Integral constitutive equations of elastic-plastic materials

In this paper the integral constitutive equations of elastic-plastic materials are studied. The endochronic theory can be deduced from this theory. It is shown that the endochronic should be selected compatible with the yield function of the calssical plasticity and this can be considered as a principle of selecting endochronic. Applying this principle the appropriate endochronics of the plastically compressible materials and the orthotropic materials are derived. The second approximate theory of the integral constitutive equation is also discussed in this paper.This paper was reported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

基于内时理论的冻土试验研究与数值分析

从内时理论出发,基于考虑了温度和应变率影响的冻土内时流变本构方程,采用Matlab拟合法确定内时材料参数,对冻土在单轴和3轴应力条件下的应变进行了求解、分析与试验验证,并将理论结果与试验所得的应力-应变曲线进行了比较,理论曲线与试验曲线基本吻合. 与传统塑性理论的研究方法相比,内时理论的研究方法可以免去确定屈服面的困难. 基于所使用的内时本构模型,对冻土路基的冻结进行了数值分析,结果表明该理论具有很好的适用性.      

An endochronic model of yield surface accounting for deformation induced anisotropy

In this article, an endochronic model of yield surface is proposed. Based on this model, the yield surface is simulated such that the forward and rear parts of the yield surface are described by different ellipses which are characterized by corresponding aspect ratio functions, respectively. Verification of the endochronic theory used the experimental results of yield surfaces obtained by Wu and Yeh for 304 stainless steel (Wu, H.C., Yeh, W.C., 1991. On the experimental determination of yield surfaces and some results of annealed 304 stainless steel. Int. J. Plasticity 7, 803–826). The experiments were performed cyclically under uniaxial, torsional, and combined axial–torsional loading conditions. The result has shown that the agreement between the prediction and experiments is quite satisfactory. In addition to the distortion of the yield surface plastically behaving a sharp front accompanied by a blunt rear, the anisotropic kinematic hardening effect has been addressed in this investigation. Although the experimental results of yield surfaces subjected to non-proportional loading conditions can be found in the literature, lack of information about the plastic strain history makes it impossible to verify the theory under such complicated loading conditions. The domain of applicability and validity of the theory, which is defined in terms of plastic strain increments, need be further investigated with the aim to set up related experiments.     

An implicit algorithm for hypoelasto-plastic and hypoelasto-viscoplastic endochronic theory in finite strain isotropic–kinematic-hardening model

This paper is concerned with objective stress update algorithm for elasto-plastic and elasto-viscoplastic endochronic theory within the framework of additive plasticity. The elastic response is stated in terms of hypoelastic model and endochronic constitutive equations are stated in unrotated frame of reference. A trivially incrementally objective integration scheme for rate constitutive equations is established. Algorithmic modulus consistent with numerical integration algorithm of constitutive equations is extracted. The implementation is validated by means of a set of simple deformation paths (simple shear, extension and rotation), two benchmark test in nonlinear mechanics (the necking of a circular bar and expansion of a thick-walled cylinder), a test which demonstrates the capabilities of the proposed model in simulation of cyclic loading and ratcheting in finite strain case (cyclically loaded notched bar) and finally, the analysis of a tensile test, which presents a shear band with a finite thickness independent of the finite element mesh using endochronic viscoplastic constitutive model.     

混凝土率型内时损伤本构模型

混凝土是一种典型的率敏感材料,为了更好地描述混凝土结构在动力、冲击荷载作用下的强度和变形特征,本文结合内时理论和损伤理论建立了一种考虑混凝土率效应的内时损伤本构模型。该模型的特点:将混凝土材料的受力软化效应分解为密实状态的塑性效应和由微裂缝扩展引起的刚度退化效应。前者由内时理论来描述,这使该模型摆脱了一般弹塑性模型中屈服面的概念,从而更符合混凝土的变形特性,并且简化了非线性计算过程;后者由损伤理论来描述,根据混凝土的动力试验结果建立了增量型的损伤演变方程,从而使该模型能够较好地反映混凝土的动力特性。最后,应用本文建议的模型对一钢筋混凝土简支梁进行了非线性分析,结果表明:当结构承受快速荷载作用时,应变率对结构的受力性能影响较大,在进行结构分析时必须予以考虑。     

