环境样品中痕量铝的现代光度分析研究新进展

论文综述和评论了近年来环境样品中痕量铝的光度分析研究新进展。重点论述了现代光度分析法测定环境样品中铝的研究新进展 ,内容包括 :胶束增溶分光光度法、双波长分光光度法、导数分光光度法、催化光度法、固相光度法、流动注射光度法。对普通光度法和胶束增溶光度法的反应体系、测定条件、摩尔吸收系数 (ε)或检出限、线性范围及其应用进行了归纳总结 ,评述了各种光度法测定的优劣 ,展望了光度法测定痕量铝的发展前景     

钛光度分析的某些进展

综述了光度法测定钛近 5年来研究的某些进展 ,涉及经典光度法、动力学光度法、计算光度法及流动注射光度法测钛 ,引文 6 0篇。     

国内光度法测定亚硝酸根进展

对国内近年来(2000—2009年)亚硝酸根的光度法测定进展作了回顾,主要涉及亚硝酸根的光度测定中应用普通分光光度法、流动注射光度法、催化光度法和荧光光度法等内容,引用文献88篇。     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量Fe(Ⅲ)的研究进展

论文探讨和论述了近年来催化动力学光度法测定痕量铁的研究进展。具体探讨和评述内容包括:比较催化光度法与原子吸收法、萃取光度法的优缺点;介绍催化动力学光度法的原理;评述催化褪色动力学光度法研究进展、催化显色动力学光度法研究进展、阻抑显色催化动力学光度法研究进展、阻抑褪色催化动力学光度法研究进展;包括指示反应及其条件、方法的检出限、干扰情况、测定范围、应用等。论文还探讨和展望了催化动力学光度法未来的研究方向和发展前景。内容包括:①对传统显色剂改性或合成新的高灵敏度、高选择性显色剂;②活性剂增敏研究;③加强相关催化机理的研究和探讨;④开展酶催化动力学光度法研究。     

杂多酸(蓝)分光光度法在测定痕量元素中的研究进展

杂多酸能被还原为有颜色的杂多蓝,结合分光光度法,可对痕量元素进行准确的分析。目前,杂多酸分光光度法作为一种分析技术,具有精度高、操作简便、分析速度快等优点,在痕量分析领域得到了迅速发展。文章综述了杂多酸在测定痕量元素P, As, Si和V中的应用及研究进展。方法主要包括钼蓝法、杂多酸-碱性染料法、荧光分光光度法、流动注射分光光度法、原子吸收分光光度法、激光热透镜分光光度法等,并对这些方法进行了比较分析。     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量锰的研究进展

评述了近年来催化动力学光度法测定痕量锰的研究进展。具体内容包括: 催化褪色动力学光度法测定痕量锰的研究进展;催化显色动力学光度法测定痕量锰的研究进展。在研究方法方面,内容包括指示反应及其条件、方法的检出限、测定范围、应用等。展望了催化动力学光度法未来的研究方向和发展前景;如加强活性剂增敏的研究、方法的选择性研究、相关催化机理的研究和酶催化动力学光度法的研究。     

国内动力学光度法测定碘研究的某些进展

本文综述了国内光度法测定碘研究的某些进展,分别从催化氧化动力学,阻抑动力学、非动力学光度法和催化荧光光度法等几个类别进行归纳,并从反应介质、检出限、线性范围和应用等方面进行叙述.     

蛋白质光度法定量分析研究现状

本文综述了吸光光度法、荧光光度法、共振散射光度法定量分析蛋白质的研究现状,参考文献86篇。     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量铜的研究进展

本文探讨和论述了近年来催化动力学光度法测定痕量铜的研究进展，比较了催化光度法与原子吸收法、萃取光度法的优缺点；介绍了催化动力学光度法的原理；评述了催化褪色光度法、催化显色光度法、催化荧光光度法等的研究进展，探讨和展望了催化动力学光度法未来的研究方向和发展前景，包括：1．对传统显色剂改性或合成新的高灵敏度、高选择性显色剂；2．活性剂增敏研究；3．加强相关催化机理的研究和探讨。全文参考文献29篇。     

DAN荧光法等3种测定蛹虫草菌丝体中硒含量的方法比较

通过DAN荧光法,3,3-二氨基联苯胺分光光度法和邻苯二胺紫外分光光度法测定蛹虫草菌丝体中硒的含量,对测得结果进行统计分析,并对其检出限、回收率进行比较研究.研究结果表明,DAN荧光法、3,3-二氨基联苯胺分光光度法和邻苯二胺紫外分光光度法中,硒含量相对标准偏差分别是2.5%,9.2%和6.1%;线性回归系数都大于0....     

