Synthesis of condensed quinoxalines. Part II

A novel efficient synthesis of fluorescent, fused quinoxalines was achieved. 7-Triazolyl-1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]-quinoxalines were synthesized by the diazotisation of 7-amino-1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]quinoxaline and coupling with selected aromatic amines followed by air oxidation. Diazotised aryl amines were coupled with 7-amino-1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]quinoxalines followed by subsequent air oxidation afforded 1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]quinoxalino-[6,5-d]1,2,3-triazoles. 7-Amino-1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]quinoxaline was condensed with conjugated enol ethers followed by cyclization in dowtherm resulted in 1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]quinoxalino[6,5-b]pyridines.     

3-Amino-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile. New fused quinoxalines with potential cytotoxic activity

Starting with 3-amino-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-dioxide 1 , a new series of quinoxaline derivatives was prepared through chemical modifications of the 2-cyano and 3-amino groups. Nitration of 3-amino-2-quin-oxalinecarbonitrile 3 afforded the 7-nitro derivative 6 . Diazotation of 3 gave the 3-chloro compound 9 . 2,3-Quinoxalinedicarbonitrile 14 was obtained from 9 . Pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxalines 15 and 16 were prepared by condensing 14 with hydrazine hydrate. A triazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline 18 , a isothiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline 20 and two pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxalines 21 and 22 were identified. Compounds were tested as cytotoxic agents both in oxic and in hypoxic cells.     

Synthesis of 1-hydrazinopyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline and related compounds

This paper describes the synthesis of 1-hydrazinopyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 10 ), tetrazolo[4,3-b]pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 11 ) and some 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxalines 13 . Starting with 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide ( 1 ), 1,2-dihydro-1-oxopyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 5 ) was prepared by three different ways: (a) chlorination of 1 in acetic acid gave 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-dichloromethylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide, which reacts with an excess of hydrazine to give about 60% of 5 ; (b) oxidation of 1 with selenium dioxide gave 90% of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-formylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide ( 3 ), which reacts with hydrazine to give 5 (63%); (c) compound 3 was treated with hydrazine to give 1,2-dihydro-1-oxopyridazino-[4,5-b]quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide ( 4 ) (70%), which by reduction with sodium dithionite gave 5 (80%). Compound 5 reacts with phosphorus pentasulfide or the Lawesson reagent to give 1,2-dihydro-1-thiocarbonylpyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 9 ), which treated with hydrazine gave 5 (80%). This last compound reacts with nitrous acid to give 11 . Some hydrazones 12 from 10 are described. Heating the aldehyde hydrazones 12a,c,d with dimethylsulfoxide some 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxalines 13 were obtained. Compound 13a was also obtained in the reaction of 10 with benzoyl chloride. Reaction of 3 with phenylhydrazine gave 1,2-dihydro-1-oxo-2-phenylpyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 6 ). Reactions of 5 with acetic anhydride and dimethylsulfate gave, respectively, 1-acetoxypyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 8 ) and 1,2-dihydro-1-oxo-2-methylpyridazino-[4,5-b]quinoxaline ( 7 ). All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and ¹H-nmr spectra. Compounds 5 and 10 showed antihypertensive activity in rats.     

Synthesis and Properties of 6-Amino-7-hetaryl-5-R-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles

We have established that when 5-chloro-6-[cyano(2,3-dihydro-1-R-benzo[d]azol-2-yl)methyl]-2,3-pyrazinedicarbonitriles are reacted with nucleophilic reagents (aliphatic and aromatic amines, hydrogen sulfide), annelation of the five-membered ring occurs on the [b] face of the pyrazine with formation of 6-amino-7-hetaryl-5-R-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles and 6-amino-7-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile respectively. Further heating with excess of acylating reagent leads to formation of a novel heterocyclic system 1H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazino[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-e]pyrimidine. Reaction of vicinal dinitriles with hydrazine hydrate leads to the novel system 1H-pyrrolo[2',3':5,6]pyrazino[2,3-d]pyridazine.     

Synthesis of novel pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxalines

The pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxaline 12 was synthesized by the cyclization of the α-arylhydrazonoacyl-hydrazide 11. The reaction of compound 12 with phosphoryl chloride gave pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxaline 13, whose reactions with sodium azide or cyclic secondary amines provided pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxalines 14,17 and 18, respectively. The acylhydrazide 15 was also cyclized to pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxaline 16.     