Structure-energy analysis of models of nonlinearly viscoelastic materials with several aging and viscosity functions

We consider generalized one-dimensional Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models of viscoelastic materials in which the properties of elastic and viscous elements are determined by the corresponding secant moduli and viscosity coefficients, which are functions of the parameters determined by the deformation process. In contrast to the nonlinear endochronic theory of aging viscoelastic materials (NETAVEM), in which one and the same aging function is used to describe the properties of all elastic elements and one and the same viscosity function is used to describe the properties of all viscous elements [1, 2], it is assumed that the type of these functions is distinct for each elementary model. For the generalized Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models under study, we obtain representations of the specific work of internal forces as the sum of four terms of different physical meaning. There representations are similar to those given in [1, 2] for NETAVEM. An example of construction of viscoelasticity constitutive relations containing two aging functions and one viscosity function is given for a material whose properties are sensitive to the strain rate. The simultaneous use of several aging and viscosity functions to describe the properties of structure elements of the model and the use of several components of specific work as arguments of these functions allows us to extend the scope of the models under study.     

内时理论在板料成形失稳中的应用

应用Valanis提出的内时本构方程，研究了板料成形的拉伸失稳问题，推导出单向和双向拉伸应力状态下的内时本构方程，据此分析了分散性失稳和集中性失稳。该文推导出应用于拉伸失稳分析时内时理论的近似表达式，它对应于经典塑性理论解，同时给出了内时理论的完整迭代数值解。结果表明内时理论具有很好的适用性。     

岩石非弹性特性的内时理论模型

针对岩石的非弹性特性,将内时理论引入到岩石特性的研究中来。首先对内时理论的方程作了简要推导和说明。将核函数作四阶的Prony展开,将积分方程用一组微分方程来代替,最后得出可以进行数值运算的内时方程。在MTS压机上进行了砂岩、花岗岩等不同岩石样品的多种循环加卸载实验,得到一系列应力—应变曲线。根据滞回曲线的拐点,用最小二乘拟合法来具体确定内时方程中的有关参数。将理论产生的各种滞回曲线与实验滞回曲线作比较,可以看出在滞回曲线和残余应变这二个岩石非弹性特性最明显的标志上,非常一致。说明在中等应变强度时,利用内时理论可以对岩石非弹性特性作很好的研究。与塑性理论比较,可以免去确定屈服面的困难。最后对岩石滞回特性的微观机制用P-M模型作了简要讨论和分析。     

An endochronic plasticity formulation for filled rubber

The nature of elastomeric material demands the consideration of finite deformations, nonlinear elasticity including damage as well as rate-dependent and rate-independent dissipative properties. While many models accounting for these effects have been refined over time to do better justice to the real behavior of rubber-like materials, the realistic simulation of the elastoplastic characteristics for filled rubber remains challenging.The classical elastic-ideal-plastic formulation exhibits a distinct yield-surface, whereas the elastoplastic material behavior of filled rubber components shows a yield-surface free plasticity. In order to describe this elastoplastic deformation of a material point adequately, a physically based endochronic plasticity model was developed and implemented into a Finite Element code. The formulation of the ground state elastic characteristics is based on Arruda and Boyce (1993) eight-chain model. The evolution of the constitutive equations for the nonlinear endochronic elastoplastic response are derived in analogy to the Bergström–Boyce finite viscoelasticity model discussed by Dal and Kaliske (2009).     