Changes in ADC caused by tensile loading of rabbit achilles tendon: evidence for water transport

Water diffusion measurements were performed on rabbit Achilles tendons during static tensile loading and tendons in an unloaded state. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured along two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the tendon. Tendons were studied after being prepared in two ways: (a) after being stored frozen in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and (b) freshly isolated. Statistically significant directional anisotropy was observed in the ADC in all tendons. The ADC was significantly greater in the direction parallel to the long axis of the tendon than in the perpendicular direction. The anisotropy is attributed to the greater restrictions seen by the water molecules in the perpendicular direction and is consistent with the known geometry of the tendon. Storage in PBS caused tendons to swell. This increased the ADC measured along both directions and reduced the anisotropy. The existence of anisotropy in the ADC was not related to the orientation of the specimen in the magnet. The ADC increased along both directions following the application of a 5-N tensile load; the increase was greatest along the perpendicular axis of the tendon. In order to determine whether load-related changes in the ADC reflected changes in interfibrilar spacing, we used electron microscopy to measure load-related changes in fibril spacing. Load-related changes in fiber spacing could not account for the observed changes in the ADC. The increase in ADC caused by loading was attributed to the extrusion of tendon water into a bulk phase along the outside surface of the tendon. In PBS-stored samples, enough fluid was extruded that it could be visualized. The transient response of the ADC to a 5-N tensile load was also studied. The absolute ADC in both directions increased with loading and recovered to baseline upon unloading. The transient changes in ADC, for both loading and unloading, had a mean time constant of approximately 15 min. The magnitude of the load-induced transient ADC changes was comparable to that seen in the static-loading experiments.     

Noise emitted by water supply installations

This work deals with the problem of noise generated by water supply systems in homes. Measurements were made in situ to determine normal conditions of installations and noise levels generated in different rooms in the home. In order to determine the sources of noise and the best construction methods to minimise noise generation, a laboratory was also built to reproduce the conditions of this type of installation in homes. Tests were carried out in this laboratory on different configurations of type of tap, installation material, walling and fastening of the installation, to allow quantitative determination of the differences in noise generation between the various configurations used in households.     

Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Thin Films of Semiconductors

Grain growth in thin films is usually abnormal, leading not only to an increase in the average grain size, but also to an evolution in the shape of the grain size distribution and to an evolution in the distribution of grain orientations. The latter can be driven by surface, interface or strain energy minimization, depending on film and substrate properties and on deposition conditions, and can lead to different final textures depending on which energy dominates.In semiconductor films, as in other materials, grain growth stagnation coupled with texture-selective driving forces leads to secondary grain growth, the rate of which is higher in thinner films. Self ion-bombardment enhances the rate of pre-stagnation grain growth, and doping of Si with electron donor leads to enhanced pre-stagnation grain growth as well as surface-energy-driven secondary grain growth. The effects of ion-bombardment and dopants on grain growth in Si can be understood in terms of associated increases in point defect concentrations and the effects of point defects on grain boundary mobilities.     

Some insights on the recent spate of accidents in Indian Railways

Indian Railways (IR), the largest rail passenger carrier in the world, has experienced 11 major accidents due to derailment or collision between trains in the year 2010, leading to several human casualties and large-scale disruptions in traffic. Alarmingly, 8 of these 11 accidents have occurred within a specific geographical region known as the Indo-Gangetic plain. In order to identify the general causes of such frequent accidents, and the specific factors leading to repeated accidents in a particular region, we systematically collect and analyze data of IR traffic over the last two decades. We find that there has been an unbalanced growth in IR traffic in the Indo-Gangetic plain over the last two decades, and consequently most of the high-traffic rail-routes presently lie in this region. However, construction of new tracks and train-routes has been nominal compared to the increase in traffic, leading to frequent congestion and over-utilization of existing tracks. Modeling the traffic-flow using computer simulations, we also show that if all trains were to travel in accordance with the IR schedule, the present infrastructure would be insufficient to handle the resultant traffic-flow in some of the high-traffic routes. Hence this study reflects some of the inherent problems in the scheduling of trains and evolution of IR, and also identifies several regions where traffic is likely to exceed safe limits.     

Surface modification of silicon with single ion irradiation

In order to solve the issues in Si nanoelectronics such as fluctuation in the device functions and poor reliability of devices due to relative increase in mass transport in nm size structures and to yield novel functions by rather taking advantage of the nm size, we need to understand the phenomena peculiar to nm size structures. Based on the fact that a practical method to fabricate nm structures in terms of throughput, process time, and cost is to combine modification of solid surfaces with energetic particles (especially with single ions) and subsequent chemical processing in solutions, we describe single ion irradiation effects as a tool to modify solid surfaces in nm scale, a method for nm scale in-situ observation of solid surfaces, and some examples of the acquired knowledge.     

