On the arc component of a locally compact Abelian group

For a topological group G, we denote by G _a the arc component of the neutral element and by the character group of G, i.e. the group of all continuous homomorphisms from G into T. We prove the following theorem: Let G be a connected locally compact abelian group and let be the embedding. Then is a topological isomorphism. In particular, the character group of the arc component of a compact abelian group is discrete. Some conclusions will be drawn.     

On one-point metrizable extensions of locally compact metrizable spaces

For a non-compact metrizable space X, let E(X) be the set of all one-point metrizable extensions of X, and when X is locally compact, let EK(X) denote the set of all locally compact elements of E(X) and be the order-anti-isomorphism (onto its image) defined in [M. Henriksen, L. Janos, R.G. Woods, Properties of one-point completions of a non-compact metrizable space, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin. 46 (2005) 105-123; in short HJW]. By definition λ(Y)=_?n<ωclβX(Un∩X)\X, where Y=X∪{p}∈E(X) and {Un}_n<ω is an open base at p in Y. We characterize the elements of the image of λ as exactly those non-empty zero-sets of βX which miss X, and the elements of the image of EK(X) under λ, as those which are moreover clopen in βX\X. This answers a question of [HJW]. We then study the relation between E(X) and EK(X) and their order structures, and introduce a subset ES(X) of E(X). We conclude with some theorems on the cardinality of the sets E(X) and EK(X), and some open questions.     

Sigma-compact,nowhere locally compact metric spaces can be densely imbedded in Hilbert space

It is shown that if H is a connected, locally contractible, separable, topologically complete metric space with the property that mappings of separable metric spaces into H are approximable by imbeddings (in particular, if H is Hilbert space), then every sigma-compact, nowhere locally compact metric space can be densely imbedded in H.     

On pure subgroups of locally compact abelian groups

In this note, we construct an example of a locally compact abelian group G = C × D (where C is a compact group and D is a discrete group) and a closed pure subgroup of G having nonpure annihilator in the Pontrjagin dual $\hat{G}$, answering a question raised by Hartman and Hulanicki. A simple proof of the following result is given: Suppose ${\frak K}$ is a class of locally compact abelian groups such that $G \in {\frak K}$ implies that $\hat{G} \in {\frak K}$ and nG is closed in G for each positive integer n. If H is a closed subgroup of a group $G \in {\frak K}$, then H is topologically pure in G exactly if the annihilator of H is topologically pure in $\hat{G}$. This result extends a theorem of Hartman and Hulanicki.Received: 4 April 2002     

On order structure of the set of one-point Tychonoff extensions of a locally compact space

If a Tychonoff space X is dense in a Tychonoff space Y, then Y is called a Tychonoff extension of X. Two Tychonoff extensions Y₁ and Y₂ of X are said to be equivalent, if there exists a homeomorphism which keeps X pointwise fixed. This defines an equivalence relation on the class of all Tychonoff extensions of X. We identify those extensions of X which belong to the same equivalence classes. For two Tychonoff extensions Y₁ and Y₂ of X, we write Y₂?Y₁, if there exists a continuous function which keeps X pointwise fixed. This is a partial order on the set of all (equivalence classes of) Tychonoff extensions of X. If a Tychonoff extension Y of X is such that Y\X is a singleton, then Y is called a one-point extension of X. Let T(X) denote the set of all one-point extensions of X. Our purpose is to study the order structure of the partially ordered set (T(X),?). For a locally compact space X, we define an order-anti-isomorphism from T(X) onto the set of all nonempty closed subsets of βX\X. We consider various sets of one-point extensions, including the set of all one-point locally compact extensions of X, the set of all one-point Lindelöf extensions of X, the set of all one-point pseudocompact extensions of X, and the set of all one-point ?ech-complete extensions of X, among others. We study how these sets of one-point extensions are related, and investigate the relation between their order structure, and the topology of subspaces of βX\X. We find some lower bounds for cardinalities of some of these sets of one-point extensions, and in a concluding section, we show how some of our results may be applied to obtain relations between the order structure of certain subfamilies of ideals of C^∗(X), partially ordered with inclusion, and the topology of subspaces of βX\X. We leave some problems open.     

