A Pd@Zeolite Catalyst for Nitroarene Hydrogenation with High Product Selectivity by Sterically Controlled Adsorption in the Zeolite Micropores

The adsorption of molecules on metal nanoparticles can be sterically controlled through the use of zeolite crystals, which enhances the product selectivity in hydrogenations of reactants with more than one reducible group. Key to this success was the fixation of Pd nanoparticles inside Beta zeolite crystals to form a defined structure (Pd@Beta). In the hydrogenation of substituted nitroarenes with multiple reducible groups as a model reaction, the Pd@Beta catalyst exhibited superior selectivity for hydrogenation of the nitro group, outperforming both conventional Pd nanoparticles supported on zeolite crystals and a commercial Pd/C catalyst. The extraordinary selectivity of Pd@Beta was attributed to the sterically selective adsorption of the nitroarenes on the Pd nanoparticles controlled by the zeolite micropores, as elucidated by competitive adsorption and adsorbate displacement tests. Importantly, this strategy is general and was extended to the synthesis of selective Pt and Ru catalysts by fixation inside Beta and mordenite zeolites.     

沸石分子筛中复杂异构化反应的Monte Carlo模拟研究 Ⅲ．孔口失活对反应行为的影响

用Ｍｏｎｔｅｃａｒｌｏ方法模拟了沸石分子筛中的复杂异构化反应ＡＢＣ，考察了孔口失活对反应性能的影响．发现孔口失活对产物选择性和反应有效因子的影响取决于反应的Ｔｈｉｅｌｅ模数．可分为三种情况：（１）在低Ｔｈｉｅｌｅ模数下，影响不明显；（２）在中等Ｔｈｉｅｌｅ模数下，有一定的影响，且随孔口活性位失活率的增加，某种产物的选择性线性增加而有效因子线性下降，但二者变化幅度均不大；（３）在较高Ｔｈｉｅｌｅ模数下，影响显著．随着孔口活性位失活率的增加，某种产物选择性明显增加，有效因子明显下降．     

AlOOH结构对甲醇和一氧化碳反应性能的影响

利用水热法制备了3种AlOOH催化剂,对其进行了表征,并用于催化甲醇和一氧化碳反应.结果表明,适宜的AlOOH结构有利于催化甲醇和一氧化碳反应生成高选择性(≥97.28%)的乙醛,且AlOOH结构的差异会导致反应产物分布出现明显区别.其中,结晶度高、孔径较大、能提供CO解离吸附中心且表面具有适宜酸碱性的AlOOH催化剂表现出高的乙醛选择性,推测乙醛的生成是通过中间体CH_3与HCO的偶联实现的.     

Highly active and reusable catalyst for fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate

Silica-12-tungstophosphoric acid core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method followed by steaming. The catalytic activity of fresh and steamed catalysts was studied in Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate. The reaction parameters, such as catalyst loading and reaction temperature, were optimized. The structural properties of the prepared catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The nature and strength of acid sites in the catalysts were analyzed by pyridine adsorption followed by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The XRD and TEM analyses confirm the formation of silica-12-tungstophosphoric acid core-shell nanoparticles during steaming process. Acidity measurement indicates that both fresh and steamed catalyst samples carry weak acid sites and Brøsted acid sites. In addition, the steaming of heteropoly acid contained silica enhances the strength of Brøsted acid sites. The catalytic activity of fresh as well as steamed catalysts in liquid-phase Fries rearrangement showed that the steam treated sample exhibits higher conversion and selectivity to the desired product compared to the fresh catalyst sample. The higher activity of steam treated catalysts has been explained in terms of surface acidity of the catalysts. Reusability of the steamed catalyst shows that there is no appreciable change either in the conversion rate or product selectivity.     

