金属结构材料腐蚀疲劳寿命预测模型的研究进展

腐蚀疲劳是工业装备的主要失效模式之一.随着新技术的不断发展,航空航天、轨道交通、海洋设施等重大装备向着高可靠性、长寿命及智能化方向发展,亟需准确、高效的腐蚀疲劳寿命预测方法.论文对金属材料的腐蚀疲劳损伤机理进行了简要总结并对寿命预测模型进行了系统归纳与评述,提出未来的研究趋势与方向.具体地,首先介绍了腐蚀坑的萌生和生长、裂纹萌生及扩展的机理;其次总结了预腐蚀疲劳的断裂力学及损伤力学寿命预测模型,再次归纳了腐蚀疲劳的断裂力学、损伤力学及数据驱动寿命预测模型;进一步地,综合概括了现有寿命预测模型的优点和不足;最后,基于当前的研究指出未来可能的发展方向,一方面可以借助三维成像技术实现蚀坑向裂纹转变阶段和短裂纹扩展阶段的可视化研究,以改进现有的断裂力学模型;另一方面可以建立新型的多尺度多阶段寿命预测模型或利用新兴的数据驱动-物理融合方法实现腐蚀疲劳寿命预测.     

聚能药包在岩石定向断裂爆破中的应用研究

以爆炸动力学、岩石断裂力学理论为原理,对聚能药包用于岩石定向断裂爆破时导向裂缝的形成,裂纹的起裂、扩展和贯通进行了初步研究,同时对该方法的爆破参数进行了设计,并通过现场进行试验验证其正确性。结果表明由聚能射流形成的切缝有明显的定向作用,使爆生气体的能量沿预定方向集中,裂纹的定向断裂控制效果良好,表明该方法是一种比较理想的断裂控制爆破技术。最后指出了该方法目前需要进一步研究的方面。研究成果对相关理论研究和现场应用均有一定的指导意义。     

近场动力学研究进展与岩石破裂过程模拟

近场动力学（Peridynamics,PD）作为一种新兴的非局部性理论,在非连续处不需要任何处理,能够很好表述模型从连续到非连续的过程。首先,在PD基本理论简介的基础上,系统回顾了PD的国内外研究现状。其次,采用键型PD理论对非均匀性的圆孔岩板单轴拉伸破裂过程进行了二维数值模拟,采用态型PD理论对单轴、常规三轴以及真三轴等不同压缩条件下的岩石破裂过程进行了三维数值模拟,并以加拿大Mine-by隧洞为例对现场岩体破裂过程进行了模拟,结果表明PD在岩石破裂过程模拟上具有较强适用性。最后,指出当前PD在岩石破裂过程模拟中存在的主要问题和未来值得开展的若干研究课题。     

含初始裂纹巴西圆盘劈裂问题的非局部近 场动力学建模

巴西圆盘劈裂是弹性力学及岩石力学与工程中的经典问题。在非局部键型近场动力 学理论的基础上,引入物质点对的转动自由度构建双参数微观弹脆性近场动力学本构力模型 以突破常规模型的应用范围限制,并考虑岩石混凝土类材料的宏观拉压异性和断裂特征。引 入动态松弛、粒子系统力边界条件和系统平衡弛豫等算法,实现了含不同倾角中心裂纹巴西 圆盘受压劈裂破坏全过程的近场动力学数值模拟,裂纹扩展路径及破坏形式均与试验结果高 度吻合,为裂纹扩展和断裂破坏问题的数值模拟提供了新的选择。     

考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测研究

微动疲劳是矿井提升钢丝绳主要失效形式之一,在钢丝微动疲劳过程中,微动磨损严重影响钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展特性,进而制约钢丝微动疲劳断裂机制,故开展考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测研究至关重要. 运用自制钢丝微动疲劳试验机开展钢丝微动疲劳试验和拉伸断裂试验,通过高速度数码显微系统揭示微动疲劳过程中钢丝微动磨损演化、裂纹萌生和扩展及断裂特性,基于摩擦学和断裂力学理论,运用有限元法、循环迭代法和虚拟裂纹闭合技术建立了考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型,并进行试验验证. 结果表明:采用微动疲劳过程稳定阶段磨损系数预测钢丝微动磨损演化可保证预测正确性,微动疲劳过程中钢丝主要为I型裂纹扩展模式,考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测值和试验值吻合较好,验证了预测模型正确性.      

