农药化学现状和发展动向

本文介绍农药化学现状,并与医药化学的研究特点进行比较。近年农药研究比较活跃的领域有天然农药、原农药、手性农药等。在新农药创制中发展较快的有超高效农药、特异性农药(生物调节剂),元素有机农药和复配农药,最后对农药化学展望作一概述。     

Evaluation of the Effect of Pear Stone Cells on the Recovery of Multi-Class Pesticides

The widespread sample preparation method for the extraction of pesticide residues, the QuEChERS method, sometimes yields different pesticide recovery values for different food matrices. Pear (Pyrus communis L.) is an example of a matrix that can be characterized with somewhat lower pesticide recoveries. In order to investigate the reason for this result, the most characteristic structural feature of pears, the stone cells, possessing a specific surface due to their greater cellulose and lignin contents, were isolated and purified. The isolated stone cells were used for the preparation of a model sample in combination with tomato, a food matrix showing high pesticide recovery values, in a pesticide spiking experiment. Eleven multi-class pesticides were selected for the study where the quantification was carried out with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. No significant differences were found between the pesticide recoveries obtained from the tomato and the combined tomato-pear stone cells matrices, which indicates the reason behind the lower pesticide recoveries in pear matrices is still to be determined.     

高分辨质谱技术在农药残留检测中的应用

农药残留检测是农产品中有害物质控制的重要组成部分,随着农药残留限量标准体系的发展完善,农药残留检测方法也在不断进步。近年来质谱技术发展迅速,已被广泛应用于农药残留检测领域,高分辨质谱由于具有较高的分辨率和质量精确度,在复杂基质的农药多残留高通量检测中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文从高分辨质谱与液相色谱、气相色谱及其他分离模式联用等方面出发,简述了近5年来高分辨质谱在农药残留检测中的应用,对目前高分辨质谱在农药残留检测应用中发现的问题进行了讨论,并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。     

Research progress on pesticide residue detection based on microfluidic technology

The problem of pesticide residue contamination has attracted widespread attention and poses a risk to human health. The current traditional pesticide residue detection methods have difficulty meeting rapid and diverse field screening requirements. Microfluidic technology integrates functions from sample preparation to detection, showing great potential for quick and accurate high-throughput detection of pesticide residues. This paper reviews the latest research progress on microfluidic technology for pesticide residue detection. First, the commonly used microfluidic materials are summarized, including silicon, glass, paper, polydimethylsiloxane, and polymethyl methacrylate. We evaluated their advantages and disadvantages in pesticide residue detection applications. Second, the current pesticide residue detection technology based on microfluidics and its application to real samples are summarized. Finally, we discuss this technology's present challenges and future research directions. This study is expected to provide a reference for the future development of microfluidic technology for pesticide residue detection.     

农药化学中的绿色化学

绿色化学是从根本上消除环境污染的必由之路。由于某些传统农药是引起环境污染的一个重要因素,因而对农药化学中的绿色化学进行研究和推广具有非常重要的意义。本文应用绿色化学原理,对农药化学中的一些绿色化学方法和技术作了简单介绍。     

Pesticide residue analysis (1999-2000): a review

The literature of pesticide residue analysis is reviewed selectively for the period 1999-2000. Analyses of a wide range of pesticide classes and sample types, as well as some related organic pollutants, are covered. Studies of exposure and monitoring as well as pesticide degradation, persistance, leaching, mobility, and metabolism studies are included.     

Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water with Enzyme Membrane Extraction-Gas Chromatography

The pollution of organophosphorus pesticides in water, especially in drinking water source, is a vital threat to life. Therefore, great concern is being focused on the effects of pesticide residues on public health and wildlife. The detection of trace organophosphorus pesticide residues in water is a very important task. In the recent years, the immunoassay technique has been utilized in the determination of trace organophosphorus pesticide residues in various environmental samples.     

亲水作用液相色谱脱除人参提取物中农药残留

亲水作用液相色谱法(HILIC)是一种用于改善强极性物质的保留和分离选择性的方法,广泛应用于药物分析、代谢组学、蛋白质组学等领域.该文利用农药分子与皂苷成分在HILIC上的保留行为差异,开发了一种农药残留脱除方法.以市售高纯人参提取物为例,该文评价了农药分子和人参皂苷在亲水色谱柱上的保留行为,并考察了上样量、淋洗体积、...     