基于深度强化学习算法的颗粒材料应力?应变关系数据驱动模拟研究

颗粒材料的宏观力学行为受颗粒组分等材料参数, 孔隙率、配位数等状态参数的影响, 同时又具备复杂的加载路径和加载历史相关性, 建立包含多个内变量以及各变量间相互关联的颗粒材料本构模型是一个重要的科学难题. 不同于传统的基于屈服面、流动法则和硬化函数框架下的唯象本构模型, 本文基于颗粒物质力学的研究基础, 以颗粒材料平均孔隙率、细观组构参数和弹性刚度参数作为内变量, 结合深度学习方法建立以有向图表征的数据本构模型. 有向图中以不同的链接网络表示不同的内变量信息流动方向, 各个内变量间的映射关系采用循环神经网络来建立, 将各个神经网络相互组合, 形成包含不同内变量且具有不同预测能力的本构模型. 该本构模型的建立过程等价于在众多可能的内变量链接关系空间中寻找最能描述实际材料宏观应力应变行为的优化问题. 因此, 可将有向图本构模型的建立过程看作“马尔可夫决策过程”, 采用深度强化学习算法构建有向图的内变量链接组合优化过程, 具体采用AlphaGo Zero算法自动寻找最优的颗粒材料数据驱动本构模型建模路径. 研究结果表明, 采用有向图和深度强化学习算法可建立起完全依靠“数据驱动”的颗粒材料应力?应变关系. 此外, 本方法提供了一种将不同理论模型从数据角度统一起来, 且基于人工智能算法发展更优模型的研究思路, 可为相似问题的研究提供借鉴.      

Some extremum properties of finite-step solutions inelastoplasticity

For the nonholonomic elastic–plastic problem under a given external action history overa time interval, an extremal formulation is given in terms of the complete solution over the wholeinterval. The assumed elastic–plastic behaviour is of the associated type with piecewiselinearized yield surface and linear hardening.When the loading history is reduced to an infinitesimal increment of the external actions(incremental problem) or when the material behaviour is assumed to be of the holonomic type (finite holonomic step) problem, the functional of the extremal formulation may be split into thesum of two other simpler functionals (previously introduced) whose minimum, for both of them,gives the problem solution under less constraints than in the original problem.For general non-holonomic loading histories the above splitting is shown to be still possiblewhen a particular change of the complementarity condition of the constitutive law is considered,which leads to a new class of holonomic problems.It is shown that some problems of this new class, together with a suitable time discretization,represent the schematization of the original problem corresponding to well known numericalintegration schemes.     

内蕴时间理论用于NOPD结构响应计算的研究

非阻塞性微颗粒阻尼（NOPD）技术是在传统颗粒阻尼和冲击阻尼技术基础上发展起来的一种复合阻尼新技术，具有良好的减振效果。研究利用内蕴时间理论推导了散粒体的增量型内时本构方程并通过罚单元解决了粉体与结构之间的连接问题，在此基础上对NOPD结构的响应进行了仿真计算和实验验证，结果表明，将内时理论应用于NOPD响应计算分析是可行的。为NOPD的工程应用提供了一种有效的分析方法。     

Elliptic yield cap constitutive modeling for high porosity sandstone

Field and laboratory investigators have observed thin, tabular zones of localized compressional deformation without shear in high porosity sandstone. These ‘compaction bands’ display greatly reduced porosity, and may affect the withdrawal of fluids from reservoirs. Studies addressing band formation as a type of strain localization predict the onset of the bands in a range of constitutive parameters roughly consistent with experiments, but are highly dependent on the constitutive relation used. In particular, the hardening modulus in shear and the slope of the yield surface in a plot of shear stress versus mean compressive stress are critical to localization predictions. Previous yield cap constitutive models employed a single deformation criterion, linking hydrostatic and shear response. In this work, we propose an elliptic yield cap model employing separate inelastic deformation parameters along each axis of the ellipse. The two deformation parameters allow the proposed surface to change in aspect ratio as it deforms, and allow a negative hardening modulus in shear without a negative hydrostatic modulus. Some cases with simplified modeling are shown for illustrative purposes, followed by a comparison with existing models. The proposed model displays similar strain behavior to the other models, but predicts localization under less restrictive conditions.     

