制冷装置能耗优化分析

制冷系统的优化是指在符合工艺条件的前提下,对有限个参数进行综合调节,使得综合能耗最低。文中以北京某炼钢厂制冷空调系统为优化实例,把冷却水泵、冷冻水泵、制冷机组看作一个有机的整体进行参数的优化和控制。讨论了在环境温度变化时,采用小流量和大流量的能耗比较,在可能的情况下,对能耗的最小值进行求解,以到达总能耗最小的目的。     

冷源方式选择对CEC影响的分析

以空调系统能耗系数CEC(Coefficient of Energy Consumption)即空调设备全年总能量消耗量与假想空调负荷累计值之比作为空调系统能耗性能评价指标,对天津地区某典型办公大楼建筑空调系统选用水源热泵和溴化锂冷热水机组条件下的能耗状况进行计算与分析。并证明了与采用水源热泵的空调系统相比较,采用溴化锂冷水机组的空调系统节电不节能。     

水源制冷机房单位冷量能耗的影响参数分析

为了降低空调能耗,文中以水源制冷机房为模型,分析了影响制冷机房总能耗的主要运行参数,然后采用正交试验法对制冷机房在不同参数条件下的能耗进行了模拟,找到了各运行参数影响制冷机房总能耗和单位冷量能耗的主次顺序及基本规律。     

Heat pumps in industry

An analysis of influences of connection ways on the efficiency of a heat pump in an industrial energy system was made. A new special connection of a heat pump with a heat accumulator system was introduced and is fully discussed with respect to the operating procedure as well as advantages. The dynamics of heat energy consumption influences the economics and efficiency of an industrial heat pump. Simulation of a heat pump in an industrial energy system is established in accordance with the dynamic energy consumption and condition of electrical power consumption with respect to the peak power. As a demonstration example of the simulation, data from a chemical plant were used.     

基于PLC 的中央空调制冷系统变频控制研究

针对现有中央空调系统能源消耗严重的现状,基于可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC)对中央空调系统进行变流量节能改造。分析改造后中央空调系统的结构组成和变频运行原理,并提出适用于冷冻水泵和冷却水泵的分段速温差控制和PID温差控制设计方案。控制硬件选用三菱FX3U系列PLC和台达VFD-EL变频器,软件选用GX Work2编程软件及力控组态软件。将控制方案进行实验验证,实验结果表明,所设计的两种控制策略不仅跟随系统末端负荷变化快速达到稳定运行状态,提高运行能效比,而且节能效果显著,节能率分别为40.2%和48.7%。     

Properties of metallocene complexes during the oxidative crosslinking of air drying coatings

Driers are added to air drying paints to accelerate the hardening of spread coating. For decades cobalt octoate has been the most widely used drier because of its good performance at ambient temperature. Recently, several reports describing possible carcinogenity and genotoxicity of cobalt and cobalt salts, such as cobalt sulfate in aerosols, have appeared. It is necessary to reduce the amount of cobalt compounds in coatings industry. Present study deals with the possibility of using ferrocene and its derivatives as driers for air drying coatings. We concentrated particularly on the synergic effect between these metallocene complexes and the cobalt drier. In the first step the kinetics of autooxidation by FTIR spectroscopy in model systems was investigated. Then the metallocene complexes were applied together with cobalt drier to alkyd resin, where their influence on hardness of spread coatings was examined.     

Characterisation of wettability in gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

This paper presents a detailed study of the wetting properties of three fuel cell gas diffusion layers (GDLs) having different morphologies and different contents of hydrophobic agent. An internal contact angle to water at temperature representative of PEM fuel cell operating conditions was directly obtained using the Washburn method with 66 ° C water as test liquid. These results show that the surface of the carbon fibres is hydrophilic under fuel cell operating conditions. Surface energy values of the GDL fibres, determined by a combination of the Washburn method and the Owens-Wendt two parameters theory, were found to be low, indicating that GDLs are wet very poorly by most liquids. About 40% of the total surface free energy values was related to a polar component allowing dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions with water. The origin of this polar character is discussed.     

Modeling Gain Dynamics in EDFAs: Space-Resolved Versus Lumped Models

We present a detailed comparison of dynamic space- and frequency-resolved and lumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) models. The space- and frequency-resolved models are based on an iterative solution of propagation equations for pump, multiple signals, and spectral components of forward and backward propagating amplified spontaneous powers and rate equations for pump, metastable, and ground energy level population densities of erbium ion. In contrast to space-resolved models, the lumped model solves a single ordinary differential equation for time evolution of the length-averaged metastable level population and is therefore substantially less computer time consuming. Both the space, and frequency-resolved and the lumped models give almost identical results when used for an analysis of surviving channel power excursions in concatenated EDFAs fed by multiwavelength signal and add/drop scenarios. For a statistical analysis of output power and signal-tonoise ratio fluctuations in EDFA cascades fed by burst-mode packet traffic, only lumped models can be used.     

