Pd supported on graphene modified g-C3N4 hybrid: a highly efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and graphene (GO) have been greatly utilized as supports in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, layered C₃N₄ polymer/graphene hybrid (CNNS/rGO₂₀) with heterostructure was fabricated by a hydrothermal method followed by loading Pd nanoparticles on the hybrid. The palladium was well dispersed uniformly (1.31 nm) owing to the layered and porous heterostructure of CNNS/rGO₂₀. The obtained catalyst was used for the transfer hydrogenation of a series of nitro-compounds to give the corresponding aromatic amines with outstanding activity by employing formic acid as hydrogen donor under mild conditions. The catalytic activity of the heterogeneous catalyst showed no significant loss after five continuous use.     

Enhanced selectivity in acetylene hydrogenation by ligand modified Pd/TiO2 catalysts

Modification of Pd/TiO(2) catalyst by adsorption of triphenylphosphine and phenyl sulfide leads to markedly enhanced selectivity for acetylene hydrogenation in the presence of ethylene and excess hydrogen. Similar selectivities were maintained in cases where ligand decomposition took place and sulfur was retained on the catalyst surface.     

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of acetylene on the Pd/sibunit catalyst in the presence of carbon monoxide

The liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene into ethylene in the presence of CO over palladium supported on the graphite-like material Sibunit has been investigated. Carbon monoxide is an effective modifier of the selective hydrogenation process, exerting its effect by competing with acetylene and ethylene for chemisorption sites on the palladium surface. Under the optimum conditions (T = 90°C; N-methylpyrrolidone solvent; feed consisting of 2 vol % C₂H₂, 90 vol % H₂, and He balance), the introduction of 2 vol % CO ensures a high ethylene selectivity of 89.6 ± 1.5% at an acetylene conversion of 95.8 ± 1.3%, with the acetylene converted into hydrooligomers taken into account.     

Construction of SiO2-TiO2/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst for hydrogen production and pollutant degradation: Insight into the effect of SiO2

Using low-cost precipitated silica (SiO₂) as the carrier, a ternary SiO₂-TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst was prepared via the sol-gel method associated with a wet-grinding process. The as-prepared composite exhibits photocatalytic hydrogen production and pollutant degradation performance under solar-like irradiation. The effect of SiO₂ carrier on the properties of the heterostructure between TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄ (CN) was systematically studied. It is found that SiO₂ has important effects on promoting the interaction between TiO₂ and CN. The particle size of TiO₂ and CN was obviously reduced during the calcination process due to the effects of SiO₂. Especially, the TiO₂ particles exhibit monodispersed state with particle size below 10 nm (quantum dots), resulting in the improvement of the contact area and the interaction between TiO₂ and CN, and leading to the formation of efficient TiO₂/CN Z-scheme heterostructure in SiO₂-TiO₂/CN. Besides, the introduction of SiO₂ can increase the specific surface area and light absorption of SiO₂-TiO₂/CN, further promoting the photocatalytic reaction. As expected, the optimum SiO₂-TiO₂/CN composite exhibits 12.3, 3.1 and 2.9 times higher photocatalytic hydrogen production rate than that of SiO₂-TiO₂, CN and TiO₂/CN under solar-like irradiation, while the photocatalytic active component in SiO₂-TiO₂/CN is only about 60 wt%. Moreover, the rhodamine B degradation rate of SiO₂-TiO₂/CN is also higher than that of SiO₂-TiO₂, CN and TiO₂/CN.     

IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢反应性能的影响

乙烯是合成聚乙烯的原料,其主要来源是石油裂解气,其中少量的乙炔杂质会严重毒化生产聚乙烯的催化剂,因此需要将其去除.对于乙炔选择加氢反应,传统工业上使用的是Pd基催化剂,尽管其乙炔转化率很高,但对乙烯的选择性很低.我们前期的研究发现,IB族金属(Au,Ag和Cu)与Pd形成的合金单原子催化剂可以有效地提高乙烯的选择性.作为与Pd同组的非贵金属,Ni催化剂在多种催化加氢反应中显示出优异活性,而在乙炔选择加氢反应中,Ni是否能够替代贵金属Pd尚无定论.本文系统地研究了IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢性能的影响.与Pd/SiO2催化剂不同,单金属Ni/SiO2催化剂在低温下不具有活性.将IB金属添加到Ni/SiO2催化剂中,可以显著提高其催化活性以及对乙烯的选择性.其中,AuNix/SiO2和CuNix/SiO2催化剂的催化活性随还原温度升高而提高,而AgNix/SiO2催化剂对预处理温度不敏感.通过调变IB/Ni原子比和还原温度优化了催化剂的催化性能,发现优化后的三种催化剂(CuNi0.125/SiO2、AgNi0.5/SiO2和AuNi0.5/SiO2)的活性和选择性随反应温度升高表现出相似的变化趋势.催化稳定性考察结果显示,CuNi0.125/SiO2催化剂表现出最高选择性和稳定性;尽管AuNi0.5/SiO2的初始活性最高,但是稳定性最低.采用XRD、TPR和微量吸附量热等表征手段对不同IB金属对Ni基催化剂性质的影响进行了系统考察.以Cu-Nix/SiO2催化剂为例,H2-TPR测试结果表明,Cu-Ni双金属纳米颗粒的形成使得还原温度低于相应的单金属催化剂,表明铜和镍之间存在明显的相互作用.此外,通过TPR获得的CuNix/SiO2催化剂上的氢气消耗量与理论耗氢量相吻合,表明在还原处理的过程中双金属催化剂中的CuO和NiO可以被完全还原.乙炔的微量吸附量热结果表明,在CuNi0.125/SiO2,AgNi0.5/SiO2,AuNi0.5/SiO2和Ni0.5/SiO2催化剂上的初始吸附热分别为187,196,304和103 kJ/mol,即它们的初始乙炔吸附强度顺序为AuNi0.5/SiO2>AgNi0.5/SiO2>CuNi0.125/SiO2>Ni0.5/SiO2.该结果与三者的初始催化活性顺序一致,表明IB金属的加入可以增强乙炔在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高催化活性.     

新型纳米催化剂Pd/g-C_3N_4 NSs的制备及其在Suzuki-Miyaura反应中的应用

通过一步法将纳米Pd负载于二维氮化碳纳米片(g-C3N4)上,制得一种新型的二维纳米催化剂Pd/g-C_3N_4NSs(1),其结构和形貌经TEM,XRD和XPS表征。以卤代苯与取代苯硼酸的Suzuki-Miyaura反应为探针反应,研究了1的催化性能。结果表明:1催化活性较好,TOF为53 000 h-1,部分产物收率高于99%,循环使用3次,其催化性能基本不变。     

In-situ Construction of Sulfur-doped g-C3N4/defective g-C3N4 Iso-type Step-scheme Heterojunction for Boosting Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

The rational construction of a high-efficiency stepscheme heterojunctions is an effective strategy to accelerate the photocatalytic H₂.Unfortunately,the variant energy-level matching between two different semiconductor confers limited the photocatalytic performance.Herein,a newfangled graphitic-carbon nitride(g-C₃N₄)based isotype step-scheme heterojunction,which consists of sulfur-doped and defective active sites in one microstructural unit,is successfully developed by in-situ polymerizing N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)and urea,accompanied by sulfur(S)powder.Therein,the polymerization between the amino groups of DMF and the amide group of urea endows the formation of rich defects.The propulsive integration of S-dopants contributes to the excellent fluffiness and dispersibility of lamellar g-C₃N₄.Moreover,the developed heterojunction exhibits a significantly enlarged surface area,thus leading to the more exposed catalytically active sites.Most importantly,the simultaneous introduction of S-doping and defects in the units of g-C₃N₄ also results in a significant improvement in the separation,transfer and recombination efficiency of photo-excited electron-hole pairs.Therefore,the resulting isotype step-scheme heterojunction possesses a superior photocatalytic H₂ evolution activity in comparison with pristine g-C₃N₄.The newly afforded metal-free isotype step-scheme heterojunction in this work will supply a new insight into coupling strategies of heteroatoms doping and defect engineering for various photocatalytic systems.     