More on countably compact,locally countable spaces

Following [5], aT ₃ spaceX is called good (splendid) if it is countably compact, locally countable (andω-fair).G(κ) (resp.S(κ)) denotes the statement that a good (resp. splendid) spaceX with |X|=κ exists. We prove here that (i) Con(ZF)→Con(ZFC+MA+2 ^ω is big+S(κ) holds unlessω=cf(κ)<κ); (ii) a supercompact cardinal implies Con(ZFC+MA+2suω>_ω+₁+┐G(ω_ω+₁); (iii) the “Chang conjecture” (ω_ω+₁),→(ω ₁,ω) implies ┐S(κ) for allκ≧k≧ω_ω; (iv) ifP addsω ₁ dominating reals toV iteratively then, in , we haveG(λ^ω) for allλ. Research supported by Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research grant no. 1805.     

Nagata's conjecture and countably compact hulls in generic extensions

Nagata conjectured that every M-space is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of the product of a countably compact space and a metric space. Although this conjecture was refuted by Burke and van Douwen, and A. Kato, independently, but we can show that there is a c.c.c. poset P of size ω² such that in VP Nagata's conjecture holds for each first countable regular space from the ground model (i.e. if a first countable regular space X∈V is an M-space in VP then it is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of the product of a countably compact space and a metric space in VP). By a result of Morita, it is enough to show that every first countable regular space from the ground model has a first countable countably compact extension in VP. As a corollary, we also obtain that every first countable regular space from the ground model has a maximal first countable extension in model VP.     

On lightly and countably compact spaces in ZF

Abstract

Given a topological space X = (X, T ), we show in the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory ZF that:

1. Every locally finite family of open sets of X is finite iff every pairwise disjoint, locally finite family of open sets is finite.

2. Every locally finite family of subsets of X is finite iff every pairwise disjoint, locally finite family of subsets of X is finite iff every locally finite family of closed subsets of X is finite.

3. The statement “every locally finite family of closed sets of X is finite” implies the proposition “every locally finite family of open sets of X is finite”. The converse holds true in case X is T₄ and the countable axiom of choice holds true.

   We also show:

4. It is relatively consistent with ZF the existence of a non countably compact T₁ space such that every pairwise disjoint locally finite family of closed subsets is finite but some locally finite family of subsets is infinite.

5. It is relatively consistent with ZF the existence of a countably compact T₄ space including an infinite pairwise disjoint locally finite family of open (resp. closed) sets.

     

Square of countably compact groups without non-trivial convergent sequences

We show in ZFC that the existence of a countably compact Abelian group without non-trivial convergent sequences implies the existence of a countably compact group whose square is not countably compact.This improves a result obtained by van Douwen in 1980: the existence of a countably compact Boolean group without non-trivial convergent sequences implies the existence of two countably compact groups whose product is not countably compact in ZFC.Hart and van Mill showed in 1991 the existence of a countably compact group whose square is not countably compact under Martin's Axiom for countable posets. We show that the existence of such an example does not depend on some form of Martin's Axiom.     

Building suitable sets for locally compact groups by means of continuous selections

If a discrete subset S of a topological group G with the identity 1 generates a dense subgroup of G and S∪{1} is closed in G, then S is called a suitable set for G. We apply Michael's selection theorem to offer a direct, self-contained, purely topological proof of the result of Hofmann and Morris [K.-H. Hofmann, S.A. Morris, Weight and c, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 68 (1-2) (1990) 181-194] on the existence of suitable sets in locally compact groups. Our approach uses only elementary facts from (topological) group theory.     

On function spaces topologies in the setting of ?ech closure spaces

We consider different types of topologies on the set of functions between two ?ech closure spaces and investigate some of their properties.     