Modeling Gain Dynamics in EDFAs: Space-Resolved Versus Lumped Models

We present a detailed comparison of dynamic space- and frequency-resolved and lumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) models. The space- and frequency-resolved models are based on an iterative solution of propagation equations for pump, multiple signals, and spectral components of forward and backward propagating amplified spontaneous powers and rate equations for pump, metastable, and ground energy level population densities of erbium ion. In contrast to space-resolved models, the lumped model solves a single ordinary differential equation for time evolution of the length-averaged metastable level population and is therefore substantially less computer time consuming. Both the space, and frequency-resolved and the lumped models give almost identical results when used for an analysis of surviving channel power excursions in concatenated EDFAs fed by multiwavelength signal and add/drop scenarios. For a statistical analysis of output power and signal-tonoise ratio fluctuations in EDFA cascades fed by burst-mode packet traffic, only lumped models can be used.     

蒸汽喷射式制冷系统模型建立与仿真

对蒸汽喷射制冷工作过程中能量转化进行了深入分析,建立了制冷系统中的三个关键部件——喷射器、冷凝器及蒸发器的热力学模型.以此为基础,结合运行参数,采用Matlab软件,对喷射系数、蒸汽消耗量以及循环水耗量进行仿真计算.探讨了以喷射系数为评定标准时,工作蒸汽压力Pg、冷凝温度Tc、蒸发温度Te对系统性能的影响.分析结果表明...     

Investigation of SOA-assisted Sagnac recirculating shift register switching characteristics

The switching characteristics of a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)-assisted Sagnac recirculating shift register with an inverter are investigated by undertaking a numerical analysis that describes the dynamic gain response of the SOA to high speed and strong feedback optical pulses. The key performance parameters are identified and their role in the formation of the switching window is analyzed. The optimum values of these parameters are not unique and must be adapted to the specific all-optical shift register network application. For this reason, they must be properly selected and combined so as to ensure the satisfaction of the desired operating conditions. The technical restrictions that the derived values may impose on the state-of-the-art photonics technology are also discussed and efficient ways of overcoming them are proposed.     

Performance evaluation of a novel pilot-scale pinned disc rotating generator of hydrodynamic cavitation

This study investigates hydrodynamic performance of a novel pinned disc rotating generator of hydrodynamic cavitation in comparison with a serrated disc variant on a pilot-scale. Experimental results show that at a given rotational speed and liquid flow rate, the pinned disc generates more intense cavitation (i.e. lower cavitation number, higher volume fraction of vapor and higher amplitude of pressure fluctuations) than the serrated disc, while also consuming less energy per liquid pass (i.e., higher flow rate and pumping pressure difference of water at similar power consumption). Additionally, mechanical and chemical wastewater treatment performance of the novel cavitator was evaluated on an 800 L influent sample from a wastewater treatment plant. Mechanical effects resulted in a reduction of average particle size from 148 to 38 µm and increase of specific surface area, while the oxidation potential was confirmed by reduction of COD, TOC, and BOD up to 27, 23 and 30% in 60 cavitation passes, respectively. At optimal operating conditions and 30 cavitation passes, pinned disc cavitator had a 310% higher COD removal capacity while consuming 65% less energy per kg of COD removed than the serrated disc cavitator. Furthermore, the specific COD-reduction energy consumption of the pinned disc cavitator on the pilot scale is comparable to the best cases of lab-scale orifice and venturi devices operating at much lower wastewater processing capacity.     

Autocorrelation coefficient of the radiation output of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser

The autocorrelation coefficient of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser output has been extracted for various operating conditions from the pulse form measured by a streak camera and from the enhancement of the nonresonant CARS intensity for correlated as against uncorrelated pump beams. The measured values are compared with values in the normalized Gaussian model.     

Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Antarctic Salt Efflorescences

Salt efflorescences consisting of gypsum sampled mainly in the Schirmacher Oasis have been analyzed for the isotopic composition of the water of crystallization and of the sulphate-sulphur. For comparison, a few samples from other Antarctic locations (Guettard Range, Prince Charles Mts., Insel Mts.) were included in the study. The isotopic variations of the water of crystallization of secondary gypsum and the calculated isotopic composition of the mother solution reflect the local climatic conditions during the precipitation of the efflorescences. It is therefore possible to obtain qualitative information about the climatic conditions prevailing in the studied region.     