Anisotropic parameter identification using inhomogeneous tensile test

In this contribution, an inverse identification strategy of constitutive laws for elastoplastic behaviour is presented. The proposed inverse algorithm is composed on an appropriate finite element calculation combined with an optimisation procedure. It is applied to identify material anisotropic coefficients using a set up of easy performed laboratory tests. The used experimental data are the plane tensile test and the off axes tensile tests. The identified behaviour models are mainly based on Hill's quadratic yield criterion. Two cases of this yield criterion have been considered: the transverse isotropic and the orthotropic one under an associated and non-associated flow rule assumptions for each case. The yield surface has been assumed to expand isotropically (isotropic strain hardening law) as a function of the plastic work.In order to better describe anisotropic plastic properties of the studied materials, a recently planar anisotropic yield function is used. It is a non-quadratic yield criterion which takes account of anisotropic yield stresses as well as anisotropic strain ratios. It is subsequently shown that the agreement between inverse identification results and experimental measurements were improved.We prove also that the presented strategy is a good alternative to the simplified homogeneous tests assumption, especially for the plane tensile test.     

含瓦斯煤的内时本构关系及其参数的实验研究

根据含瓦斯煤的力学实验结果，采用内蕴时间塑性理论建立了含瓦斯煤的本构关系，给出了本构关系中材料参数的确定方法，并进行了实验验证。     

An endochronic theory accounted for deformation induced anisotropy

An anisotropic quadratic form of plastic strain increment is used to define the intrinsic time in the endochronic theory of plasticity. Based on this new definition, a yield function can be derived. This new version of endochronic theory can describe the expansion, translation, rotation, and distortion of the yield surface. While the initial yielding is in the form of the Mises yield criterion, the distortion of subsequent yield surfaces is expressed by the compression or stretching of the Mises yield surface. The effect of sharp front and blunt rear of the yield surface is considered to be of secondary importance and neglected in the interest of keeping the equations simple. This idealization will not much affect the prediction power of the model, because the plastic strain increment is in the radial direction emanating from the center of the current yield surface and is not normal to the current yield surface. In this theory, the plastic deformation is thus not sensitive to the exact shape of the yield surface. It has been shown that the proposed theory is capable of describing the experimental results of three different metals considered. The test series investigated include several different paths of prestress.     

A nonclassical constitutive model for crystal plasticity and its application

I.IntroductionTheresearchoncrystalplasticitycanbedatedbackto1930'sill.AherHill[=],HillandRicely]builtupaperfectsystemofthegeometryandkineticsofCrystalplasticity,itsapplicatiollbecolllesmoreandmoreattractive,especiallyintheallalysisofpolycrystallinelllaterialssubjectedtoInultiaxiallynonproportionalcyclicloading.Ithasalreadybeenrealizedthattileillll,ol'talltforthepracticalapplicationis:tofindal.ealisticalldeasilyapplicableof'ystallineconstitutiverelationandaneffectivenumericalapproach.Tilecon…     

An endochronic theory accounting for deformation induced anisotropy of metals under biaxial load

Using the experimental results of yield surfaces obtained by Wu and Yeh [1991] (Int. J. Plasticity, 7, 803) for 304 stainless steel, this work provides a verification of the endochronic theory of plasticity accounting for deformation induced anisotropy. The experiments were performed under proportional loading conditions. The main difference between this paper and other papers that attempt to describe the distortion of a yield surface is that, in addition to distortion, motion of yield surface (kinematic hardening) has also been addressed by this paper. The result has shown that the theory predicts the experimental data with substantial accuracy. However, since in this theory the plastic strain increment, although normal to the initial yield surface, is in the radial direction emanating from the center of the subsequent yield surface, validity of the present model must be further studied for the case involving nonproportional loading conditions.     

混凝土损伤与试件尺寸效应

本文在运用概率方法确定了混凝土材料的初始损伤门槛值εＤ的前提下采用已有内时损伤本构模型，利用有限元方法对单边切口混凝土梁在三点弯曲荷载和四点剪切荷载作用下的力学行为进行了分析，计算了所有试件 的极限荷载Ｐｍａｘ，运用计算结果对混凝土断裂力学参数的尺寸效应规律进行了分析，并与已有试验结果进行了比较，其结果表明本文的数值分析怀华权及其它方法的分析结果吻合较好。