Linear Adsorption Enables NO Selective Electroreduction to Hydroxylamine on Single Co Sites

Hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), a vital industrial feedstock, is presently synthesized under harsh conditions with serious environmental and energy concerns. Electrocatalytic nitric oxide (NO) reduction is attractive for the production of hydroxylamine under ambient conditions. However, hydroxylamine selectivity is limited by the competitive reaction of ammonia production. Herein, we regulate the adsorption configuration of NO by adjusting the atomic structure of catalysts to control the product selectivity. Co single-atom catalysts show state-of-the-art NH₂OH selectivity from NO electroreduction under neutral conditions (FE : 81.3 %), while Co nanoparticles are inclined to generate ammonia (FE : 92.3 %). A series of in situ characterizations and theoretical simulations unveil that linear adsorption of NO on isolated Co sites enables hydroxylamine formation and bridge adsorption of NO on adjacent Co sites induces the production of ammonia.     

Coordinating the Edge Defects of Bismuth with Sulfur for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction to Formate

Bismuth-based materials have been recognized as promising catalysts for the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (ECO₂RR). However, they show poor selectivity due to competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, we have developed an edge defect modulation strategy for Bi by coordinating the edge defects of bismuth (Bi) with sulfur, to promote ECO₂RR selectivity and inhibit the competing HER. The prepared catalysts demonstrate excellent product selectivity, with a high HCOO⁻ Faraday efficiency of ≈95 % and an HCOO⁻ partial current of ≈250 mA cm⁻² under alkaline electrolytes. Density function theory calculations reveal that sulfur tends to bind to the Bi edge defects, reducing the coordination-unsaturated Bi sites (*H adsorption sites), and regulating the charge states of neighboring Bi sites to improve *OCHO adsorption. This work deepens our understanding of ECO₂RR mechanism on bismuth-based catalysts, guiding for the design of advanced ECO₂RR catalysts.     

HZSM-5分子筛上甲醇制烯烃典型产物的传质行为研究

分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃反应(MTO)是典型的扩散主导反应过程,运用频率响应技术系统研究了几种典型产物分子(乙烯/乙烷、丙烯/丙烷、苯)在HZSM-5分子筛上的扩散行为。结果表明,频率响应法成功辨析了不同产物分子的传质规律,证实C2和C3烃分子在HZSM-5微孔孔道内具有相近的扩散速率,但由于受晶体表面阻碍效应影响不同,乙烷分子可自由进出HZSM-5分子筛孔道,而丙烷分子则受到较显著的微孔孔道扩散限制。另外,苯分子的扩散速率显著小于C2和C3分子,且苯分子受晶体表面阻抗效应的影响较小。本研究结果可用于解释HZSM-5分子筛在MTO反应中产物选择性的特点及表面结焦原因,进而从传质角度为高活性、选择性以及稳定性的高效甲醇转化制烃催化剂的定向开发提供理论指导。     

Effect of Bismuth Additives on the Properties of Vanadium–Phosphorus Oxide Catalyst in the Partial Oxidation of n-Pentane

The selective oxidation of n-pentane on vanadium–phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts with bismuth additives (Bi/V = 0–0.30) is studied. The catalysts are characterized by XRD, XPS, and specific surface area measurements using nitrogen adsorption. Their acidic properties are studied (using ammonia TPD and the 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol reaction). It was found that the introduction of bismuth insignificantly affects the specific surface area but increases the surface concentration of phosphorus and changes the acidic properties of the catalysts. The specific catalytic activity of samples in n-pentane oxidation correlates with the effective charge of surface oxygen (E _b of O1s electrons). The selectivity to citraconic anhydride increases with an increase in the general surface acidity. The selectivity to maleic anhydride increases with an increase in the Brønsted acidity of the surface. The selectivity to phthalic anhydride increases with an increase in the Lewis acidity. The pathways of product formation in the partial oxidation of n-pentane are proposed.     