大模面积掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器的实验研究

本文研究了在连续泵浦和脉冲泵浦两种情况下, 大模面积（LMA）掺Yb³⁺双包层光纤激光器的输出特性. 采用连续泵浦, 在最大泵浦功率为10.4 W时, 得到了平均功率4.6 W、中心波长1.09 μm的准连续激光输出. 采用脉冲泵浦, 得到了脉宽小于50 ns、峰值功率为5.3 kW、重复频率为5 kHz、单脉冲能量为0.26 mJ的稳定的调Q脉冲输出.     

High-repetition-rate grazing-incidence pumped x-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm

We have demonstrated a 10 Hz Ni-like Mo x-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm with 150 mJ total pump energy by employing a novel pumping scheme. The grazing-incidence scheme is described, where a picosecond pulse is incident at a grazing angle to a Mo plasma column produced by a slab target irradiated by a 200 ps laser pulse. This scheme uses refraction of the short pulse at a predetermined electron density to increase absorption to pump a specific gain region. The higher coupling efficiency inherent to this scheme allows a reduction in the pump energy where 70 mJ long pulse energy and 80 mJ short pulse energy are sufficient to produce lasing at a 10 Hz repetition rate. Under these conditions and by optimizing the delay between the pulses, we achieve strong amplification and close to saturation for 4 mm long targets.     

Evaluation of process parameters of ultrasonic treatment of bacterial suspensions in a pilot scale water disinfection system

In this study, several process parameters that may contribute to the efficiency of ultrasound disinfection are examined on a pilot scale water disinfection system that mimics realistic circumstances as encountered in an industrial environment. The main parameters of sonication are: (i) power; (ii) duration of treatment; (iii) volume of the treated sample. The specific energy (E_s) is an indicator of the intensity of the ultrasound treatment because it incorporates the transferred power, the duration of sonication and the treated volume. In this study, the importance of this parameter for the disinfection efficiency was assessed through changes in volume of treated water, water flow rate and electrical power of the ultrasonic reactor. In addition, the influences of the initial bacterial concentration on the disinfection efficiency were examined. The disinfection efficiency of the ultrasonic technique was scored on a homogenous and on a mixed bacterial culture suspended in water with two different types of ultrasonic reactors (Telsonic and Bandelin). This study demonstrates that specific energy, treatment time of water with ultrasound and number of passages through the ultrasonic reactor are crucial influential parameters of ultrasonic disinfection of contaminated water in a pilot scale water disinfection system. The promising results obtained in this study on a pilot scale water disinfection system indicate the possible application of ultrasound technology to reduce bacterial contamination in recirculating process water to an acceptable low level. However, the energy demand of the ultrasound equipment is rather high and therefore it may be advantageous to apply ultrasound in combination with another treatment.     

Optimizing a refinery using the pinch technology and the mind method

The Pinch Technology and the MIND method are combined in the analysis of a Swedish refinery. The heat exchanger network of the crude distillation system is analysed using the Pinch Technology. The results show that the steam demand from the boiler units in the energy supply part of the system can be reduced by 20% in the optimized heat exchanger network and by 21% when a heat pump is added to the system. A multi-period cost optimization of the operating strategy is performed using the MIND method. The results from the Pinch analysis are then input to the MIND optimization. The system cost of the total energy system of the refinery is optimized with regard to flexibility in the process system as well as changes of energy costs and the operating conditions of the cogeneration unit. The combination of methods shows that significant capital savings can be achieved when the energy saving potential of the process system is integrated in the overall operating strategy of the energy system. It is, in this case, possible to compare investments in energy saving measures to investments in increased steam production capacity.     

Simultaneous pumping in atomic and ionic self-terminating transition laser

Solutions to the kinetic equations describing simultaneous pumping of working levels are obtained in quadratures for a laser operating on self-terminating transitions in the spectrum of an atom and an ion of the same element. The solutions reflect general features in the behavior of the population of resonance levels of the atom and ion depending on the electron concentration and make it possible to estimate the upper boundary of the energy parameters of lasing. By way of example, simultaneous pumping of working levels of the calcium atom and ion is considered. It is shown that the values of population of the levels, power, and energy of laser pulses of such an atomic-ionic laser are comparable. It is noted that the potentialities of ion lasers can be fully realized if appropriate conditions are created for level excitation during the propagation of the entire pump pulse (especially in its final phase).