A convenient synthesis of 5,14-methano-16-oxo-1,5,6-benzoxadiazonino[3,4-b]quinoxalines utilizing a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and an intramolecular alcoholysis

The reaction of the hydrazones 5a-c with 2-chloroacrylonitrile produced the 1,2-diazepino[3,4-b]quinoxaline hydrochlorides 6a-c , which were transformed into the 5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-5,14-methano-16-oxo-1,5,6-benzoxadiazonino[3,4-b]quinoxalines 7a-c , respectively. The oxidation of 7a-c with diethyl azodicarboxylate afforded the 7,13-dihydro-5,14-methano-16-oxo-1,5,6-benzoxadiazonino[3,4-b]quinoxalines 8a-c , respectively. Compounds 7a-c and 8a-c were also obtained by a one-pot synthesis from 5a-c and 6a-c , respectively.     

Synthesis of 9-(trifluoromethyl)pyrido[1′,2′:1,2]-imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalines

9-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrido[1′,2′:1,2]imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalines (9-CF₃-PIQs) were obtained from the cyclization of 2-amino-3-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinoxaline ( 1a ) with some substituted pyridines. 3-[2-(4-Pyridyl)ethenyl]-9-CF₃-PIQ, one of thus obtained 9-CF₃-PIQs, cyclized with another molecule of 1a to produce the dihydro bis-PIQ-ethene derivative.     

Synthesis of 2-N-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)benzo and heterofused-1,2,3-triazoles

A novel efficient synthesis of 2-N-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)benzo and heterofused-1,2,3-triazoles was achieved by the diazotisation of 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile and ethyl-2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate and coupling with selected aromatic and heterocyclic amines followed by air oxidation in the presence of cupric acetate.     

Synthesis of new thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine derivatives of pharmaceutical interest

2H-5-Amino-6-cyano-3,7-dioxothiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine was subjected to ring formation affording thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine derivatives. 2H-5-Amino-6-cyano-3,7-dioxo-2-phenylmethylenethiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine was also subjected to ring formation affording pyrimido[4,5-d]-, pyrano[2,3-d]-, and pyrido[2,3-d]thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine derivatives. 2-Anilinothiocarbonyl-3,9-dioxo-8-imino-7-phenyl-6-thioxothiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine and 8-amino-3,9-dioxo-6-thioxothiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine reacted with α-haloactive-methylene compounds to afford heterocyclic compounds containing two, fused and isolated, thiazole moieties, respectively.     

Determination of heterocyclic amines in urine samples by capillary liquid chromatography with evaporated light-scattering detection

A rapid and simple method for separation and detection of six heterocyclic aromatic amines (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]-pyridine, 2-amino-1-methyl-imidazo [4,5-f]-quinoline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]-quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]-quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]-quinoxaline, and 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]-quinoline) in human urine samples is proposed to reflect daily intake and recent HAAs exposure. This method comprises previous clean-up and preconcentration of the analytes on Strata-X reversed phase extraction cartridges followed by capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). A mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate 35 mM at pH 5.15 through a gradient of composition and a flow rate of 15 μL min⁻¹ resulted in good separations of the analytes. Temperature and gas pressure were optimized for detection. The CLC-ELSD allows the separation and quantification of HAAs with good resolution, precision, and sensitivity. The usefulness of the proposed method was demonstrated by the analysis of synthetic and natural human urine samples spiked with different concentration levels of heterocyclic amines.     

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Furothienoquinoxalines,Pyranothienoquinoxalines and Pyrimidopyranothienoquinoxalines

The reaction of ethyl‐3‐mercaptoquinoxaline‐2‐carboxylate with phenacyl bromide, ethyl chloroacetate, chloroacetonitrile or chloroacetone furnished the corresponding 3‐hydroxy thieno[2,3‐b]quinoxaline. 2‐Cyano‐3‐hydroxythieno[2,3‐b]quinoxaline and 2‐acetyl‐3‐hydroxythieno[2,3‐b]quinoxa line were employed as precursors in the synthesis of some novel furo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐b]quinoxaline, pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐b]quinoxaline and other heterocyclic systems fused with thieno[2,3‐b]quinoxalines. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of some the synthesised compounds were studied.     

