Solitary fluid transients in rectangular ducts with transverse magnetic fields,II

Summary This paper treats a fluid hammer wave which is propagating into a fully devloped MHD duct flow. The wave is produced by suddenly closing a valve at some cross section of a rectangular duct with a uniform, transverse, applied magnetic field, with perfectly conducting walls parallel to the field and with either insulating or perfectly conducting walls perpendicular to the field. The Mach and magnetic Reynolds numbers are assumed to be small, while the Hartmann number is assumed to be large. The jump in velocity and pressure across the wave decreases exponentially in time. The fully developed flow ahead of the wave is undisturbed, and solutions for the velocity and pressure between the valve and the wave are presented.

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Résumé Cet article traite de l'onde de choc produite par la fermeture subite d'une vanne et qui se propage dans un fluide conducteur d'électricité s'écoulant dans une conduite de section rectangulaire à laquelle est appliquée un champ magnétique transversal et homogène. Deux parois de la conduite sont parfaitement conductrices et parallèles au champ magnétique, les deux autres étant parfaitement conductrices ou isolantes. On admet que le nombre de Mach et le nombre magnétique de Reynolds sont petits et que le nombre de Hartmann est grand. Les changements de la vitesse et de la pression à travers l'onde diminuent exponentiellement à temps. L'écoulement à la tête de l'onde n'est pas perturbée. Des solutions pour la vitesse et la pression entre la vanne et l'onde sont presentées.

     

Periodic fluid transients in rectangular ducts with transverse magnetic fields III

Summary This paper treats periodic fluid transients in a liquid metal contained in a constant-area, perfectly conducting rectangular duct with a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicular to one pair of the duct's walls. The Mach numberM is assumed to be small and viscous effects are assumed to be negligible. A previous paper treated this problem with the additional assumption that the magnetic Reynolds numberR _m is much smaller thanM, which excluded the Alfvén wave mechanism. On the other hand, ifR _m is much larger thanM, then the transients are the well-known Alfvén waves in an incompressible fluid. The present paper treats the case between these two extremes withR _m=M, where is an arbitrary constant. For this case there are three classes of wave modes: one class of Alfvén waves which involve no disturbances to the fluid pressure and two classes of waves which involve a coupling of the acoustic and Alfvén wave mechanisms. Dispersion relations are presented for all three classes.

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Résumé Cet article traite d'ondes de compression périodiques d'un métal liquide contenu dans une conduite rectangulaire à section droite constante et avec des parois parfaitement conductrices. On applique un champ magnétique homogène et qui est perpendiculaire à deux parois. On admet que le nombre de Mach,M, est petit et que la viscosité est negligeable. Dans un article précédent ce probléme a été traité avec l'hypothèse que le nombre magnétique de Reynolds,R _m, est plus petit queM. Dans ce cas, il n'y a pas d'ondes d'Alfvén et on trouve les deux types d'ondes acoustiques. Si l'on admet queR _m est plus grande queM, on ne trouve que des ondes d'Alfvén. Le présent article traite le cas intermédiaire. On admet queR _m=M et que est une constante arbitraire. On trouve les trois types d'ondes. Pour le premier type d'ondes, il n'y a pas de perturbation de la pression. Pour les deux autres, les mécanismes des ondes acoustiques et des ondes d'Alfvén sont couplés. On détermine les équations de dispersion pour les trois types d'ondes.

     

Periodic fluid transients in rectangular ducts with transverse magnetic fields,II

Summary This paper treats periodic fluid transients in liquid metals contained in constant-area rectangular ducts with uniform, transverse, applied magnetic fields and with insulating walls parallel to the magnetic field and perfectly conducting walls perpendicular to it. The magnetic Reynolds and Mach numbers are assumed to be small, and the Reynolds number is assumed to be large. First, asymptotic solutions are obtained for small values of the interaction parameter and then approximate solutions are obtained for arbitrary values of the interaction parameter using a Galerkin method with modified Fourier series.

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Résumé Cet article traite des ondes de compression périodiques dans un métal liquide contenu dans une conduite rectangulaire à section rectangulaire constante, à laquelle un champ magnétique transverse et uniforme est appliqué et dont deux parois sont isolantes et parallèles au champ magnétique, les deux autres étant parfaitement conductrices. On admet que le nombre magnétique de Reynolds et le nombre de Mach sont petits et que le nombre de Reynolds est grand. Quand le nombre d'intéraction est petit, les solutions seront asymptotiques et quand le nombre d'intéraction est arbitrarire, on trouvera les solutions approximatives par la méthode de Galerkin avec les series modifiées de Fourier.

     

Periodic fluid transients in cylindrical ducts with transverse magnetic fields

Summary This paper treats periodic fluid transients in liquid metals contained in constant-area circular ducts with uniform, transverse, applied magnetic fields. The magnetic Reynolds and Mach numbers are assumed to be small, and the Reynolds number is assumed to be large. By the use of a complex coordinate transformation, closed-form solutions are obtained for the perfectly conducting duct. By the same technique, solutions in series of Mathieu functions are obtained for the fully insultating duct. A method for solving the dispersion relation for each case is outlined, and sample numerical results are presented.

