the influence of material directions and out-of-plane structures on 3D strain field patterns as well as the spatial and temporal quantification of the auxetic behaviour in paperboard are novel contributions.

Results

The results show that volumetric and deviatoric strain, dominated by the out-of-plane normal strain component of the strain tensor, localize in the out-of-plane centre already in the initial linear stress-strain regime. In-plane strain field patterns differ between samples loaded in the Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD); in MD, strain localizes in a more well-defined zone close to the notches and the failure occurs abruptly at peak load, resulting in angular fracture paths extending through the stiffer surface planes of the samples. In CD, strain localizes in more horizontal and continuous bands between the notches and at peak load, fractures are not clearly visible at the surfaces of CD-tested samples that appear to fail internally through more well-distributed delamination.

Conclusions

In-plane strain localization preceded a local increase of sample thickness, i.e. the initiation of the delamination process, and at peak load, a dramatic increase in average sample thickening occurred. Different in-plane material directions affected the angles and continuity of the in-plane strain patterns as well as the sample and fracture properties at failure, while the out-of-plane structure affected how the strain fields distributed within the samples.