CrOx在ZrO2上的分散状态及其CO还原NO性能的研究

利用XRD和BET等物理技术研究了CrOx对ZrO2的抗烧结性能及Cr的分散状态.结果表明,CrOx是良好的ZrO2抗烧结剂,会抑制ZrO2晶型从无定形→四方→单斜的相变过程;CrOx与ZrO2之间的强相互作用还有利于Crox在ZrO2表面的分散.NO的TPD-MS实验表明,NO在CrOx/ZrO2表面存在两种与ZrO2作用强弱不同的吸附态,在程序升温脱附过程中发生了NO的离解反应.NO+CO的反应实验表明,反应过程中存在中间产物N2O,低温有利生成N2O,而高温有利于转化成N2.     

SAXS study of polymer adsorption on porous ZrO2

The small‐angle X‐ray scattering method (SAXS) has been used for the analysis of polymer adsorption on porous ZrO₂. Particular attention has been paid to the adsorption of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) on the surface of porous ZrO₂. It has been established that the SAXS method determines whether the polymer has penetrated the carrier's pores, and that polymers of low molecular weight create a thin transition layer on the surface of ZrO₂ (understood in the context of a change in the electron density). The creation of this layer is clearly reflected in the run of SAXS curves (Porod's plot). Ruland–Vonk's method has been used to determine the thickness of the transition layer. The results are consistent with those obtained when the viscosity method was used. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IR spectroscopic and calorimetric study of water and formic acid adsorption on a vanadium-titanium catalyst

Kinetics and Catalysis - Formaldehyde is oxidized to formic acid at a high selectivity over vanadium -titanium catalysts. IR spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques were used for studying the...     

IR spectroscopic studies of acetone adsorption on Sn/Mo oxide catalyst

The formation of coordinatively bound acetone and cleavage products (enolates and, apparently, C–C bond cleavage products) has been revealed on the Sn/Mo oxide catalyst.

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Sn/Mo (, , , C–C ).

     

IR study of ammonia adsorption on Lewis acidic sites on a V2O5/Al2O3 catalyst

Reduction of V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been shown to affect the adsorption of ammonia on Lewis acid sites. The band of NH₃ (ad) at 1243 cm^–3 is sensitive to oxygen under mild conditions. An adsorbed species with IR absorption at 1300 cm^–1 is likely to undergo dissociation to form NH₂.

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V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ . NH₃ () 1243 ^–1 . 1300 ^–1 , NH₂.

     

Ethoxy Groups on ZrO2, CuO,and CuO/ZrO2 Studied by IR Spectroscopy

The formation, properties, decomposition and reactions of ethoxy groups on ZrO₂, CuO, and CuO/ZrO₂ were followed by IR spectroscopy. The reaction of ethanol with terminal Zr-OH groups leads to the formation of monodendate ethoxy groups (type I), whereas the reaction of ethanol with tribridged Zr-OH grups results in the formation of bidendate ethoxyls (type II). In both cases, water is produced. Ethoxy groups of type II were also formed on CuO. The type of the surface species detected after interaction of ethanol with CuO/ZrO₂ was the same as detected for both oxides (i.e., ZrO₂ and CuO) separately. This suggests that no new phase was formed in the mixed oxide system. At higher temperatures, ethoxy groups were oxidized forming acetate ions. Gaseous ethanol present in the cell was oxidized to acetaldehyde without the intermediacy of ethoxy groups.     

IR spectroscopic studies of adsorption and conversion of isopropyl alcohol on a Sn/Mo oxide catalyst

Brönsted acid centers on the surface of the Sn/Mo oxide catalyst are shown to play a decisive role in isopropyl alcohol conversion to acetone.

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Sn/Mo .

     

Modeling of the adsorption and desorption of CO2 on Cu/ZrO2 and ZrO2 catalysts

The interaction between carbon dioxide and two zirconia catalysts-a Cu/ZrO2 catalyst containing 34% copper and a pure ZrO2 catalyst-was studied by pulse adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption methods. Kinetic modeling by nonlinear regression was applied to acquire information on the adsorption and desorption of CO2 relevant in the synthesis of methanol from carbon dioxide. A model that included three types of adsorption sites described well the experimental data for both Cu/ZrO2 and ZrO2. The model assumed first-order kinetics and a Freundlich-type logarithmic dependence of adsorption enthalpy on surface coverage. The parameters of the model were well identified and were in the physically meaningful range. The results indicate that, at 30 degrees C, on both catalysts, carbon dioxide adsorbs reversibly on one type of site and irreversibly on two other types of sites.     