Pt (111)面和Pt14团簇上肉桂醛吸附及选择性加氢机理研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了Pt（111）面及Pt₁₄团簇对肉桂醛（CAL）的吸附作用和不完全加氢的反应机理。分析吸附能结果表明,肉桂醛分子以C=O与C=C键协同吸附在Pt（111）面上的六角密积（Hcp）位最稳定,以C=C键吸附在Pt₁₄团簇上最稳定,且在Pt₁₄团簇上的吸附作用较Pt（111）面更强。由过渡态搜索并计算得到的反应能垒及反应热可知,肉桂醛在Pt（111）面和Pt₁₄团簇上均较容易对C=O键加氢得到肉桂醇（COL）。其中,优先加氢O原子为最佳反应路径,即Pt无论是平板还是团簇对肉桂醛加氢均有较好的选择性。同时发现,肉桂醛分子在Pt（111）面的加氢反应能垒较Pt₁₄团簇上更低,即Pt的催化活性及对肉桂醛加氢产物选择性与其结构密切相关,其中,Pt（111）面对生成肉桂醇更加有利。     

FeMn、FeMnNa和FeMnK催化剂上合成气制低碳烯烃的比较(英文)

研究了钠、钾助剂对FeMn合成低碳烯烃催化剂结构及性能的影响.低温N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、CO/CO2程序升温脱附(CO/CO2-TPD)、M?ssbauer谱和CO+H2反应的研究结果表明,增加Mn助剂含量促进了活性相的分散和低碳烯烃的生成,而过多锰助剂在催化剂表面的富集则降低了费托合成反应的CO转化率;钾助剂和钠助剂的加入均抑制了催化剂的还原并且促进了CO2和CO的吸附.比较还原后(H2/CO摩尔比为20)和反应后(H2/CO摩尔比为3.5)催化剂的体相结构可以发现,在FeMn、FeMnNa和FeMnK催化剂中,由于钾助剂的碱性和CO吸附能力较强,因此体相中FeCx的含量相对较高;而活性测试结果表明,FeMnNa催化剂拥有最好的CO转化率(96.2%)和低碳烯烃选择性(30.5%,摩尔分数).     

Photosynthesis of Benzonitriles on BiOBr Nanosheets Promoted by Vacancy Associates

Photocatalytic organic functionalization reactions represent a green, cost-effective, and sustainable synthesis route for value-added chemicals. However, heterogeneous photocatalysis is inefficient in directly activating ammonia molecules for the production of high-value-added nitrogenous organic products when compared with oxygen activation in the formation of related oxygenated compounds. In this study, we report the heterogeneous photosynthesis of benzonitriles by the ammoxidation of benzyl alcohols (99 % conversion, 93 % selectivity) promoted using BiOBr nanosheets with surface vacancy associates. In contrast, the main reaction of catalysts with other types of vacancy sites is the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde or benzoic acid. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations have demonstrated a specificity of vacancy type with respect to product selectivity, which arises from the adsorption and activation of NH₃ and O₂ that is required to promote subsequent C−N coupling and oxidation to nitrile. This study provides a better understanding of the role of vacancies as catalytic sites in heterogeneous photocatalysis.     

Highly effective and chemoselective hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic alcohols

Effective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of aromatic alcohols is very attractive in both conventional organic synthesis and upgrading of biomass-derived molecules, but the selectivity of this reaction is usually low because of the competitive hydrogenation of the unsaturated aromatic ring and the hydroxyl group. The high activity of noble metal-based catalysts often leads to undesired side reactions (e.g., saturation of the aromatic ring) and excessive hydrogen consumption. Non-noble metal-based catalysts suffer from unsatisfied activity and selectivity and often require harsh reaction conditions. Herein, for the first time, we report chemoselective HDO of various aromatic alcohols with excellent selectivity, using porous carbon–nitrogen hybrid material-supported Co catalysts. The C–OH bonds were selectively cleaved while leaving the aromatic moiety intact, and in most cases the yields of targeted compounds reached above 99% and the catalyst could be readily recycled. Nitrogen doping on the carbon skeleton of the catalyst support (C–N matrix) significantly improved the yield of the targeted product. The presence of large pores and a high surface area also improved the catalyst efficiency. This work opens the way for efficient and selective HDO reactions of aromatic alcohols using non-noble metal catalysts.

Porous carbon–nitrogen hybrid material-supported Co catalysts can effectively promote the chemoselective hydrodeoxygenation reaction of a various of aromatic alcohols in ethanol and hydrogen atmosphere, under relatively mild conditions.     