A comparison of nucleophilic reactions of 3-benzenesulfonyloxyalloxazine and its 1-methyl analog

Reactions of 3-benzenesulfonyloxyalloxazine ( 1a ) and its 1-methyl analog 1b with a number of nucleophilic reagents are reported. Relatively small nucleophiles, such as hydroxide ion, methanol, ethanol, methylamine, hydrazine and hydroxylamine converted 1a to 4-carboxy-s-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1(2H)-ones and the corresponding esters or amides. As the size of the amine increased from methylamine to ethylamine, dimethylamine, propylamine and isopropylamine, there were obtained 4-(carboxamido)-s-triazolo[4,3-a]quin-oxalin-1(2H)-ones, (1-carboxamido)imidazolo[4,5-b]quinoxalines and 2,3-bis(ureido)quinoxalines. Sodium hydride or potassium cyanide in hot DMF degraded 1a to imidazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline. However, methylmer-captide and benzylmercaptide ions attacked the sulfonate group of 1a to form 3-hydroxyalloxazine. 1-Methyl-3-benzenesulfonyloxyalloxazine ( 1b ) reacted with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and to some degree 2-propanol, in the presence of triethylamine to furnish anhydro-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-(alkoxycarbonyl)-s-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalinium hydroxides. However, sodium methoxide in methanol converted this starting material to a mixture of anhydro-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-s-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalinium hydroxide and 1-methyl-3-hydroxyflavazole. A saturated aqueous solution of triethylamine transformed 1b to anhydro-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-s-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalinium hydroxide, apparently via the corresponding unstable 4-carboxylic acid. The reactions of 1b with a number of aliphatic amines yielded either amides based on the above mesoionic system or on the 3-carboxamido-2-quinoxalyl semicarbazide structure. The reaction of 1b with potassium cyanide furnished 1-methylimidazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline. Mechanisms to explain all of the degradations are advanced.     

Synthesis of pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxalines and pyrazolo[3,4-b]-quinoxaline by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction

The pyridazino[3,4-b]quinoxalines 6a,b and pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline hydrochloride 9 were synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 6-chloro-2-(1-methylhydrazino)quinoxaline 4-oxide 5 with dimethyl or diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and 2-chloroacrylonitrile, respectively. The reaction mechanisms were postulated for the formation of 6a,b and 9 .     

Synthesis of Imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline Ribonucleosides as Linear Dimensional Analogs of Antiviral Polyhalogenated Benzimidazole Ribonucleosides

We have recently found that 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) and the corresponding 2-bromo analog have better in vitro activities against HCMV than the clinically used agents ganciclovir and foscarnet. These benzimidazole nucleosides act by a unique mechanism, however, their biological target has not been completely identified. As an approach to probing the target, we have designed imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline nucleosides as linear dimensional analogs of the benzimidazole nucleosides to study the spatial limitation of the binding site in the target enzyme. A convenient route was developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted 6,7-dichloroimidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalines involving a reaction of 2,3,6,7-tetrachloroquinoxaline with ammonia followed by a ring annulation as the key step. This furnished the versatile heterocycle 6,7-dichloroimidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalin-2-one. Ribosylation of 2-substituted imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalines was influenced by the functional group at the 2-position and the 2-one compound was found to smoothly undergo ribosylation. The 2-one group of the nucleoside was converted into specifically selected 2-substituted compounds. Evaluation of the compounds for activity against two herpesviruses and for cytotoxicity showed they were less active and/or more cytotoxic than TCRB. We conclude therefore, that the binding pocket on the protein target of TCRB will tolerate some electronic and size changes.     

Synthesis of some fused heterocycles based on thieno[2,3-<Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis>]pyridine and their antimicrobial activity

The reaction of 3-amino-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile with ethylenediamine in the presence of a catalytic amount of carbon disulfide afforded 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4,6-dimethylthieno-[2,3-b]pyridine-3-amine while its reaction with triethyl orthoformate followed by the reaction with hydrazine hydrate gave 4-imino-7,9-dimethylpyrido[3',2':4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-3(4H)-amine. These two derivatives underwent cyclocondensation reactions with commercially available reactants to afford new heterocycles containing the thieno[2,3-b]pyridine moiety. Some of the synthesized derivatives were tested for antimicrobial and antifungal activity.     