耐高温高比表面氧化铬/氧化锆体系的制备和表征

采用浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了CrOx/ZrO2样品.制备过程中所得沉淀都经100 ℃碱液回流老化24 h.通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、氮吸附、差热-热重分析等手段对样品进行了表征.结果证实,碱液回流过程中会有SiO2从所用的玻璃器皿进入样品， SiO2的表面修饰作用提高了载体的热稳定性.氧化铬的引入进一步提高了所得样品的比表面和热稳定性.与浸渍法相比，共沉淀法制备的样品具有更好的性能.其中铬锆摩尔比为0.15时，用NaOH作沉淀剂， pH值为13的条件下制备的样品在1000 ℃焙烧后比表面仍达到121 m2•g－1.     

IR study of isopropanol adsorption on haematite

The IR study shows that isopropanol interacts with haematite at IR beam temperature both as a physisorbed form, hydrogen bonded to basic sites of the surface, and as isopropoxide groups. At 423 K a decomposition of isopropoxide groups produces enolate anions of acetone.

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, , - , . 150 °C .

     

ZrO2助剂对Ni/SiO2催化剂CO甲烷化催化活性及其吸附性能的影响

采用连续流动微反装置和原位漫反射红外光谱法考察了Ni/SiO₂及添加ZrO₂助剂的Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂CO甲烷化催化活性和吸附性能。结果表明,在CO体积分数 1%、空速 5000h^-1、常压的反应条件下,200℃时Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂可将CO完全转化。而相同反应条件下Ni/SiO₂催化剂上CO的转化率仅为35%,直至270℃时方可将CO完全转化。由此可见,ZrO₂助剂的添加明显提高了Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂的CO甲烷化催化活性。同时,ZrO₂助剂的添加显著提高了Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂对CO的吸附能力,H₂存在时可通过在较低温度时形成较多的桥式羰基氢化物来提高Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂的CO甲烷化催化活性;CO甲烷化反应条件下,Ni/SiO₂和Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂上C-O键的削弱和断裂是经由羰基氢化物 多氢羰基氢化物的途径,而不是经由C-O键的直接断裂途径。     

Calorimetric study of dinitrogen adsorption at 310 K on a chromia/silica catalyst

The energetics of dinitrogen adsorption on 310 K on a chromia catalyst has been investigated by adsorption calorimetry. Two types of heats have been detected and assigned to a least two different interactions with Cr^II sites of the catalyst.

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310 . , , - , Cr^II .

     

The CrOx/SiO2/Si(100) catalyst – a surface science approach to supported olefin polymerization catalysis

Depositing catalytically active particles onto flat, thin and oxidic support forms an attractive way to make supported catalyst suitable for surface science characterization. Here we show how this approach has been applied to the Phillips (CrO_x/SiO₂) ethylene polymerization catalyst. The model catalyst shows a respectable polymerization activity after thermal activation in dry air (calcination). Combining the molecular information from X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) we can draw a molecular level of the activated catalyst that features exclusively monochromate species, which are anchored to the silica support via ester bonds with the surface silanol groups. These surface chromates form the active polymerization site upon contact with ethylene. Upon increasing calcination temperature we observe a decrease in chromium coverage as some of the surface chromate desorbs from the silica surface. Nevertheless, we also find an increasing polymerization activity of the model catalyst. We attribute this increase in catalytic activity to the isolation of the supported chromium, which prevents dimerization of the coordinatively unsaturated active site. Diluting the amount of chromium to 200 Cr‐atoms/nm² of silica surface enables the visualisation of polyethylene produced by a single active site.     

Epoxidation of the polyisobutene using WO3/ZrO2 catalyst

Tungsten-promoted zirconia (WO₃/ZrO₂) was prepared by surfactant-assisted precipitation. Textural and structural characterizations of the catalysts were performed by means of N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and BET surface area. Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and FTIR spectra of adsorbed pyridine were used to determine the acid properties. The catalytic activities of samples have also been evaluated by the epoxidation reaction of the polyisobutene in a heterogeneous system. It was observed that WO₃/ZrO₂ has a beneficial effect modified by PEG-400.     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO with hydrocarbon on Cu2+-exchanged pillared clay: An IR study of the NO decomposition mechanism