The Z-scheme g-C3N4/3DOM-WO3 photocatalysts with enhanced activity for CO2 photoreduction into CO

The catalytic performance of light-derived CO₂reduction with H₂O is strongly dependent on the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers.Herein,the direct Z-scheme catalysts （g-C₃N₄/3DOM-WO₃）of graphitic carbon nitride （g-C₃N₄） nanosheets decorated three-dimensional ordered macroporous WO₃（3DOM-WO₃） were successfully fabricated by using the in-situ colloidal crystal template method.The slow l...     

g-C3N4/rGO杂化催化剂的简易合成及其对罗丹明B的光催化降解作用

在空气中直接加热三聚氰胺和氧化石墨烯(GO)的混合物制备了g-C3N4/rGO杂化催化剂.实验结果表明,混合物中的g-C3N4保留了石墨型氮化碳原始的特征结构, g-C3N4和还原的氧化石墨烯(rGO)之间的异质结主要通过π-π作用构筑.当原料中三聚氰胺/GO的质量比是800/1时,所得催化剂对罗丹明B的催化作用最强,其一阶动力学常数是纯g-C3N4的2.6倍.这种强化作用主要是由于rGO促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离.此外, g-C3N4/rGO还表现出显著的pH值敏感特性,催化降解速率随pH的降低而增加.当pH =1.98时,其一阶动力学常数是纯g-C3N4的8.6倍.这是由于酸性条件下质子(H+)消耗掉光生电子,促进了空穴对罗丹明B的氧化作用,其中rGO充当了一个快速的光生电子转移平台.     

SiO2负载的Au-Ni双金属催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中的应用

负载型Au催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中表现出很高的乙烯选择性,但其转化率相对较低.通过添加第二种金属如Pd,Fe,Ag和Cu等,制备双金属催化剂是提高其在加氢反应中催化活性的一种非常有效的手段.其中Au-Pd双金属催化剂是最受关注的体系之一,Pd的加入可以非常显著地提高其催化乙炔选择加氢反应的活性.据文献报道,与Pd同一主族的Ni也具有较好的加氢活性.尽管与Pd相比,Ni很难与Au形成合金,但目前已有Au-Ni双金属催化剂在多种反应中表现出协同效应的报道,如水气变换、CO氧化以及芳香硝基化合物选择加氢等.因此,向Au催化剂中添加Ni也可能提高催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中的催化活性.因此,我们采用两步法制备了一系列SiO2负载的具有不同Ni:Au原子比的Au-Ni双金属催化剂,并将其用于乙炔选择加氢反应,发现Au-Ni双金属催化剂在该反应中表现出了显著的协同效应,其活性明显优于相应单金属催化剂的活性.尽管其乙烯选择性略低于单金属Au催化剂,但明显高于单金属Ni催化剂.通过调节还原温度和/或Ni:Au的比例,对催化剂的性能进行了优化.结果显示,当Ni:Au=0.5时,催化剂表现出最优的综合性能,即兼具较高的乙炔转化率和乙烯选择性.为了研究Au-Ni双金属催化剂中金属纳米粒子的结构、组成以及Au-Ni之间的相互作用,我们对催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、能量散射谱(EDS)以及原位红外光谱(DRIFTS)表征.XRD和TEM结果显示,催化剂中的Au-Ni双金属纳米粒子都具有高分散和粒径均匀的特点.通过EDS分析,发现在Au-Ni双金属催化剂中的单个金属纳米粒子同时含有Au和Ni两种元素,尽管每个纳米粒子中Ni:Au的比例有差异.HRTEM结果发现,Au-Ni双金属纳米粒子的晶格间距介于Au(111)和Ni(111)的晶面间距之间,说明在Au-Ni双金属催化剂中有Au-Ni合金形成.原位DRIFTS结果显示,在Au-Ni双金属催化剂中,Au的存在促进了Ni的还原,说明Au与Ni之间存在紧密的相互作用.综上可见,Au和Ni在乙炔选择加氢反应中所表现出的协同效应主要归功于Au-Ni合金的形成,其中金属态Ni起主要的活性作用,而Au的存在则提高了催化剂的乙烯选择性.     

Solvent effect on the rate and direction of furfural transformations during hydrogenation over the Pd/C catalyst

Russian Chemical Bulletin - The rate and directions of transformations during the liquid-phase hydrogenation of furfural with molecular hydrogen in the presence of the 5%Pd/C catalyst (at 423 K, 3...     