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Résumé Cet article traite des ondes de compression périodiques dans un métal liquide contenu dans une conduite circulaire avec une section droite qui est constante et avec un champ magnétique transversal et uniforme que l'on applique. Ici on suppose que le nombre magnétique de Reynolds et le nombre de Mach sont petits et que le nombre de Reynolds est grand. A l'aide d'une transformation complexe des corrdonnées on obtient des solutions éxactes pour une conduite qui est parfaitement conductrice. Par le même technique on trouve les solutions pour la conduite parfaitement isolante dans une série de fonctions de Mathieu. Une méthode pour la solution de l'équation de dispersion est esquissée et des exemples de résultats numériques sont présentés.

     

Vibration analysis of rectangular plates coupled with fluid

The approach developed in this paper applies to vibration analysis of rectangular plates coupled with fluid. This case is representative of certain key components of complex structures used in industries such as aerospace, nuclear and naval. The plates can be totally submerged in fluid or floating on its free surface. The mathematical model for the structure is developed using a combination of the finite element method and Sanders’ shell theory. The in-plane and out-of-plane displacement components are modelled using bilinear polynomials and exponential functions, respectively. The mass and stiffness matrices are then determined by exact analytical integration. The velocity potential and Bernoulli’s equation are adopted to express the fluid pressure acting on the structure. The product of the pressure expression and the developed structural shape function is integrated over the structure-fluid interface to assess the virtual added mass due to the fluid. Variation of fluid level is considered in the calculation of the natural frequencies. The results are in close agreement with both experimental results and theoretical results using other analytical approaches.     

Anisotropic transient wave motions in a conducting fluid under uniform magnetic and current fields

An initial value investigation into the development of two-dimensional anisotropic surface waves generated by a harmonically oscillating pressure distribution acting on the undisturbed free surface of an inviscid, incompressible homogeneous and electrically conducting fluid is made in this paper in considerable detail. The problem is solved by the use of generalized function treatment in conjunction with asymptotic methods. An asymptotic solution of the problem related to some physically realistic pressure distributions is presented. It is shown that an ultimate steady state is set up in the limit. Two limiting cases such as (i) very deep fluid and (ii) very shallow fluid, which are of particular interest have been examined with some emphasis. Finally, the effects of the imposed magnetic and current fields as well as the surface tension on the wave motions has been examined in some detail. Additionally, it is shown that the present method of solution provides an interesting example of the applicability of the generalized function method in problems of magnetohydrodynamics     

Fully-developed forced convection in rectangular ducts and illustrations of some general inequalities

New exact laminar convective temperature solutions for rectangular ducts with constant heat flux per unit length have been derived in uniform fashion for a variety of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Those with null Dirichlet boundary conditions satisfy the hypothesis of a general inequality theorem. Consequences of the theorem are shown for the velocity and thermal fields of rectangular and elliptical ducts, which provide rigorous bounds for intermediate contours.

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Résumé Quelques solutions nouvelles exactes du problème de la convection laminaire de la chaleur dans les tuyaux de section rectangulaire ont été déduites d'une façon uniforme pour différentes conditions aux limites selon Dirichlet et Neumann. L'hypothèse d'un théorème général d'inégalité est satisfaite lorsque les conditions aux limites sont homogènes selon Dirichlet. Les conséquences de ce théorème sont montrées pour les champs de vitesse et de température dans les tuyaux rectangulaires et elliptiques, ce qui fournit des bornes précises pour des domaines intermédiaires.

     

Flow of a second grade fluid over a sheet stretching with arbitrary velocities subject to a transverse magnetic field

The boundary layer flow of a second grade fluid over a permeable stretching surface with arbitrary velocity and appropriate wall transpiration is investigated. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of a constant applied magnetic field. An exact solution to the nonlinear flow problem is presented.     

Modelling the attenuation of laminar fluid transients in piping systems

The damping of laminar fluid transients in piping systems is studied numerically using a two-dimensional water hammer model. The numerical scheme is based on the classical fourth order Runge–Kutta method for time integration and central difference expressions for the spatial terms. The results of the present method show that the damping of transients in piping systems is governed by a non-dimensional parameter representing the ratio of the Joukowsky pressure force to the viscous force. In terms of time scales, this non-dimensional parameter represents the ratio of the viscous diffusion time scale to the pipe period. For small values of this parameter, the damping of the fluid transient becomes more pronounced while for large values, the fluid transient is subjected to insignificant damping. Moreover, the non-dimensional parameter is shown to influence other important transient phenomena such as line packing, instantaneous wall shear stress values and the Richardson annular effect.     

