松质骨的细观力学研究评述

用细观力学方法分析松质骨的力学性能,研究松质骨的弹性模量、压缩强度与其相对密度之间的关系,这是骨力学的一个重要研究方向．      

松质骨拉伸细观分析的实验研究

设计了扫描电镜内专用的加载装置,研究了松质骨受拉时胞体结构的细观力学行为,获得了不同加载条件下的松质骨SEM照片和断口SEM照片,为分析松质骨变形机理和破坏机理提供实验基础,也为同类研究提供有益参考。     

利用松质骨理想化模型对骨小梁刚度的研究

利用结构张量的概念建立了考虑松质骨结构各向异性的理想模型，将杆型与板型两种传统模型统一起来．采用均匀化理论，通过有限单元的数值计算建立了松质骨弹性常数与结构张量、固体体积比之间的数值关系，并预测了骨小梁的弹性模量．结果表明，本文模型较好地体现了松质骨的各向异性力学性质．对骨小梁的计算结果表明，骨小梁的弹性模量在６７６ＧＰａ～１０９ＧＰａ范围内，平均意义上的结果是９２１ＧＰａ．     

多胞材料的力学行为

多胞材料具有独特的力学性质,其工程应用日益增加.人造多胞材料可以分为蜂窝材料和泡沫材料两类.本文介绍了这两类材料在不同载荷条件下力学行为的研究概况.对于某些天然材料(木材和松质骨)的多胞结构及其模型也作了简要介绍.     

多胞材料的力学行为

多胞材料具有独特的力学性质,其工程应用日益增加.人造多胞材料可以分为蜂窝材料和泡沫材料两类.本文介绍了这两类材料在不同载荷条件下力学行为的研究概况.对于某些天然材料(木材和松质骨)的多胞结构及其模型也作了简要介绍.      

松质骨弹性模量计算的均匀化方法

对松质骨建立了六种单胞微观结构模型，采用均匀化方法和有限元方法计算松质骨的宏观等效弹性模量。给出了六种单胞模型的松质骨弹性模量与材料密度(体分比）的关系，与实验数据进行了对比，分析了不同微观结构模型在不同骨骼中的应用。结果表明，本文方法及六种单胞模型可以对松质骨微观结构和材料性能进行有效的模拟计算。同时本文又着重对松质骨的宏观等效弹性模量与体分比的指数关系进行了探讨。     

利用分形相关法测量股骨头剖开面的面内位移

由于股骨头内松质骨结构的复杂性,对股骨头内骨小梁的应力和变形的分析与测试十分困难。在已经开展的这一方面的研究工作中主要是进行松质骨试样的宏观力学性能测试。随着计算机和图像技术的发展,图像及图像相关方法开始被用来进行松质骨的生物力学研究,这是非接触的测量方法,可以用来测量松质骨的表面位移场。本文利用图像相关方法在宏观尺度下测量了股骨头受外力作用时冠状面的面内的位移分布,作为进一步探索的开端。尽管松质骨表面的凹凸不平性对测量精度有影响,但是,还是可以分析出面内位移的分布特点。     

谈一般力学研究面向工程实际的问题

一般力学（离散系统和复杂多体系统的动力学、振动与控制）是一门基础性很强的学科，开展学科前沿的基础性、理论性研究，是一般力学研究的基本内容，但一般力学也要面向工程实际，促进经济的发展。本文列举了一般力学在工程实际中应用实例，对一般力学研究以及一般力学工作者如何面向工程实际提出了看法。     

分形力学研究进展

在分形空间考虑的力学称为分形力学．本文讨论了分形力学的数学基础，在分形空间力学量的定义，力学定律的适用性．简要介绍了目前分形力学研究领域已取得的一些初步成果．     

纳米力学进展

概述在固态下纳米力学的若干研究内容.首先对纳米力学及其范畴 进行界定，然后介绍纳米力学方法，包括属于纳观计算力学范畴的大规 模分子动力学算法、连续介质/分子动力学交叠层算法、准连续介质算法 和LMPM方法；及属于纳观实验力学范畴的纳米云纹法和纳米压痕法.随即 阐述纳米力学的新兴研究领域：包括纳米晶体的超塑性变形、纳观断裂 力学、纳米管力学和纳米压痕力学.     