Photocatalytic Stille Cross-coupling on Gold/g-C3N4Nano-heterojunction

Heterogeneous catalysts have been developed for C-C coupling reactions, but stand low activity and always proceed under harsh conditions. Photocatalytic Stille cross-coupling reaction as a green catalytic method for C-C bond formation is of great interest for a wide range of scientists but still lacks stable and highly efficient catalysts. Herein, we have designed an Au nanoparticle-graphitic carbon nitride heterojunction as an outstanding photocatalyst for artificial photosynthesis in Stille cross-coupling reaction. The interface effect between metal and semiconductor makes electron rectify and prevents the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the efficiency of Au nanoparticle catalysts could be adjusted by gold contents. Thus the turnover frequency(TOF) value reached the highest level of 788 h^-1 over the optimal heterojunction catalyst. Most importantly, the C-C bond formation reaction has been proved to be carried out well under visible light irradiation, indicating the low-cost organic synthesis process. Further analysis confirmed the stability and general application of our heterogeneous Au nano-heterojunction catalyst.     

水分子在均三嗪基g-C3N4上的吸附

气体分子与光催化剂之间的相互作用对于光催化反应的触发非常重要.对于TiO2,ZnO和WO3等传统金属氧化物光催化剂上的水分解反应而言,已有许多报道研究了水分子在它们表面的吸附行为.结果表明,水分子与催化剂表面的原子形成了O-H…O氢键.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种具有可见光响应且化学性质稳定的光催化剂,对其进行修饰以增强其分解水产氢性能的研究非常多.本文通过密度泛函理论计算,全面研究了水分子在均三嗪(s-triazine)基g-C3N4上的吸附情况.首先构建了一系列初始吸附模型,考察了各种吸附位和水分子的朝向.通过比较分析计算得到的吸附能,确定了一种最优的吸附构型,即水分子以竖直的朝向吸附于褶皱的单层g-C3N4表面.水分子中的一个极性O-H键与g-C3N4中一个二配位富电子的氮原子结合形成了分子间的O-H…N氢键.其中,H原子与N原子的间距为1.92?,O-H键的键长由0.976?增至0.994?.进一步通过计算Mulliken电荷,态密度和静电势曲线分析了该吸附体系的电子性质.结果发现在分子间氢键的桥接作用下,g-C3N4上的电子转移至水分子,由此导致g-C3N4的费米能级降低,功函数由4.21 eV增至5.30 eV.在该吸附模型的基础上,考查了不同的吸附距离.当水分子与g-C3N4的间距设为1至4?时,几何优化后总是能得到相同的吸附构型,吸附能和氢键长度也十分相近.随后,通过改变吸附基底g-C3N4的大小和形状,验证了这种吸附构型具有很强的重复性.将2′2单层g-C3N4吸附基底替换为2′2多层g-C3N4(2至5层),3′3和4′4单层g-C3N4,以及具有不同管径的单壁g-C3N4纳米管后,水分子的吸附能随着体系原子数的增多而增大,但吸附模型的几何结构和电子性质基本不变,包括O-H…N氢键的形成和键长,以及电子转移和增大的功函数.另外还研究了非金属元素(P,O,S,Se,F,Cl和Br)掺杂对吸附能的影响.构建模型时,杂质原子以取代二配位氮原子的方式进行掺杂,水分子放置于杂质原子上方.结果显示,引入杂质原子后水分子的吸附能增大,在理论上从吸附的角度解释了元素掺杂增强g-C3N4分解水活性.总之,本文揭示了一种在分子间氢键的作用下,具有高取向性的水分子吸附的g-C3N4构型,这有助于g-C3N4基光催化剂上水分解过程的理解和优化设计.     

o-Xylene hydrogenation on Ru, Pt, Rh and Pd supported catalysts: Dispersity effect on selectivity

Selectivity to 1,2-cis- and 1,2-trans-dimethylcyclohexane products was studied in o-xylene hydrogenation over Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru supported catalysts. The results show that selectivity is sensitive to particle size.

---

1,2-- 1,2-- - Pt, Pd, Rh Ru. .

     

Behavior of adsorbed diphenyl-sulfide on the Pd/C catalyst for o-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation

A series of diphenyl-sulfide（Ph₂S）-immobilized Pd/C catalysts(Pd-Ph₂S_（X）/C) were prepared using the wetness-impregnation and immobilization method.Pd-Ph₂S_（x）w/C catalysts employed for the hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene showed very high selectivity.The structure of Pd-Ph₂S_（x）/C with different molar ratio of ligand（x-values） was characterized by XPS and TG-DSC-MS.The results suggest a "saturated" surface ratio of Ph₂S/Pd（about 0.3） was formed on the Pd-Ph₂S_（x）/C catalysts surface.The Ph₂S immobilized on the Pd particle is quite stable,and the desorption of Ph₂S or dissociative loss of phenyl group was only found at temperatures above 500 K.The possible catalytic mechanism of the Pd-Ph₂S_（x）/C catalyst was also discussed.     

