以薄膜理论为基础的锥壳极限分析

本文研究了锥壳在受均布内压作用时极限分析的一个途径.以薄膜理论的极限载荷为基础,考虑了锥壳的实际支承条件而进行了弯曲效应的修正.同时,利用薄壳的特征值作为小参数,得到了非常简单的理论近似公式 其中σ_T为材料屈服极限,h为壳厚,α为底周半径,r为半锥角;α=1.45或1.65,分别相当于底周支承情况为不可移简支或为嵌固的情况.同实验资料进行比较,理论结果同实验数据符合情况良好.     

锥壳固有振动的精确解

本文从锥壳的Mushtari-Donnell型位移微分方程组出发,通过引入一个位移函数U(s,θ,τ)(在极限情况下,它将退化成对于圆柱壳引入的位移函数),将基本微分方程组化成为一个可解偏微分方程。这个方程的解用级数形式给出。     

静电雾化锥射流模式下液锥形态的研究

本文分析了静电雾化锥射流模式下液锥表面静电应力、表面张力应力分布特性,基于应力平衡建立了液锥力学模型,并对流量、荷电电压及针形喷嘴的内半径等参数对液锥结构形态的影响进行了预测。首先设计了针形喷嘴静电雾化实验装置,应用高速摄影技术观测了静电雾化的典型雾化模式和液锥形态演化特性。实验结果表明:锥射流雾化模式仅在一定的荷电电压范围内才会出现;针形喷嘴的流量增加,液锥锥角减小,液锥长度增长;随着荷电电压或针形喷嘴内半径的增加,液锥锥角增大,液锥长度缩短。实验结果与液锥力学模型的预测结果一致。     

密切曲面锥乘波体——-设计方法与性能分析

介绍了密切曲面锥(osculating curvedcone, OCC)乘波体的设计方法, 并对密切曲面锥乘波体的流场结构及气动特性进行了分析. 密切曲面锥方法采用具有直线激波和等熵压缩波系的曲面锥作为基准流场, 在定义乘波体激波型线(inlet capture curve, ICC)和前缘捕获型线(front capture tube, FCT)后, 采用密切轴对称和流线追踪技术, 设计生成密切曲面锥乘波体. 采用数值方法对设计的密切曲面锥乘波体进行了模拟, 理论设计结果和数值模拟结果一致. 对密切曲面锥乘波体和密切锥乘波体进行了比较, 密切曲面锥乘波体克服了密切锥乘波体压缩量不足及容积率偏小的缺点.      

变厚度锥壳极限分析的薄膜理论

本文研究线性变厚度锥壳的薄膜理论解,得到了当壳体厚度为H=H_0(R/A) 时的等强度壳及在各种均布载荷作用下相应的极限载荷.壳体的最大厚度H_0与底半径A 之比属于薄壳范围.并认为关于薄壳理论的一切假定均适用于这类变厚度壳.当薄壳受外压时,不考虑稳定问题.     

解Drucker-Prager塑性问题的二阶锥互补法

基于经典弹塑性理论中多数屈服准则具有凸锥数学结构的事实,将在大规模计算中更具潜力的锥规划法引入弹塑性分析。考虑到弹塑性流动理论有关联与非关联之分,本文提出利用锥型互补法求解弹塑性问题。具体以Drucker-Prager弹塑性模型为例,首先利用最大塑性功耗散原理和圆锥对偶理论等工具,建立了弹塑性本构方程的等价二阶锥互补模型;然后,基于参变量变分原理和有限元技术,建立了弹塑性增量分析的二阶锥线性互补模型;最后,利用一类半光滑Newton算法求解。数值算例表明了本文方法的有效性。     

后锥与底片之间距离的作用的解析分析

在闪光Ｘ射线照相中，当源与客体和后锥的距离固定，而增加从后锥到底片的距离时，所得图象的直穿照射量与散射照射量的比值ＤＳＲ明显地增加。然而，所关心的图象中心区的信号幅度（中心处的光学密度与最深穿透点处的光学密度之差）却随着这两处的总照射量是否位于底片的特性曲线（即Ｄ－ｌｇＸ曲线）的线性部分而有明显差别。当其照射量位于线性部分时，信号幅度随从后锥到底片距离的增加而增加；但当该照射量位于非线性部分时，信     

经典锥壳理论的新发展

本文在评述前人有关锥壳理论研究的基础上,介绍了我国学者近年来的一系列研究成果.      

消能锥阀结构改进的三维数值模拟研究

对常规消能锥阀体型进行了改进,提出了一种新型的嵌套式消能锥阀.该新阀将原来通过阀体的一股环状射流变为两股互不平行的环状射流,通过这两股高速水流在阀口的碰撞提高消能率、改善流态.采用可压缩的两相流模型,辅以Realizable k–ε湍流模型来模拟锥阀附近水流的水力特性,对于自由水面的处理采用了VOF法,并进行压强场和流速场及消能情况的对比分析.结果显示:在上游进口端控制断面的水流流量相同的情况下使用嵌套式消能锥阀,阀前进水管道的压强可由原来的25kPa减小到15kPa,减小了40%;阀体所承受的压力由35kPa减小到10kPa,减小了57%;下游管道中水流落点之后的沿程断面平均流速减小了约0.1m/s.在上游进口端具有相同的总水头的情况下,嵌套式消能锥阀对流速水头及压强水头的消能能力都要比使用常规消能锥阀好.     