In an earlier study, it has been found that Cu²⁺ ion-exchanged pillared clay (Cu-PILC) has a substantially higher activity for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by ethylene over Cu-ZSM-5. Moreover, it is not significantly deactivated by water vapor and SO₂. In this study, the activity for direct NO decomposition in the presence of O₂ on Cu-PILC was studied and an in situ IR study for the key intermediates and the reaction mechanism was made. The direct NO decomposition activities for Cu-PILC and Cu-ZSM-5 were similar. Under in situ NO and O₂ reaction conditions at temperatures up to 300°C, IR absorption bands at well-defined peak positions are identified. The band at 1699 cm⁻¹ is assigned to a dinitrosyl species on Cu⁺. The bands with peaks at 1609, 1530–1480 and in the region of 1440–1335 cm⁻¹ are assigned to bidentate nitrate, monodentate nitrate and nitro species bonded to Cu²⁺. A redox mechanism is proposed for NO decomposition. The limiting step is thought to be the N–N coupling between surface nitrate and gaseous nitric oxide to form nitrogen. The existence of substantial amounts of nitrate formed from NO alone indicates the important role of the large amount of lattice oxygen that is available on Cu-PILC. As a result, the role of external oxygen supply is only to replenish the consumed lattice oxygen. The proposed NO decomposition mechanism suggests that the redox property of Cu-PILC is crucial for this reaction.     

An in situ IR spectroscopic study of methanol conversion on an SNM-1 catalyst

Kinetics and Catalysis - According to data obtained by spectrokinetic measurements under the reaction conditions of methanol conversion, formate and carbonate complexes were detected on the surface...     

AN XPS study of the interaction of model Ba/TiO2 AND Ba/ZrO2 NSR catalysts with NO2

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of model NO₂ storage-reduction catalysts (NSR catalysts) Ba/TiO₂ and Ba/ZrO₂ with NO₂. The catalysts are prepared on the surface of ultrathin Al₂O₃ film substrates obtained by the FeCrAl alloy oxidation. It is shown that at room temperature the model catalysts react with NO₂ with the successive formation of surface barium nitrite and nitrate. The NO₂ reduction with the formation of barium nitrite at the initial step of the interaction is assumed to be accompanied by the oxidation of residual metallic barium and amorphous carbon impurity. It is found that the formation of barium nitrate proceeds more efficiently on Ba/ZrO₂ rather than on Ba/TiO₂.     

Study of propylene adsorption and conversion on a gallium-molybdenum catalyst by IR spectroscopy and thermodesorption techniques

A study of propylene adsorption on gallium molybdate by IR spectroscopy and thermodesorption techniques has shown that propylene is adsorbed in reversible (-allyl) and irreversible (carboxyl, carbonate and formate) forms. The analysis of the spectra observed is supported by deuterated propylene adsorption. The conversion of the surface -allyl complexes into an Me–O–CH₂–CH=CH₂ type compound is followed.

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- , - : , . , . - Me–O–CH₂–CH=CH₂.

     

Properties of surface acid sites of ZrO2 and SO4ZrO2-based systems studied by diffuse-reflectance Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy: adsorption of acetonitrile-d3

The properties of acid sites of ZrO₂ and SO₄/ZrO₂-based systems modified by metal ions were studied by DRIFT spectroscopy using acetonitrile-d₃ as a probe molecule. In the case of ZrO₂. CD₃CN interacts with the Lewis acid sites (LAS) with moderate strength. Adsorption on the Brönsted acid sites (BAS) is very weak, which indicates the absence of strong BAS on the surface of ZrO₂. Modification of the surface by SO₄ groups results in the appearance of a new type of BAS that are capable of adsorbing CD₃CN in the polycoordinated form,i.e., stronger complexes with the adsorbate. Addition of metal ions (Fe, Ga, Zn, or Co) leads to the formation of a new type of LAS connected with Fe³⁺, Ga³⁺, Zn²⁺, and Co²⁺ promoter ions.     

ZrO2助剂对Co/SiO2催化剂在Fischer-Tropsch合成反应中稳定性的影响

采用TPR、XRD、XPS和H2脉冲吸附等表征手段考察了ZrO2助剂对Co/SiO2催化剂在Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)合成中稳定性的影响。结果表明,ZrO2的引入促进了钴物种在催化剂上的分散并明显抑制了该催化剂的失活;在反应过程中ZrO2起到结构助剂的作用,明显抑制了Co/SiO2催化剂上硅酸钴或水合硅酸钴物种的生成。