Ru/HY催化剂催化对苯二酚加氢研究

对苯二酚液相加氢制备1,4-环己二醇的途径环境友好,关键是研究高催化活性的催化剂来提高产物产率.我们以Ru/HY为催化剂用于对苯二酚加氢.用XRD,TEM对催化剂进行了表征,通过吡啶吸附红外对HY酸性的变化进行了讨论.对其反应条件进行了优化.结果表明3.0%Ru/HY的催化剂表现出高的活性,对苯二酚的转化率和1,4-环己二醇的选择性分别为96.5%和68.3%.我们还基于对Ru/HY催化剂结构的研究探讨并提出相应的反应机理.     

Silver as acrolein hydrogenation catalyst: intricate effects of catalyst nature and reactant partial pressures

The hydrogenation of acrolein over pure and supported silver has been investigated with a focus on the influence of catalyst structure and reaction pressure (mbar to 20 bar range) on activity and selectivity. An onset of formation of allyl alcohol beyond 100 mbar reaction pressure (at 250 degrees C) is ascribed to a change in adsorption geometry upon increasing coverage. Smaller silver particles (in the nanometer range), the proximity of a reducible oxide component as well as high pressure lead to enhanced allyl alcohol formation; the selectivity to the other main product propionaldehyde is reduced. The silver dispersion changed depending on the reaction pressure. Moreover, the presence of oxygen, most likely as subsurface oxygen, and the presence of defects are of paramount importance for the catalytic behaviour. The considerable changes of the silver catalysts under reaction conditions and the pressure dependence call for in situ measurements to establish true structure-activity/selectivity relationships for this system.     

Cu、K助剂对FeMn/SiO2催化费托合成的影响

研究了Cu、K助剂对共沉淀型FeMn/SiO2催化剂还原行为、吸附行为及费托(F-T)合成活性和选择性的影响. Cu助剂以与Fe、Mn、SiO2共沉淀的方式引入, 而K助剂是在喷雾干燥前均匀加入沉淀浆料引入的. 结果表明, Cu可明显提高催化剂的还原性能, K助剂能促进催化剂在CO中的还原但抑制在H2中的还原, 而同时加入Cu和K会进一步促进催化剂在H2或CO中的还原; Cu助剂能促进H2吸附而K助剂对H2吸附无明显影响; Cu在一定程度上提高了F-T合成活性, 缩短了反应诱导期, K明显促进了CO的转化而相对抑制了H2的转化, 并且延长了反应的诱导期, Cu与K协同作用不仅提高反应的转化率而且缩短了反应的诱导期; K使得烃产物平均分子量增加, Cu单独对烃产物分布影响不明显, 而与K共同作用会进一步增加烃产物的分子量.     

Tertiary recycling of commingled polymer waste over commercial FCC equilibrium catalysts for producing hydrocarbons

A mixture of post-consumer polymer waste (PE/PP/PS) was pyrolysed over cracking catalysts using a fluidising reaction system similar to the FCC process operating isothermally at ambient pressure. Greater product selectivity was observed with a commercial FCC equilibrium catalyst (FCC-E1) with about 53 wt% olefin products in the C₃-C₆ range. Experiments carried out with various catalysts gave good yields of valuable hydrocarbons with differing selectivity in the final products dependent on reaction conditions. A kinetic model based on a lumping reaction scheme for the observed products and catalyst coking behaviours has been investigated. The model gave a good representation of experiment results. This model provides the benefits of lumping product selectivity, in each reaction step, in relation to the performance of the catalyst used and particle size selected as well as the effect of operation conditions, such as rate of fluidising gas and reaction temperature. It is demonstrated that under appropriate reaction temperatures and suitable catalysts can have the ability to control both the product yield and product distribution from polymer degradation, and can potentially lead to a cheaper process with more valuable products.     