具有刚性加强端的斜锥壳的渐近解法

本文在文献[1]、[2]的基础上,利用将内力及位移展开成k=(h/λ)~(1/2)及斜锥偏度参数m的双重渐近幂级数的方法,得出了斜锥壳的渐近解,同时以直角斜锥壳承受正压力情况为例,给出了它的应力计算分析表达式。 为了验证所给公式的精确程度,计算了斜锥壳薄膜应力的数值解,并作了两个斜锥壳试件的电测试验。结果表明,本文所得的渐近解的误差基本上在(h/λ)~(1/2)及m~2的量级范围內。 对于斜锥壳这类形状复杂的构件,直接求解薄壳基本方程是很困难的,数值解只能求出在给定尺寸时的解答,不能得出适用于一般尺寸的解析解,对具有小参数特点的构件,渐近解的优点在于能得到具有一定精度的应力分析表达式,便于工程设计应用。     

TWO－PHASE FLOW FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL PENETRATING A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR WITH EDGE WATER INJECTION

ＴＷＯ－ＰＨＡＳＥＦＬＯＷＦＯＲＡＨＯＲＩＺＯＮＴＡＬＷＥＬＬＰＥＮＥＴＲＡＴＩＮＧＡＮＡＴＵＲＡＬＬＹＦＲＡＣＴＵＲＥＤＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＷＩＴＨＥＤＧＥＷＡＴＥＲＩＮＪＥＣＴＩＯＮＧｕｏＤａｌｉ（郭大立）ＬｉｕＣｉｑｕｎ（刘慈群）（Ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ...     

The Effect of Reservoir Wettability on the Production Characteristics of the VAPEX Process: An Experimental Study

The impact of fractional wettability on the production characteristics of a VAPEX process at the macroscale was investigated. Conventional VAPEX experiments were conducted in a 220 Darcy random packing of glass beads in a rectangular physical model and n-pentane was used to recover the Cold Lake bitumen from the oil-saturated model in the absence of connate water. The composition of oil-wet beads in the packed bed was altered from completely water-wet beads to completely oil-wet beads at different proportions of oil-wet beads mixed with water-wet beads. A substantial increase (about 40%) in the production rate of live oil was observed during the VAPEX process when the wettability of the porous packing was entirely oil-wet beads. A critical oil-wet fraction of 0.66 was found for the heterogeneous packing of water-wet and oil-wet beads of similar size distribution. Above this critical composition, the live oil production rate was not affected by further increase in the proportion of the oil-wet beads. It is believed that above this critical composition of the oil-wet beads, the crevice flow process is dominated by the continuity of higher conductivity live oil films between particles through the oil-wet regions. Below this critical composition, the live oil production rate increased linearly with the fraction of the oil-wet beads in the packing. The oil-wet regions favor the live oil drainage compared to that of the water-wet regions as they enhance the rate of imbibition of the live oil from the oil-filled pores to the vacated pores near the nominal VAPEX interface. These two factors enhance the live oil production rate during the VAPEX process. The solvent content of the live oil, the solvent-to-oil ratio (SOR), and the residual oil saturation did not correlate strongly with the proportion of the oil-wet beads in the packing. The average solvent content of the live oil and the residual oil saturation were measured to be 48% by weight and 7% by volume respectively.     

TWO－PHASE FLOW FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL PENETRATING A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR WITH EDGE WATER INJECTION

ＴＷＯ－ＰＨＡＳＥＦＬＯＷＦＯＲＡＨＯＲＩＺＯＮＴＡＬＷＥＬＬＰＥＮＥＴＲＡＴＩＮＧＡＮＡＴＵＲＡＬＬＹＦＲＡＣＴＵＲＥＤＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＷＩＴＨＥＤＧＥＷＡＴＥＲＩＮＪＥＣＴＩＯＮＧｕｏＤａｌｉ（郭大立）ＬｉｕＣｉｑｕｎ（刘慈群）（Ｒｅｃｅｉｖｃ...     