Two mechanisms of ductile fracture: void by void growth versus multiple void interaction

Two distinct mechanisms of crack initiation and advance by void growth have been identified in the literature on the mechanics of ductile fracture. One is the interaction a single void with the crack tip characterizing initiation and the subsequent void by void advance of the tip. This mechanism is represented by the early model of Rice and Johnson and the subsequent more detailed numerical computations of McMeeking and coworkers on a single void interacting with a crack tip. The second mechanism involves the simultaneous interaction of multiple voids on the plane ahead of the crack tip both during initiation and in subsequent crack growth. This mechanism is revealed by models with an embedded fracture process zone, such as those developed by Tvergaard and Hutchinson. While both mechanisms are based on void nucleation, growth and coalescence, the inferences from them with regard to crack growth initiation and growth are quantitatively different. The present paper provides a formulation and numerical analysis of a two-dimensional plane strain model with multiple discrete voids located ahead of a pre-existing crack tip. At initial void volume fractions that are sufficiently low, initiation and growth is approximately represented by the void by void mechanism. At somewhat higher initial void volume fractions, a transition in behavior occurs whereby many voids ahead of the tip grow at comparable rates and their interaction determines initiation toughness and crack growth resistance. The study demonstrates that improvements to be expected in fracture toughness by reducing the population of second phase particles responsible for nucleating voids cannot be understood in terms of trends of one mechanism alone. The transition from one mechanism to the other must be taken into account.     

基于近场动力学理论的准脆性材料的本构力函数的构建

近场动力学理论(PD)是基于非局部思想的连续介质力学新理论,用于研究材料破坏问题。根据准脆性材料破坏的线性和非线性的力学行为,在初始微观弹脆性材料(PMB)的本构力函数中引入了键的损伤模型,将键的断裂过程分成了线性的弹性变形阶段和非线性的损伤变形阶段,以此构建了准脆性材料的本构力函数的基本形式。以典型的准脆性材料为例构建了其本构力函数,通过在压缩载荷下对含预制不同角度单裂纹缺陷的类岩材料的裂纹扩展进行PD数值模拟仿真,裂纹起裂位置和扩展方向与试样试验结果在一定程度上保持了一致,证明了该基于近场动力学理论的典型准脆性材料的本构力函数可用于该类材料的破坏分析。     

内聚力模型裂纹问题分析的解析奇异单元

内聚力模型已经被广泛应用于需要考虑断裂过程区的裂纹问题当中,然而常用的数值方法应用于分析内聚力模型裂纹问题时还存在着一些不足,比如不能准确地给出断裂过程区的长度、需要网格加密等.为了克服这些缺点,论文构造了一个新型的解析奇异单元,并将之应用于基于内聚力模型的裂纹分析当中.首先将虚拟裂纹表面处的内聚力用拉格拉日插值的方法近似表示为多项式形式,而多项式表示的内聚力所对应的特解可以被解析地给出.然后利用一个简单地迭代分析,基于内聚力模型的裂纹问题就可以被模拟出来了.最后,给出二个数值算例来证明论文方法的有效性.     

不同地应力条件下切缝药包爆破的数值模拟

针对切缝药包定向爆破的特点,考虑岩石介质非均匀性的基础上,把岩石爆破视为爆炸应力波动态作用和爆生气体压力准静态作用的过程,基于损伤力学理论建立岩石爆破的力学模型,并对不同地应力条件下切缝药包爆破的裂纹演化规律进行数值模拟,分析不同地应力条件对切缝药包爆破效果的影响。模拟结果表明:采用切缝药包爆破时,裂纹主要萌生于切缝周边,沿切缝方向扩展,切缝对定向裂纹的控制作用明显;当考虑地应力作用,且最大地应力方向与切缝方向垂直时,不利于定向裂纹的扩展;最大地应力方向与切缝方向平行时,有利于定向裂纹的扩展。裂纹的扩展方向受控于切缝角度和最大地应力方向这2个条件,裂纹扩展规模则受到地应力的限制。     

On the uses of special crack tip elements in numerical rock fracture mechanics

Numerical methods such as boundary element methods are widely used for the stress analysis in solid mechanics. These methods are also used for crack analysis in rock fracture mechanics. There are singularities for the stresses and displacements at the crack tips in fracture mechanics problem, which decrease the accuracy of the numerical results in areas very close to the crack ends. To overcome this, higher order elements and isoperimetric higher order elements have been used. Recently, special crack tip elements have been proposed and used in most of the numerical fracture mechanics models. These elements can drastically increase the accuracy of the results near the crack tips, but in most of the models only one special crack tip element has been used for each crack end. In this study the uses of higher order crack tip elements are discussed and a higher order displacement discontinuity method is used to investigate the effect of these elements on the accuracy of the results in some crack problems. The useful shape functions for two special crack tip elements, are derived and given in the text and appendix for both infinite and semi-infinite plane problems. In this analysis both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are computed . Some example problems are solved and the computed results are compared with the results given in the literature. The numerical results obtained here are in good agreement with those cited in the literature. For the curved crack problem, the strain energy release rate, G can be calculated accurately in the vicinity of the crack tips by using the higher order displacement discontinuity method with a quadratic variation of displacement discontinuity elements and with two special crack tip elements at each crack end.     