Effect of Al2O3 Binder on the Precipitated Iron-Based Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A series of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts incorporated with Al2O3 binder were prepared by the combination of co-precipitation and spray drying technology. The catalyst samples were characterized by using N2 physical adsorption, temperature-programmed reduc-tion/desorption (TPR/TPD) and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy (MES) methods. The characterization results indicated that the BET surface area increases with increasing Al2O3 content and passes through a maximum at the Al2O3/Fe ratio of 10/100 (weight basis). After the point, it decreases with further increase in Al2O3 content. The incorporation of AI2O3 binder was found to weaken the surface basicity and suppress the reduction and carburization of iron-based catalysts probably due to the strong K-Al2O3 and Fe-Al2O3 interactions. Furthermore, the H2 adsorption ability of the catalysts is enhanced with increasing Al2O3 content. The FTS performances of the catalysts were tested in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under the reaction conditions of 260℃, 1.5 MPa, 1000 h-1 and molar ratio of H2/CO 0.67 for 200 h. The results showed that the addition of small amounts of Al2O3 affects the activity of iron-based catalysts to a little extent. However, with further increase of Al2O3 content, the FTS activity and water gas shift reaction (WGS) activity are decreased severely. The addition of appropriate Al2O3 do not affect the product selectivity, but the catalysts incorporated with large amounts of Al2O3 have higher selectivity for light hydrocarbons and lower selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons.     

硼掺杂还原态氧化石墨烯催化剂的制备及其蒽催化加氢性能的研究

制备了一系列硼掺杂的还原氧化态石墨烯催化剂并应用于蒽加氢反应。结果表明，随着催化剂处理温度的升高，催化剂中有序碳结构会发生变化，硼会取代材料骨架中的碳，进而影响蒽和氢气的吸附活化。经硼改性后，催化剂对蒽加氢反应表现出了很高的加氢活性，蒽的最高转化率可达97%，深度加氢产物八氢蒽的最高选择性可达19%。     

Artificial intelligence pathway search to resolve catalytic glycerol hydrogenolysis selectivity

The complex interaction between molecules and catalyst surfaces leads to great difficulties in understanding and predicting the activity and selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we develop an end-to-end artificial intelligence framework for the activity prediction of heterogeneous catalytic systems (AI-Cat method), which takes simple inputs from names of molecules and metal catalysts and outputs the reaction energy profile from the input molecule to low energy pathway products. The AI-Cat method combines two neural network models, one for predicting reaction patterns and the other for providing the reaction barrier and energy, with a Monte Carlo tree search to resolve the low energy pathways in a reaction network. We then apply AI-Cat to resolve the reaction network of glycerol hydrogenolysis on Cu surfaces, which is a typical selective C–O bond activation system and of key significance for biomass-derived polyol utilization. We show that glycerol hydrogenolysis features a huge reaction network of relevant candidates, containing 420 reaction intermediates and 2467 elementary reactions. Among them, the surface-mediated enol–keto tautomeric resonance is a key step to facilitate the primary C–OH bond breaking and thus selects 1,2-propanediol as the major product on Cu catalysts. 1,3-Propanediol can only be produced under strong acidic conditions and high surface H coverage by following a hydrogenation–dehydration pathway. AI-Cat further discovers six low-energy reaction patterns for C–O bond activation on metals that is of general significance to polyol catalysis. Our results demonstrate that the reaction prediction for complex heterogeneous catalysis is now feasible with AI-based atomic simulation and a Monte Carlo tree search.

An end-to-end artificial intelligence framework for the activity prediction of heterogeneous catalytic systems (AI-Cat method) is developed and applied for resolving the selectivity of glycerol hydrogenolysis on Cu catalysts.     

Fe含量对Fe-Zn-M/HY复合催化剂上CO2加氢性能的影响

在340 ℃，5.0 MPa条件下，研究了Fe-Zn-M/HY(M=Cr、Al)复合催化剂上CO2的加氢性能。考察了催化剂中Fe含量对CO2转化率、烃类产物及异构烷烃选择性的影响, 并用CO2-TPD、H2-TPR研究了Fe-Zn-M对CO2的吸附和对H2的还原性能。结果表明, 随着Fe含量的增加, 复合催化剂的活性增强, 烃类产物的选择性降低, 异构烷烃在烃类中的选择性随Fe含量的增加而降低，CO2-TPD、H2-TPR结果表明，随Fe含量的增加，催化剂对CO2的活化吸附量随之增加, 而Fe含量的增加促进了催化剂的还原。