SPONTANEOUS CAPILLARY IMBIBITION MODEL IN TIGHT OIL RESERVOIRS 1)

部分致密油井压后关井一段时间,压裂液返排率普遍低于30%,但是致密油气井产量反而越高,这与压裂液毛细管力渗吸排驱原油有关。然而,致密油储层致密,物性差,渗流机理复杂,尚没有形成统一的自发渗吸模型。本文基于油水两相非活塞式渗流理论,建立了压后闷井期间压裂液在毛细管力作用下自发渗吸进入致密油储层的数学模型,采用数值差分方法进行求解,并分析了相关影响因素。结果显示渗吸体积、渗吸前缘移动距离与渗吸时间的平方根呈线性正相关关系,与经典Handy渗吸理论模型预测结果一致,说明毛细管力自发渗吸模型可靠性较高。数值计算结果表明毛细管水相扩散系数是致密储层自发渗吸速率的主控参数,毛细管水相扩散系数越高,自发渗吸速率越大。毛细管水相扩散系数随着含水饱和度先增加后减小;随着束缚水饱和度、油相和水相端点相对渗透率增加而增加;随着相渗特征指数、油水黏度比和残余油饱和度增加而减小。该研究有助于深入认识致密油储层压裂液渗吸机理,对优化返排制度、提高致密油井产量具有重要意义。     

A Pore-Scale Investigation of Low-Salinity Waterflooding in Porous Media: Uniformly Wetted Systems

The potential of low-salinity (LS) water injection as an oil recovery technique has been the source of much recent debate within the petroleum industry. Evidence from both laboratory and field-level studies has indicated significant benefits compared to conventional high-salinity (HS) waterflooding, but many conflicting results have also been reported and, to date, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this paper, we aim to address this uncertainty by developing a novel, steady-state pore network model in which LS brine displaces oil from a HS-bearing network. The model allows systematic investigation of the crude oil/brine/rock parameter space, with the goal of identifying features that may be critical to the production of incremental oil following LS brine injection. By coupling the displacement model to a salinity-tracking tracer algorithm, and assuming that a reduction of water salinity within the pore network leads to localised wettability alteration, substantial perturbations to standard pore filling sequences are predicted. The results clearly point to two principal effects of dynamic contact angle modification at the pore scale: a “pore sequence” effect, characterised by an alteration to the distribution of displaced pore sizes, and a “sweep efficiency” effect, demonstrated by a change in the overall fraction of pores invaded. Our study indicates that any LS effect will depend on the relative (scenario-dependent) influence of each mechanism, where factors such as the initial wettability state of the system and the pore size distribution of the underlying network are found to play crucial roles. In addition, we highlight the important role played by end-point capillary pressure in determining LS efficacy.     

Efficiency of Capillary Imbibition Dominated Displacement of Nonwetting Phase by Wetting Phase in Fractured Porous Media

The critical and optimum injection rates as well as the critical fracture capillary number for an efficient displacement process are determined based on the experimental and numerical modeling of the displacement of nonwetting phase (oil) by wetting phase (water) in fractured porous media. The efficiency of the process is defined in terms of the nonwetting phase displaced from the system per amount of wetting phase injected and per time. Also, the effects of injection rate on capillary imbibition transfer dominated two-phase flow in fractured porous media are clarified by visualizing the experiments. The results reveal that as the injection rate is increased, fracture pattern begins to become an effective parameter on the matrix saturation distribution. As the rate is lowered, however, the system begins to behave like a homogeneous system showing a frontal displacement regardless the fracture configuration.     

水压爆破法拆除多格式大型隔油池

文章系统地给出了用水压爆破法连续拆除多格式超大容积隔油池的爆破参数的设计及其技术处理。隔油池为多格式、细长型(最大长宽比为8:3),结构复杂。采用了梯恩梯药块条形装药、多药包,导爆索和非电、电导爆系统的串、并联复式传爆网络及微差起爆技术,取得了较好的爆破效果。离池壁仅1.8m的高压线绊桩(3m高)、离池壁7m的高压线杆和离池壁5m且平行于池壁的平房(20m长)都安全无恙。测得了水压爆破地震波形,用计算机处理系统获得了水压爆破地震波参数及衰减规律,实测质点速度是用萨氏公式计算值的0.3～0.45。为用水压爆破法拆除同类型复杂结构物提供了有价值的参考资料。     

Modeling and Simulation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Including Interfacial Area

The focus of this paper is the derivation of a nonstandard model for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) that includes the interfacial area (IFA) between oil and water. We consider the continuity equations for water and oil, a balance equation for the oil–water interfacial area, and advective–dispersive transport equations for bacteria, nutrients, and biosurfactants. Surfactants lower the interfacial tension (IFT), which improves oil recovery. Therefore, the parametrizations of the IFT reduction and residual oil saturation are included as a function of the surfactant concentration in the model. We consider for the first time in context of MEOR, the role of IFA in enhanced oil recovery. The motivation to include the IFA is to model the hysteresis in the capillary pressure–saturation relationship in a physically based manner, to include the effects of observed bacteria migration toward the oil–water interface and the production of biosurfactants at the oil–water interface. A comprehensive 2D implementation based on two-point flux approximation and backward Euler is proposed. An efficient and robust linearization scheme is used to solve the nonlinear systems at each time step. Illustrative numerical simulations are presented. The differences in the oil recovery profiles obtained with and without IFA are discussed. The presented model can also be used to design new experiments toward a better understanding and eventually optimization of MEOR.