含液体松质骨的压缩实验分析

在本文中,假设不含液体松质骨为红弹性体,以及松质骨固液两相结构特性,建立了含液体松质骨的单向压缩本构方程,其形式与三参量线粘弹性体的本构方程相同。并通过拟合实验结果,得到本构方程中有关参数的值。     

Fluid Flow Analysis of Integrated Porous Bone Scaffold and Cancellous Bone at Different Skeletal Sites: In Silico Study

The dynamic characteristic of bone is its ability to remodel itself through mechanobiological responses. Bone regeneration is triggered by mechanical cues from physiological activities that generate structural strain and cause bone marrow movement. This phenomenon is crucial for bone scaffold when implanted in the cancellous bone as host tissue. Often, the fluid movement of bone scaffold and cancellous bone is studied separately, which does not represent the actual environment once implanted. In the present study, the fluid flow analysis properties of bone scaffold integrated into the cancellous bone at different skeletal sites are investigated. Three types of porous bone scaffolds categorized based on pore size configurations: 1 mm, 0.8 mm and hybrid (0.8 mm interlaced with 0.5 mm) were used. Three different skeletal sites of femoral bone were selected: neck, lateral condyle and medial condyle. Computational fluid dynamics was utilized to analyze the fluid flow properties of bone scaffold integrated cancellous bone. The results of this study reveal that the localization and maximum value of shear stress in an independent bone scaffold are significantly different compared to the bone scaffold integrated with cancellous bone by about 160% to 448% percentage difference. Low shear stress and high permeability were found across models that have higher Tb.Sp (trabecular separation). Specimen C and femoral lateral condyle showed the highest permeability in their respective category.

     

The Anisotropic Hooke's Law for Cancellous Bone and Wood

A method of data analysis for a set of elastic constant measurements is applied to data bases for wood and cancellous bone. For these materials the identification of the type of elastic symmetry is complicated by the variable composition of the material. The data analysis method permits the identification of the type of elastic symmetry to be accomplished independent of the examination of the variable composition. This method of analysis may be applied to any set of elastic constant measurements, but is illustrated here by application to hardwoods and softwoods, and to an extraordinary data base of cancellous bone elastic constants. The solid volume fraction or bulk density is the compositional variable for the elastic constants of these natural materials. The final results are the solid volume fraction dependent orthotropic Hooke's law for cancellous bone and a bulk density dependent one for hardwoods and softwoods. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Finite Element Simulation of the Fatigue Behaviour of Cancellous Bone*

Meccanica - Fatigue failure of bone has been implicated in a number of clinical failure scenarios. At the material level, the fatigue behaviour of cancellous bone is poorly understood. At the...     

Determination of Bone Trabeculae Modulus—An Ultrasonic Scanning and MicroCT (μCT) Imaging Combination Approach

To date, there is no method to measure non-destructively the modulus of trabeculae within cancellous bone, whilst retaining its structural integrity. In this study ultrasonic scanning, coupled with microCT imaging, is employed to determine trabeculae modulus along the three major anatomical axes non-destructively. The proposed method allows cancellous bone specimens to remain intact, for possible use in subsequent studies. Volume rendering of the microCT images allows three-dimensional visualization of cancellous bone specimens to be tested. This facilitates trabeculae selection and accurate measurement of distance traveled by the ultrasonic wave, thus yielding a good degree of confidence in the acoustic velocity measured. For all the three principal anatomical directions, the measured acoustic speeds ranged from 2,115 to 3,077 m/s, giving an average of 2,505 m/s. Average wave velocities in the superior–inferior, medial–lateral and anterior–posterior anatomical directions were found to be 2,295, 2,469 and 2,754 m/s, respectively; the differences corresponding to the three directions do not appear to be significant. Subsequently, the modulus was then determined using elastic wave propagation theory.     

RESEARCH ON MICRO-STRUCTURE AND ENERGY ABSORPTION MECHANISM OF THE HUMAN SKULL BONE 1)

头盖骨对于维持生命安全至关重要。作为一种多孔夹芯结构,头盖骨由密质骨面板和松质骨芯子构成。本文通过头盖骨截面与冲击物相互作用,并基于能量守恒定律分析了人头盖骨能量吸收随着冲击速度的变化规律,给出了头盖骨在不同冲击速度下的破坏形貌图。通过头盖骨截面的失效面积,反映出结构的吸能特性。     

Microstructures and properties of cancellous bone of avascular necrosis of femoral heads

The aim of this study is to investigate microscopic structure and characterize cancellous bone of avascular necrosis of the femoral head （ANFH）. The rabbit model of the ANFH is established. The histopathologic features are studied successfully. The differences between the steroidinjection group （S.G.） and the controlled group （C.G.） are examined, including the weight of rabbits, the hematological examination and the three-dimensional stnactures. It is found that the plasma levels of cholesterol （CHO）, high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） in S.G. are lower than those in C.G. when the triglyceride （TG） increased in the S.G.; but the bone mineral content （BMC） and the structural model index （SMI） of the organ and tissue decreased significantly in S.G. Three-dimensional structures of the femoral head are obtained using micro-computed tomography （CT） scanning and the mechanical model is established to analyze the influences of these structural changes on the mechanical properties of the cancellous bone.