硫酸氢钠催化下甲苯的硝化

研究了硫酸氢钠催化下甲苯用硝酸的硝化.结果表明,在醋酐存在条件下,以CCl4为溶剂,以质量分数为95%的硝酸为硝化剂,反应温度控制在45℃,反应进行60 min,选用硫酸氢钠催化剂.对甲苯表现出了强的区域选择性,甲苯硝化产物邻对位比达1.09,较硝酸硫酸混酸的1.67显著降低.硝化产物收率达到99.9%.催化剂可循环使用5次,催化活性基本不变,是一种极具工业化开发价值的硝化反应催化剂.     

二氧化硅负载磷钼钒酸铯选择性催化硝化苯酚为邻硝基苯酚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化硅负载磷钼钒酸铯催化剂,利用XRD、红外、SEM以及物理吸附等技术手段对催化剂进行了表征分析,并以稀硝酸（30%）为硝化剂,考察了该催化剂对苯酚硝化反应的催化性能,系统研究了反应时间、催化剂用量、硝酸与苯酚用量以及催化剂重复利用等对催化反应的影响。 结果表明,制备的负载磷钼钒酸铯催化剂具有典型的Keggin结构,在温和的苯酚硝化反应条件下,表现出优良的催化活性和高的邻硝基苯酚选择性,在实验优化条件下,邻硝基苯酚收率达到88%,催化剂回收方便可多次重复使用。 负载磷钼钒酸铯催化苯酚硝化反应结合水蒸汽蒸馏提供了一种简单可行的制备邻硝基苯酚的方法。     

一硝基氯苯的区域选择性合成研究(Ⅰ)硝酸硝化

制备了SO2-4/TiO2、SO2-4/ZrO2和一系列钛锆原子比不同的SO2-4/TiO2-ZrO2固体酸催化剂,并通过XRD、FTIR和TG-DTA等进行了表征;研究了这些催化剂上硝酸硝化氯苯的区域选择性. 结果表明,在醋酐存在下,氯苯与等物质量的硝酸反应,其产物具有强对位选择性,在SO2-4/TiO2-ZrO2(原子比1∶2)催化剂上,氯苯一硝化产物中邻/对硝基氯苯异构体的质量比达0.29,较硝硫混酸硝化的0.57显著降低,产物得率可达70.2%. 该反应快速且催化剂可循环使用.     

邻氯甲苯直接硝化法合成6-氯-3-氨基甲苯-4-磺酸

邻氯甲苯混酸硝化合成6-氯-3-氨基甲苯-4-磺酸(CLT酸)因其产率低及选择性差而未能实现工业生产,本文对该工艺进行了改进,采用酸性β沸石和乙酰硝酸酯作为催化剂和硝化剂,提高了硝化选择性和收率,分别为72％和97％;并改进了还原、异构体分离和磺化操作;CLT酸总收率提高到61％.     

一硝基氯苯的区域选择性合成研究

制备了SO4^2-／TiO2、SO4^-/ZrO2和一系列钛锆原子比不同的SO4^2-／TiO2-ZrO2固体酸催化剂，并通过XRD、FTIR和TG－DTA等进行了表征；研究了这些催化剂上硝酸硝化氯苯的区域选择性。结果表明，在醋酐存在下，氯苯与等物质量的硝酸反应，其产物具有强位选择性，在SO4^2-/TiO2－ZrO2（原子比1：2）催化剂上，氯苯一硝化产物中邻／对硝基氯苯异构体的质量比达0．29，较硝友混酸消化的0．57显著降低，产物得率可达70．2％，该反应快速且催化剂可循环使用。     

过渡金属催化导向基团辅助的惰性C—H键硝化反应研究进展

芳香族硝基化合物是一类重要的化学原料和有机合成中间体.传统的亲电硝化反应难以做到区域选择性地定位硝化.近几十年来,过渡金属催化的C—H键活化反应得到了快速发展,目前大多数官能团都可以通过过渡金属与导向基团的螯合作用引入芳烃的特定位置.钯、钌及铑等过渡金属催化的导向基团辅助芳烃C—H键硝化反应研究副产物较少,具有很好的区域选择性,更加绿色环保,已经取得了重要的进展.根据不同的过渡金属催化剂进行分类,综述了导向基团辅助的惰性C—H键硝化反应研究进展,对该研究领域的局限性和未来的发展前景进行总结和展望.     

钝化芳环的硝化研究进展*

芳香族化合物的硝化反应是工业生产中重要的单元反应,钝化芳环的硝化反应在医药、农药、染料和炸药合成中有重要地位。本文从硝化试剂角度综述了近年来钝化芳环的硝化反应的进展,包括硝酸盐/硫酸、硝酸酯、硝酸、氮氧化物等硝化方法。简要评述了这些方法的特点,并展望了硝化方法的研究方向。其中,硝酸盐/硫酸体系具有较强的硝化能力,对于钝化芳环,可以在温和条件下以高收率得到硝化产物,在实验室制备或工业应用中具有较高的应用价值;其他硝化方法由于各种原因暂时不能对钝化程度较高的芳环进行硝化,还需进一步研究具有较高活性的硝化体系。     

负载型杂多酸催化下N2O5对甲苯的选择性硝化

用负载型杂多酸为催化剂,N2O5为硝化剂的新型硝化体系,对甲苯的硝化反应进行研究. 分别考察了杂多酸类型、载体种类、杂多酸负载量及催化剂循环使用次数等因素对硝化反应的影响. 结果证明,负载型杂多酸能显著提高N2O5的硝化能力;催化剂回收后可直接重复使用,甲苯硝化反应得率为34%,对位选择性达到58.9%,表明N2O5是一种具有应用前景的硝化试剂.     