聚能爆破在岩石控制爆破技术中的应用研究

聚能爆破技术是岩石控制爆破技术中有待开发的领域.根据爆炸力学、岩石断裂力学理论,从当前控制爆破面临的问题入手,对线性聚能药包(Linear shaped charge)在岩石定向断裂爆破中裂纹的产生及扩展进行了研究,并利用自制线性聚能药包在巷道掘进中进行了工程试验.试验结果表明由聚能药包岩石定向断裂爆破有明显的定向作用,裂纹的定向断裂控制效果理想,经济和社会效益明显.     

New model of propagation rates of long crack due to structure fatigue

By comparison of the characteristics of existing models for long fatigue crack propagation rates, a new model, called the generalized passivation-lancet model for long fatigue crack propagation rates （GPLFCPR）, and a general formula for characterizing the process of crack growth rates are proposed based on the passivation-lancet theory. The GPLFCPR model overcomes disadvantages of the existing models and can describe the rules of the entire fatigue crack growth process from the cracking threshold to the critical fracturing point effectively with explicit physical meaning. It also reflects the influence of material characteristics, such as strength parameters, fracture parameters and heat treatment. Experimental results obtained by testing LZ50 steel, AlZnMgCu0.5, 0.5Cr0.5Mo0.25V steel, etc., show good consistency with the new model. The GPLFCPR model is valuable in theoretical research and practical applications.     

近场动力学框架下钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生预测的数值方法研究

经典连续介质力学在求解由裂纹引起的不连续问题时,会出现数学构架失效的情况.为克服这一难题,基于近场动力学理论,构建铁路钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生的数值预测方法,可实现钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命与位置的预测.当未出现疲劳裂纹时,通过与经典连续介质力学模型的结果对比,验证近场动力学模型的正确性和适用性.分析了车轮全滑动、黏着-滑动和无摩擦三种状态对钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生的影响规律,结果表明:车轮由全滑动向无摩擦转变的过程中,裂纹萌生位置由钢轨表层转移到内部,裂纹萌生所需的荷载循环次数由0.45×10⁷次增至2.05×10⁷次,可见车轮滚滑状态会影响裂纹的萌生位置,并且较大的切向接触应力会显著降低钢轨的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命.     

Micromechanics analyses of interface crack

A new mechanics model based on Peierls concept is presented in this paper, which can clearly characterize the intrinsic features near a tip of an interfacial crack. The stress and displacement fields are calculated under general combined tensile and shear loadings. The near tip stress fields show some oscillatory behaviors but without any singularity and the crack faces open completely without any overlapping when remote tensile loading is comparable with remote shear loading. A fracture criterion for predicting interface toughness has been also proposed, which takes into account for the shielding effects of emitted dislocations. The theoretical toughness curve gives excellent prediction, as compared with the existing experiment data. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

螺栓连接件微动疲劳特性分析

工程中钢结构构件经常采用螺栓连接,被连接部位多处于复杂受力状态,单轴疲劳理论已无法满足该形式下构件的寿命评估需求.针对现有理论不足,本文建立了螺栓连接件有限元模型,研究了不同工况下被连接件微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置,并基于临界平面的多轴疲劳理论,比较了四种常用模型的适用性以及预测了连接件的疲劳寿命.结果表明:(1)裂纹萌生位置位于受拉端螺栓孔附近的滑移粘着区,在相同螺栓预紧力下,该位置与施加的疲劳载荷大小无关;(2)基于临界平面方法的四种模型均可以较好判断裂纹萌生位置,其中SWT(Smith-Watson-Topper)模型对不同载荷水平下的螺栓连接件微动疲劳寿命预测效果较好,大部分预测结果位于±2倍分散带之内,预测结果优于其他三种模型;(3)在规范规定的螺栓预紧力范围内,被连接件裂纹萌生区域距孔边的距离与预紧力大小无关,可能是由于预紧力变化范围内的粘着滑移区未发生明显变化所致,并且随着预紧力减小,被连接件的寿命预测值反而增大.     

Energy release rate and phase angle of delamination in sandwich beams and symmetric adhesively bonded joints

Delamination in sandwich structures along the interface between the face sheet and the core, or along the adherend/adhesive interface in adhesively bonded joints, is one of the most common failure modes of this type of tri-layer structure. This delamination is usually modeled as an interface crack problem, for which the energy release rate and phase angle can be calculated using interface fracture mechanics solutions. Existing interface fracture mechanics solutions, however, ignore the effect of transverse shear deformation, which can be significant for short crack. In an effort to overcome this shortcoming, this study presents new analytical solutions for the energy release rate and for the phase angle of the interface crack in sandwich structures or adhesively bonded joints. Since the new solutions incorporate relative rotation at the tip of the delamination, transverse shear effects are taken into account in this study. Typical delaminated sandwich and adhesively bonded joint specimens are analyzed by using the new solutions, as well as by the existing solutions. The energy release rate predicted by the present model agrees very well with that predicted by FEA, and furthermore it is considerably more accurate relative to existing models. As the existing model neglects the transverse shear force, it underestimates the total energy release rate. A stress field analysis is also conducted in this study in order to clarify some misunderstandings in the literature on the determination of the phase angle of adhesively bonded joints using an interface stress-based method.     