The principle that generates dissimilar patterns inside aggregates of organisms

Pattern formation and self-organization are phenomena that occur across the board, in animate and inanimate systems. In this paper, we rely on the constructal law to explain the generation of patterns (shapes, structures) in aggregates of organisms-pedestrian crowds and stony corals. In pedestrian crowds a variety of patterns are often observed, from ‘chaotic’ appearances to spontaneous organization in lanes of uniform walking direction. Stony corals and other organisms also present intraspecific variability in shape. We show that flow systems develop in time patterns which provide easier access to the nutrients and space, within a set of constraints imposed by each situation. Flow systems have the freedom to morph their shape in search for architectures that allows them to have greater access to the space that they inhabit. We identify the mechanisms allowing pedestrians to evolve in space and time. We also show that stony corals may develop branched or spherical shapes, depending on which shape performs best in response to the environmental conditions. The constructal law allows systems with complex internal flows to be described and understood for a unified view.     

Modes of particle combustion in iron dust flames

The so-called argon/helium test is proposed to identify the combustion mode of particles in iron dust flames. Iron powders of different particle sizes varying from 3 to 34 μm were dispersed in simulated air compositions where nitrogen was replaced by argon and helium. Due to the independence of the particle burning rate on the oxygen diffusivity in the kinetic mode, the ratio between the flame speeds in helium and argon mixtures is expected to be smaller if the particle burning rate is controlled by reaction kinetics rather than oxygen diffusion. Experiments were performed in a reduced-gravity environment on a parabolic flight aircraft to prevent particle settling and buoyancy-driven disruption of the flame. Uniform suspensions of the iron powders were produced inside glass tubes and a flame was initiated at the open end of the tube. Quenching plate assemblies of various channel widths were installed inside the tube and pass or quench events were used to measure the quenching distance. Flame propagation was recorded by a high-speed digital camera and spectral measurements were used to determine the temperature of the condensed emitters in the flame. The measured flame speeds and quenching distances were in good agreement with previously developed one-dimensional, dust flame model where the particles are assumed to burn in a diffusive mode and heat losses are described on a volumetric basis. However, a significant drop of the ratio of flame speeds in helium and argon mixtures was observed for finer 3 μm particles and was attributed to a transition from the combustion controlled by diffusion for larger particles to kinetically controlled burning of micron-size particles. In helium mixtures, the lower flame temperatures measured in suspensions of fine particles in comparison to larger particles reinforces this assumption.     

A numerical scheme for the integration of the Vlasov–Poisson system of equations, in the magnetized case

We present a numerical algorithm for the solution of the Vlasov–Poisson system of equations, in the magnetized case. The numerical integration is performed using the well-known “splitting” method in the electrostatic approximation, coupled with a finite difference upwind scheme; finally the algorithm provides second order accuracy in space and time. The cylindrical geometry is used in the velocity space, in order to describe the rotation of the particles around the direction of the external uniform magnetic field.Using polar coordinates, the integration of the Vlasov equation is very simplified in the velocity space with respect to the cartesian geometry, because the rotation in the velocity cartesian space corresponds to a translation along the azimuthal angle in the cylindrical reference frame. The scheme is intrinsically symplectic and significatively simpler to implement, with respect to a cartesian one. The numerical integration is shown in detail and several conservation tests are presented, in order to control the numerical accuracy of the code and the time evolution of the entropy, strictly related to the filamentation problem for a kinetic model, is discussed.     

A study of the dynamic impact behaviour of IN 718 and ATI 718Plus® superalloys

The dynamic impact response of IN 718 and ATI 718Plus®, in both the solution heat treated and age-hardened conditions, were investigated at different deformation temperatures and strain rates using a direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar. Analyses of the results provide a vital but previously not reported information that the ATI 718Plus® offers a higher resistance to damage during high strain rate ballistic impact deformation compared to the most widely used Iron-nickel based superalloy, Inconel 718. ATI 718Plus® showed higher strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity, in both heat treatment conditions, than IN 718. The difference in the deformation behaviour of both alloys, in the annealed condition, is attributable to the compositional modification in ATI 718Plus® which has been reported to lower its stacking fault energy and increases the tendency for deformation twinning. However, in the age-hardened condition, the difference is believed to be related to the disparity in the operative strengthening mechanism, of the precipitates present in both alloys. Furthermore, a higher susceptibility to strain location and the formation of adiabatic shear band, in aged IN 718, is attributable to the stronger temperature-softening characteristics observed in the alloy and to the limited strain hardening tendency under dynamic impact loading.     

Atomistic simulation of the vacancy diffusion in (0 0 1) surface of MoTa alloy

The formation and diffusion of a single Mo or Ta vacancy in the (0 0 1) surface of the B₂-type MoTa alloy have been investigated by using modified analytical embedded-atom method (MAEAM). The results show that the effect of the surface on the vacancy is only down to the sixth layer. It is easier for the vacancy to form in the first layer. Comparing the migration energy of the vacancy migrating in the intra-layer, to the upper layer and to the nether layer via 2NN jump, we find that the vacancy in the first or second layer is preferred to migrate in intra-layer, and that in the third or fourth layer is favorable to migrate to the upper layer. Although 1NN jump will result in an anti-site so that a disorder in the order alloy, it may also occur due to the much lower migration energy especially for the vacancy in the second and third layer to migrate to the first and second layer, respectively.