Natural frequencies of rectangular Mindlin plates coupled with stationary fluid

The present study is concerned with the free vibration analysis of a horizontal rectangular plate, either immersed in fluid or floating on its free surface. The governing equations for a moderately thick rectangular plate are analytically derived based on the Mindlin plate theory (MPT), whereas the velocity potential function and Bernoulli’s equation are employed to obtain the fluid pressure applied on the free surface of the plate. The simplifying hypothesis that the wet and dry mode shapes are the same, is not assumed in this paper. In this work, an exact-closed form characteristics equation is used for the plate subjected to a combination of six different boundary conditions. Two opposite sides are simply supported and any of the other two edges can be free, simply supported or clamped. To demonstrate the accuracy of the present analytical solution, a comparison is made with the published experimental and numerical results in the literature, showing an excellent agreement. Then, natural frequencies of the plate are presented in tabular and graphical forms for different fluid levels, fluid densities, aspect ratios, thickness to length ratios and boundary conditions. Finally, some 3-D mode shapes of the rectangular Mindlin plates in contact with fluid are illustrated.     

Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor instability in magnetic fluids with uniform horizontal and vertical magnetic fields

A weakly nonlinear evolution of two dimensional wave packets on the surface of a magnetic fluid in the presence of an uniform magnetic field is presented, taking into account the surface tension. The method used is that of multiple scales to derive two partial differential equations. These differential equations can be combined to yield two alternate nonlinear Schrödinger equations. The first equation is valid near the cutoff wavenumber while the second equation is used to show that stability of uniform wave trains depends on the wavenumber, the density, the surface tension and the magnetic field. At the critical point, a generalized formulation of the evolution equation governing the amplitude is developed which leads to the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. From the latter equation, the various stability crteria are obtained.     

Schrödinger evolution equations with magnetic fields

Dedicated to Professor H. Fujita on his 60th birthday.     

A mixing-length model for magnetohydrodynamic flows in channels and ducts with wall-parallel magnetic field

A spanwise magnetic field leads to turbulent drag reduction in channel flow of a conducting liquid due to the selective Joule damping of certain flow structures. This effect can be captured by a simple modification of Prandtl's classical mixing-length idea. The mixing length over which a turbulent fluctuation loses its momentum is not only constrained geometrically but also by magnetic damping. We therefore introduce a magnetic damping length that is proportional to friction velocity and the Joule damping time. The limitation of mixing length is implemented by using the harmonic mean between wall distance and this damping length. By combining this ansatz with the van-Driest model for turbulent stresses in channel flow we obtain a satisfactory prediction for the mean velocity distribution in magnetohydrodynamic channel flow with spanwise field for different Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Flow and heat transfer for a power-law electrically conducting fluid flowing between parallel plates under transverse magnetic field with viscous dissipation

The flow and heat transfer problem with viscous dissipation for electrically conducting non-Newtonian fluids with power-law model in the thermal entrance region of two parallel plates with magnetic field under constant heat flux and constant wall temperature conditions has been studied. The governing equations have been solved numerically using quasilinearization technique and implicit finite-difference scheme. It has been found that the effect of viscous dissipation on heat transfer is quite significant for heating and cooling conditions at the wall.     

Compton scattering in intense magnetic fields

Compton scattering in intense magnetic fields in the general frame of reference is studied with the help of the QED perturbation theory in the incoming interaction picture. A general expression for the cross section is derived which reduces naturally to the one in the electron-rest frame of reference. This expression can be approximately simplified for the scattering of a high-energy electron with a low-frequency photon. Based on this simplified expreaaion, spectrum functions, as well as power spectra of scattered photons with high energies resulting from the inverse Compton scattering are calculated which manifest clearly a feature of resonances. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19573008) and the Science Research Division of Shanghai Jiaotong University.     

Flow of an electrically conducting fluid past a porous flat plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

Zusammenfassung Für die Strömung einer inkompressiblen, zähen, elektrisch leitenden Flüssigkeit über eine poröse Platte werden die Gleichungen vonNavier undStokes, vonMaxwell und die Wärmeübertragungsgleichung integriert. Dabei wird vorausgesetzt, dass Flüssigkeit aus der porösen Platte austritt oder durch sie abgesogen wird. Man findet, dass sowohl die Geschwindigkeiten als auch die Schubspannungen mit steigender magnetischer Druckzahl für Absaugen und Ausblasen anwachsen. Das induzierte Feld an der Plattenoberfläche wird kleiner, wenn die Ausblasegeschwindigkeit abnimmt. Für den Grenzfall unendlicher elektrischer Leitfähigkeit wächst der Wärmeübergang mit der magnetischen Druckzahl im Falle des Ausblasens.     

Simulation of fluid transients,for nonlinear fluids,with a lumped parameter model

This paper deals with the modeling of transients in low pressure transmission lines. Modeling of low pressure lines becomes more and more important for increasing efficiency of fast switching applications and performance of pumps e.g. common rail diesel injection systems and suction pipes of pumps. One simulation method is the lumped parameter model. For example a straight pipe can be modeled as a cascade of inertia, friction and compressibility blocks. In this paper, the idea of cascades is adopted for transient simulation of nonlinear fluids. The model includes a nonlinear fluid law of an oil-air mixture and the balance equations i.e. the compressibility and the inertia of the fluid. Friction is modeled by the frequency dependent friction model of Kagawa et.al. Comparison of simulation results with measurements from a test rig shows good correlation. Finally the scope of this simulation model is discussed and compared with measurements. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)