On measurable multifunctions in countably separated spaces

We use an idea of countable separability of points and sets in topological spaces to prove results on intersection of measurable multifunctions and an implicit function theorem. We generalize or extend in part some well known Himmelberg's theorems.     

On the product of homogeneous spaces

Within the class of Tychonoff spaces, and within the class of topological groups, most of the natural questions concerning ‘productive closure’ of the subclasses of countably compact and pseudocompact spaces are answered by the following three well-known results: (1) [ZFC] There is a countably compact Tychonoff space X such that X × X is not pseudocompact; (2) [ZFC] The product of any set of pseudocompact topological groups is pseudocompact; and (3) [ZFC+ MA] There are countably compact topological groups G₀, G₁ such that G₀ × G₁ is not countably compact.In this paper we consider the question of ‘productive closure” in the intermediate class of homogeneous spaces. Our principal result, whose proof leans heavily on a simple, elegant result of V.V. Uspenski?, is this: In ZFC there are pseudocompact, homogeneous spaces X₀, X₁ such that X₀ × X₁ is not pseudocompact; if in addition MA is assumed, the spaces X_i may be chosen countably compact.Our construction yields an unexpected corollary in a different direction: Every compact space embeds as a retract in a countably compact, homogeneous space. Thus for every cardinal number α there is a countably compact, homogeneous space whose Souslin number exceeds α.     

On the cardinality of Urysohn spaces

Recently, in Cammaroto et al. (2013) [4] we obtained a generalization of the famous inequality established by A.V. Arhangel?ski? in 1969 for Hausdoff spaces. In this paper, following this line of research, we present a common variation of this inequality for Urysohn spaces by developing a Main Theorem for obtaining inequalities. In particular, we extend a 2006 inequality by Hodel for Urysohn spaces. Moreover, this extended inequality is used to analyze a result containing an increasing chain of spaces that satisfies the same cardinality inequality and this new result solves an open problem in Cammaroto et al. (2013) [4] for Urysohn spaces. This general theorem also provides a new cardinal inequality for Hausdorff spaces. The paper is concluded with some open problems.     

On D-Paracompact spaces

Following Pareek a topological space X is called D-paracompact if for every open cover $\text{A}$ of X there exists a continuous mapping f from X onto a developable T₁-space Y and an open cover $\text{B}$ of Y such that { f^-1[B]|B ∈ $\text{B}$ } refines $\text{A}$. It is shown that a space is D-paracompact if and only if it is subparacompact and D-expandable. Moreover, it is proved that D-paracompactness coincides with a covering property, called dissectability, which was introduced by the author in order to obtain a base characterization of developable spaces.     

Remarks on ω-domination of discrete subspaces

Abstract

Given a space X, we will say that a class of subsets of X is dominated by a class ? if for any A ∈ , there exists a B ∈ ? such that A ? . In particular, all (closed) discrete subsets of X are countably dominated (which we frequently abbreviate as ω-dominated) if, for any (closed) discrete set D ? X, there exists a countable set B ? X such that D ? . In this paper, we investigate the topological properties of spaces in which (closed) discrete subspaces are dominated either by countable subsets or by Lindelöf subspaces.     

The orderability of nonarchimedean spaces

Let X be a nonarchimedean space and C be the union of all compact open subsets of X. The following conditions are listed in increasing order of generality. (Conditions 2 and 3 are equivalent.) 1. X is perfect; 2. C is an F_σ in X; 3. C? is metrizable; 4. X is orderable. It is also shown that X is orderable if $\text{C}\text{?}\text{?C}$ is scattered or X is a GO space with countably many pseudogaps. An example is given of a non-orderable, totally disconnected, GO space with just one pseudogap.     

Some observations on compact indestructible spaces

Inspired by a recent work of Dias and Tall, we show that a compact indestructible space is sequentially compact. We also prove that a Lindelöf _T2$T_2$ indestructible space has the finite derived set property and a compact _T2$T_2$ indestructible space is pseudoradial. Finally, we observe that under CH a compact weakly Whyburn space of countable tightness is indestructible.