通过FeOx修饰Pd/Al2O3催化剂提高催化1,3-丁二烯加氢活性和选择性

石油脑裂解制备的烯烃流中通常含有 ～1％ 二烯烃或者炔烃,其含量必须降低到10 ppm以下以避免其对下游聚合催化剂的毒化作用.对这些副产物选择性加氢生成单烯烃是降低其含量最有前景的方法.Pd基催化剂具有高的加氢活性和选择性,是目前最为常用的加氢催化剂,但是它也存在高转化率下选择性较低和容易因积碳而失活的问题.合成Pd基双金属催化剂和对Pd催化剂进行氧化物包裹是目前最为常用的方法,但是这两种方法往往在提高选择性的同时,降低了Pd催化剂的加氢活性.本文利用原子层沉积(ALD)FeOx修饰Pd/Al2O3催化剂,在提高Pd催化剂选择性的同时,1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢活性也得到提高.表征结果发现,该样品中Pd负载量为1％,Fe负载量则随着原子层沉积FeOx周期增加而逐渐增加;催化剂中Pd颗粒大小约为7 nm,其表面并未观察到FeOx覆盖层;Pd,Fe元素分布表明FeOx在Pd颗粒表面生长.CO红外漫反射光谱也发现,随着ALD FeOx周期的增加,CO在Pd颗粒表面的吸附特征峰强度逐渐降低,表明FeOx逐渐覆盖Pd颗粒表面;与此同时,随着FeOx包裹周期的增加,CO吸附在Pd(111)面的特征吸收峰相对于其吸附在边角位的特征峰,降低得更为明显.这表明FeOx优先覆盖Pd(111)面,而选择性地将Pd低配位点暴露,与ALD Al2O3包裹Pd颗粒的结果恰恰相反.X射线光电子能谱分析表明,在所有催化剂中Fe均以+3价形式存在;同时,因为Pd-FeOx间存在强相互作用,所以随着FeOx包裹周期的增加,金属态Pd逐渐向高结合能方向移动,使表面Pd处于缺电子状态.随后,我们对不同FeOx周期包裹Pd催化剂进行了1,3-丁二烯加氢活性测试.在25 oC时Pd/Al2O3催化1,3-丁二烯转化率为6.7％;随着温度升高,转化率逐渐上升,至43 oC时达100％.相反,在26 oC时,30Fe/Pd/Al2O3对1,3-丁二烯的转化率为45％,远高于Pd/Al2O3催化剂;这可能是因为缺电子的Pd或Pd-FeOx界面存在所致.Pd/Al2O3催化剂在较低的转化率(<75％)下,1-丁烯、反式-2-丁烯和顺式-2-丁烯选择性分别为74％,20％和6％;随着转化率的增加(75％～90％),1-丁烯选择性急剧下降,丁烷选择性快速上升,反/顺-2-丁烯选择性也略有增加,表明此时次级反应1-丁烯加氢占主导,同时伴随着1-丁烯异构化反应;当转化率继续增加(>90％),1-丁烯,反/顺-2-丁烯加氢生成丁烷为主要反应,此时丁烷选择性急剧上升,至转化率为99％时,丁烯选择性仅为52％.而当Pd催化剂表面存在FeOx时,丁烯选择性随着FeOx周期增加而逐渐增加,尤其是在较高转化率下(>75％);对于30Fe/Pd/Al2O3催化剂,转化率为99％时,丁烯选择性高达95％.这主要是因为在高转化率下,FeOx将Pd颗粒表面分割成较小的Pd团簇,降低了Pd颗粒表面吸附氢气浓度,抑制了丁烯加氢反应,而次级反应1-丁烯异构化占主导,使得丁烯选择性不变.     

Ag/SiO2: a novel catalyst with high activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzenes

Ag/SiO2 prepared by an in situ reduction method are found, for the first time, to be highly effective and recyclable catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of a range of chloronitrobenzes to their corresponding chloroanilines, which are of great potential as industrially viable and cheap novel catalysts for the production of chloroanilines.