Synthesis and Transformations of 3-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-(N-R-thioureido)thiophenes

3-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-(N-R-thioureido)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophenes were obtained by the reaction of 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene with isothiocyanates and of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-isothiocyanato-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene with primary and secondary amines. The cyclization paths of the products leading to derivatives of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine and thieno[2,3-d]-1,3-thiazine were studied. The corresponding S-substituted derivatives were obtained by the alkylation of 3-R-2-thioxo-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydrobenzo[b]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones.     

Polycyclic N-Heterocyclic Compounds,Part 77: Synthesis of [1]Benzothieno[3′,2′:2,3]oxepino[4,5-d]pyrimidines and Evaluation of Their Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity

Reaction of 3-(3-cyanopropoxy)[1]benzothiophene-2-carbonitrile with sodium hydride gave 5-amino-1,2-dihydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-d]furo[2,3-b]pyridine and 5-amino-2,3-dihydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]oxepin-4-carbonitrile. The latter compound served as a convenient scaffold for the synthesis of the new heterocycles [1]benzothieno[3′,2′:2,3]oxepino[4,5-d]pyrimidines and the parent 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[2′,3′:6,7]oxepino[4,5-e]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine heterocyclic system. The new compounds described in this report were evaluated as inhibitors of platelet aggregation in vitro.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.     

A convenient synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3,2-o,p]-[1,3]diazocino[4,5-b]quinoxalines via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and a ring transformation

The reaction of 6-chloro-2-hydrazinoquinoxaline 4-oxide 5 with triethyl orthoformate gave 7-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline 5-oxide 6. The reaction of compound 6 with phenyl isocyanate afforded 7-chloro-4-phenylamino-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline 7 , while the reaction of compound 6 with phenyl isothiocyanate resulted in deoxygenation to provide 7-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline 8. However, the reaction of compound 6 with allyl isothiocyanate effected the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, but not deoxygenation, to furnish 9-chloro-4,5-dihydroisoxazolo[2,3-a][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c]quinoxalin-5-ylmethylisothiocyanate 9. Moreover, the reduction of compound 9 with iron/acetic acid resulted in ring transformation to give 11 -chloro-7-hydroxy-4-thioxo-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3,2- o,p][1,3]diazocino[4,5-b]quinoxaline 10 , whose acetylation afforded 5-acetyl-11-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-thioxo-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3,2-o,p][1,3]diazocino[4,5-b]quinoxaline 11.     

Isothiazoles. III. Synthesis of isothiazolo [5,4-d] pyrimidines

5-Amino-3-methylisothiazole-4-carbonitrile 2 was prepared by oxidation of 3-amino-2-cyano-thiocrotonamide 1 . A series of 4-amino-3-methylisothiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines 6 was derived from 2 by reaction with orthoesters followed by cyclization with primary amines. Hydrolysis of 2 to the corresponding amide 10 followed by cyclization with orthoesters gave the corresponding 5H-isothiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones 11 . Reactions of 2 and 10 with sodium methyl xanthate gave the corresponding pyrimidinethione derivatives 12 and 13.     

13C-NMR study of 4H-1,3,4-thiadiazino[5,6-b]quinoxalines. A proof for the N5-deuteration in deuteriotrifluoroacetic acid

The carbon signals of the 2-acylamino-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazino[5,6-b]quinoxalines 1a,b , 2-acylamino-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazino[5,6-b]quinoxaline 1,1-dioxides 2a,b , and 2-amino-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazino[5,6-b]quinoxaline 3 in deuteriodimethyl sulfoxide and in deuteriotrifluoroacetic acid were assigned by the nmr (HMBC, HMQC) spectroscopy. The comparison of the carbon chemical shifts in deuteriodimethyl sulfoxide with those in deuteriotrifluoroacetic acid clarified that compounds 1a, 1b , and 3 were deuterized at the N₅-position in deuteriotrifluoroacetic acid, while the 1,1-dioxides 2a,b did not undergo the N₅-deuteration in deuteriotrifluoroacetic acid.