A review of sampling approaches to off-target pesticide deposition

Off-target deposition is one of the major routes of pesticide entry into the environment. Several studies have been carried out employing different tracers in an attempt to estimate pesticide deposition in the environment. This paper, in contrast, reviews different off-target sampling methods using the pesticide active ingredient. A critical analysis has been conducted on the sampling methods as applied to (a) pesticides of different volatilities, (b) samplers constructed using different materials, and (c) global distribution of the studies carried out on different pesticides using these samplers. In the last twenty years, pesticide deposition sampling has been carried out using various samplers such as chromatography paper, glass and plastic petri dishes, glass microscope slides, stainless steel rods and discs, amongst others. Of these, most studies have reported the use of chromatography paper because of the numerous advantages that it possesses, including protecting the pesticides from photodegradation and volatilisation. Air dispersion software models applied to pesticide deposition have tended to either over-predict or under-predict the amount of surface deposition resulting from pesticide spray drift. In conclusion, more work needs to be done to standardise pesticide deposition monitoring methods, including the choice of the most appropriate sampler for a particular situation, in order to obtain comparable and accurate data.     

Qualitative Identification of an Unknown Pesticide Using GC-MS and Online Resources

A senior-level instrumental analysis experiment is described in which students examine fruit for pesticide residues. This experiment involves fundamental instruction in sample preparation, the use of gas chromatography (GC) to resolve and deduce important components of a commercial pesticide preparation by matching against a certified standard, and unambiguous identification of the active pesticide by using mass spectrometry in conjunction with public data available on the Internet.     

蔬菜中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药残留GC-MS-SIM分析

我国对食品中农药残留的检测正在不断地探索快速准确的有效方法。现在普遍采用气相色谱法或气相色谱一质谱全扫描法检测蔬菜中农药残留,由于蔬菜中组成成份复杂,本底干扰较大,而且不同农药品种的理化性质差异较大,因此单纯用气相色谱法容易产生误判。本文介绍一种用气相色谱．质谱选择离子扫描法,同时检测蔬菜中15种有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药残留的方法,该方法对农药残留检测具有定性准确、灵敏度高的特点。     

含螺环结构农药研究进展

综述了近年来含螺环结构化合物在农药方面的研究进展, 详细介绍了部分螺环化合物的合成方法, 总结了螺环农药的结构特征. 对该类化合物的应用前景进行了展望.     

免疫分析技术在农药残留分析中的研究进展及在中药中的应用展望

中药材的农药残留问题一直是人们关注的重点,免疫分析技术作为一项特异性强、灵敏度高的快速分析检测技术,在实现中药材农药残留快速筛查方面发挥着重要作用.该文结合近年免疫分析相关研究进展,对不同的免疫分析技术在中药农药残留分析方面的应用、技术优势以及局限性进行总结分析,并对免疫分析技术的发展前景进行了展望,对免疫分析技术在农...     

Rapid Determination of Dimethoate with a Surface Acoustic Wave Impedance Sensor System

Abstract

Based on the principle of enzyme inhibition, a novel and sensitive lipase biosensor to determine organophosphorus pesticide is presented. Contact of the enzyme with pesticide samples results in specific inhibition of enzyme activity. Sensor calibration was possible by correlating the inhibition of enzyme activity with various concentrations of pesticide compound in a buffer solution. The sensor was successfully used to determine pesticide concentrations ranging from a low of 167ng/ml to 1.34μg/ml, and the detection limit is 81ng/ml. The effects of temperature, pH value, incubation time and solvent were also investigated. The sensor was also applied to the determination of dimethoate residues in the peel and flesh of tomato.     

量子点传感器在有机磷农药残留检测中的应用

有机磷农药作为一种神经毒剂,在过量使用后会造成许多潜在危害,如污染作物、环境以及使人畜中毒等。因此,建立高灵敏、高特异的有机磷农药残留检测方法对于保障食品安全与人体健康具有重要意义。基于量子点的传感器分析检测方法因其具有灵敏度高、特异性强、响应速度快、操作简单等优势,在有机磷农药残留检测方面成为研究热点与发展趋势。本文对国内外近年来量子点传感器在作物、环境以及生物样品中有机磷农药残留检测的应用进展进行了综述,并对该领域的前景进行了展望。     