水力劈裂问题的态型近场动力学建模

将态型近场动力学理论引入水力劈裂问题的模拟。构建了能反映岩土类材料准脆性断裂特征的态型近场动力学本构模型,并在物质点间相互作用力模型中加入等效水压力项,以实现在新生裂纹面上跟踪施加水压力。同时,考虑裂纹面间的接触,引入物质点间的短程排斥力作用,并设计了相应的接触算法。通过自编程序将模型和算法应用于含初始裂纹、不含初始裂纹以及含坝基软弱结构面的混凝土重力坝在高水头作用下的水力劈裂过程模拟,并与扩展有限元等模拟结果对比,验证了本文模型和算法的可行性和准确性。     

动载荷作用下裂隙岩体的止裂机理分析

为深层次了解裂隙岩体在动载荷作用下的动态断裂特性及止裂机理,采用TWSRC（tunnel with single radial crack）构型进行中低速冲击实验,选择砂岩作为原材料制作裂隙岩体试样,以落锤冲击试验装置与裂纹扩展计实验系统对裂纹的动态起裂、扩展及止裂过程进行全过程监测,重点研究动态破裂过程的破裂行为及止裂现象。使用有限差分法程序进行数值模拟,验证冲击实验结果的科学性与准确性。研究发现:裂隙岩体的动态断裂过程是由起裂加速-高速扩展-缓慢减速-止裂-再次起裂加速-再次高速扩展等多次循环的过程构成,且止裂区间尺寸为微秒量级;裂隙岩体止裂位置的穿晶断裂比例远小于初始起裂点,青砂岩动态断裂过程的穿晶断裂比例稍大于黑砂岩;裂隙岩体中止裂点再次起裂所需的能量,远小于预制裂纹初始起裂所需要的能量。     

A small-scale magnetic-yielding model for an infinite magnetostrictive plane with a crack-like flaw

The effect of an external magnetic field on the fracture toughness of magnetostrictive materials has been investigated by determining the local stress fields around the tip of a very slender elliptical flaw embedded in an infinite magnetostrictive plane subjected to magnetic loading, based on the assumption of linear magnetization. In this paper, the above-mentioned analytical approach is extended to develop a small-scale magnetic-yielding model. The magnetic saturation zone is constructed and the distributions of magnetic field and magnetization are obtained around the tip of a slender elliptical crack. Based on the complex potential theory, the stress field is obtained in the vicinity of the tip of the slender elliptical crack by implementing the continuity conditions of displacement and resultant force at the interface between the magnetic saturation and magnetoelastic zones. The stress fields near the tip of the slender elliptical crack are obtained for two kinds of soft ferromagnetic materials each with a small induction magnetostrictive modulus. The theoretical results obtained show that the stresses in the neighborhood of a crack-tip are finite even when the elliptical crack reduces to a sharp crack, and are much smaller than the yield stress or the nominal fracture stress of the material. This suggests that, generally, the magnetic field has no obvious effects on the apparent fracture toughness of soft ferromagnetic materials, which is in agreement with the existing experimental results published in the existing literature. In addition, the theoretical analysis illustrates that no crack is magnetically impermeable, and the corresponding boundary conditions are inappropriate for fracture analysis of soft ferromagnetic materials.     

Prediction of plane strain fracture of AHSS sheets with post-initiation softening

In this investigation, the three-parameter Modified Mohr–Coulomb (MMC) fracture model and the determination of the material parameters are briefly described. The formulation of the post-initiation behavior is proposed by defining both the explicit softening law and the incremental damage evolution law. As opposed to the existing attempts to simulate slant fracture with material weakening before crack formation, softening is assumed to occur only in the post-initiation range. The justification of this assumption can be provided by the interrupted fracture tests, for example, Spencer et al. (2002).Element deletion with a gradual loss of strength is used to simulate crack propagation after fracture initiation. The main emphasis of the paper is the numerical prediction of slant fracture which is almost always observed in thin sheets. For that purpose, VUMAT subroutines of ABAQUS are coded with post-initiation behavior for both shell elements and plane strain elements. Fracture of flat-grooved tensile specimens cut from advanced high strength steel (AHSS) sheets are simulated by 2D plane strain element and shell element models.