毛细管电泳和毛细管电色谱技术在农药残留检测中的应用

由于毛细管电泳（CE）和毛细管电色谱（CEC）具有所需样品体积小、分离效率高等特点,越来越多的学者已将它们应用到农药残留（简称农残）检测中,并将它们同各种不同的检测器以及样品浓缩方法相结合,以提高检测的灵敏度。本文对CE和CEC两种方法中所涉及的常见的样品预浓缩方法进行了简要的介绍。对各种不同类型的检测器（如紫外检测、荧光检测、电化学检测以及质谱检测等）的优缺点及其在农残检测中的应用情况进行了评述;同时对手性农药的CE和CEC分离检测情况进行了特别介绍;并对CE和CEC在农残分析与检测中的应用前景进行了展望。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定农药制剂中29种助剂

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）同时测定农药制剂中29种助剂的方法。农药制剂经甲醇稀释,取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜后检测分析。采用VF-1701MS毛细管柱（60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）分离,选择离子监测模式下（SIM）测定,外标法定量。结果表明,29种农药助剂在6.2~400.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（R²）均大于0.99,方法定量限为4.4~439.1 mg/kg,乳油型和可溶液剂型农药样品的平均加标回收率分别为82.0%~111.9%和82.6%~112.9%,相对标准偏差为0.4%~7.2%和0.3%~8.2%（RSD,n=6）。应用该方法对110份农药制剂样品进行检测,其中28份检出苯酚、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二氯甲烷、正己烷等共11种农药助剂,含量范围为0.05%~15.65%。此方法操作简单,灵敏度高,准确性好,适用于农药制剂中29种助剂的同时检测。     

Estimation of measurement uncertainty in pesticide residue analysis

Proficiency test results from 5 countries involving 61 separate interlaboratory proficiency tests for pesticide residues were examined in this study. A total of 24 different matrixes and 869 relative standard deviations of the mean (or median) pesticide residue concentration were statistically evaluated in relation to the Horwitz function. The aim was to determine whether or not the concentration-dependent relationship described by Horwitz would hold for the much narrower range of chemicals and concentrations covered in routine pesticide residue analysis. Although for fatty (animal-derived) matrixes the variability increased as the concentration decreased in line with the Horwitz equation, the between-laboratories relative standard deviations for nonfatty matrixes (fruit, vegetables, and grain) remained at 25% over the entire concentration range of 1 microg/kg to 10 mg/kg for the pesticides studied. Given these findings, the Horwitz equation remains valid for calculating uncertainties involving pesticide residues in fatty matrixes. However, for pesticide residue analyses involving nonfatty matrixes, a constant relative standard deviation of 25% is more appropriate for calculating uncertainties, particularly when a reported result is assessed against a regulatory limit.     

Functionalization of Ag nanoparticles with the bis-acridinium lucigenin as a chemical assembler in the detection of persistent organic pollutants by surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Organochlorine pesticide endosulfan has been detected for the first time by using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at trace concentrations. The bis-acridinium dication lucigenine was successfully used as a molecular assembler in the functionalization of metal nanoparticles to facilitate the approach of the pesticide to the metal surface. From the SERS spectra valuable information about the interaction mechanism between the pesticide and lucigenin can be deduced. In fact, endosulfan undergoes an isomerization upon adsorption onto the metal, while the viologen undergoes a rotation of the acridinium planes to better accommodate the pesticide molecule. An interaction between the N atom of the central acridinium ring and the pesticide Cl-CC-Cl fragment is verified through a charge-transfer complex. The present study affords important information which can be applied to the design of chemical sensor systems of persistent organic pollutants based on the optical detection on functionalized metal nanoparticle.     

Advances in pesticide biosensors: current status, challenges, and future perspectives

Public concern over pesticide residues has been increasing dramatically owing to the high toxicity and bioaccumulation effects of pesticides and the serious risks that they pose to the environment and human health. It is therefore crucial to monitor pesticide residues by using various analytical methods and techniques, especially highly sensitive, highly selective, simple, rapid, cost-effective, and portable ones. Biosensor strategies have become research hotspots and ideal candidates for pesticide detection, having such features as high sensitivity, fast response, robustness, low cost and miniaturization, as well as in situ and real-time monitoring. This review covers advances in the design and fabrication of biosensors for pesticide detection since 2005. Special emphasis is placed on the state-of-art selection of receptors, the use of different transduction techniques and fast screening strategies, and the application of various biosensors developed in food and environmental safety. Both advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are then summarized. Finally, challenges, strategies, and perspectives in further developing pesticide biosensors are also discussed.