杯[4]芳烃四丁醚的选择性硝化

硝化反应;杯[4]芳烃四丁醚的选择性硝化     

脂肪酸甲酯和甲醇催化共裂化制备可再生芳烃和烯烃

甘油三酸酯及其衍生物(如脂肪酸甲酯,FAMEs)催化裂化是制备可再生芳烃和烯烃的潜在途径,但该路径严重受限于HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的积炭失活.为调控FAMEs裂化产物分布并减缓催化剂的失活速率,本研究发展了FAMEs和甲醇催化共裂化的反应策略.结果表明,FAMEs和甲醇催化共裂化能够提高烯烃的选择性并降低芳烃的选择性...     

Nonacid nitration of benzenedicarboxylic and naphthalenecarboxylic acid esters

When treated with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of ozone and a catalytic amount of iron(III) chloride in inert organic solvent at -10 to +5 degrees C, benzenedicarboxylic acid diesters 1, 4, and 6 underwent smooth nitration to give the corresponding mononitro derivatives 2/3, 5, and 7, respectively, in good yield (kyodai nitration). Naphthalenecarboxylic acid esters 8 and 11 and naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid diester 16 were similarly nitrated in the absence of catalyst to give the expected nitro compounds 9/10, 12-15, and 17-22, respectively. Different from conventional nitration based on the combined use of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, no hydrolytic cleavage of the ester function was observed under these conditions. The isomer distribution has been determined for the nitration of naphthalenecarboxylic acid esters 8, 11, and 16, and spectral data were collected for less common nitro derivatives. A unique changeover of the orientation mode observed in the kyodai nitration of diester 16, from the initial exclusive meta to the final meta/para, has been discussed in terms of the competition between the electrophilic substitution process involving the nitronium ion (NO2+) and the addition-elimination sequence involving the nitrogen trioxide radical (*NO3).     

Electrophilic substitution in the 1-phenyl-2-acylpyrazolidine series

Bromination, nitration, and sulfonation reactions in the acylphenylpyrazolidine series were investigated. 1-(p-Bromophenyl)-2-acylpyrazolidines are formed in good yields in the bromination of these compounds over a wide range of temperatures in various solvents. Removal of the acyl group takes place simultaneously with sulfonation in the para position of the phenyl ring in the sulfonation of phenylacylpyrazolidines with concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature; the p-sulfophenylpyrazolidines formed in this case exist in the form of betain structures. The nitration of acylphenylpyrazolidines with concentrated nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.52) leads to 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-acylpyrazolidines. However, the nitration of these compounds with dilute nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.35) is accompanied by pronounced resinification; both 2,4-dinitrophenyl and p-nitrophenyl-2-acylpyrazolidines, as well as dimers of the latter, were detected among the reaction products.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1377–1380, October, 1978.     

Substituent effects of phosphorus and arsenic containing groups in aromatic substitution—II : Nitration of benzylphosphonic acid and related compounds

The reactivities of benzylphosphonic acid (protonated and unprotonated) and β-phenylethylphosphonic acid have been determined for nitration. The highly selective para/ortho orientation has been confirmed. The relative reactivities of systems PhX and PhCH₂X for some substituents are discussed.     

Heterocyclic derivatives of purines. 4. Reactions of thiazolo[3,2-f]xanthineS

The chemical transformations of 2- and 3-substituted thiazolo[3,2-f]xanthines with electrophilic reagents were studied, and it was established that the 2 position of the thiazole ring is active in bromination, while the para position of the aryl substituent is active in nitration. The structures of the substances obtained were established from the IR, PMR, and mass-spectral data.See [1] for Communication 3.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1267–1271, September, 1981.     

Nitration of 2- and 5-benzyl-3-hydroxypyridines and their N-oxides

The nitration of 2- and 5-benzyl-3-hydroxpyridines and their N-oxides takes place in the para position of the phenyl ring. The introduction of an N-oxide group into the Β-pyridol ring does not affect the orientation of substitution.     

Nitro derivatives of 3-hydroxyquinoline

The nitration of 3-hydroxyquinoline with concentrated nitric acid in sulfuric acid at ?30 to +30°C gives 5-nitro-3-hydroxyquinoline (85–92%) and 7-nitro-3-hydroxyquinoline (7–12%). 4-Nitro-3-hydroxyquinoline is formed in 70% yield by nitration in acetic acid. 4,5-Dinitro-3-hydroxyquinoline is formed by further nitration of 4- and 5-nitro-3-hydroxyquinolines.     

Experimental investigation of mononitrotoluene preparation in a continuous-flow microreactor

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Mononitrotoluene is an important dye intermediate, which is prepared by nitration of toluene and mixed acid. The nitration of toluene with mixed acid is a fast...     

Synthesis of isomeric 1,3- and 1,4-bis[3(4)-nitrofuroxan-4(3)-yl]nitrobenzenes by nitration of the corresponding isomeric 1,3- and 1,4-bis[3(4)-nitrofuroxan-4(3)-yl]benzenes

Isomeric 1,3- and 1,4-bis[3(4)-nitrofuroxan-4(3)-yl]nitro(dinitro)benzenes were synthe-sized in high yields by nitration of the corresponding 1,3- and 1,4-bis[3(4)-nitrofuroxan-4(3)-yl]benzenes with a mixture of 100% nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. The influence of 3- and 4-nitrofuroxanyl fragments on the regioselectivity of the nitration was revealed. The structure of 1,3-bis(4-nitrofuroxan-3-yl)-4-nitrobenzene was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. 1,3- and 1,4-Bis(3-nitrofuroxan-4-yl)nitrobenzenes underwent thermal isomerization to more thermodynamically favorable 1,3- and 1,4-bis(4-nitrofuroxan-3-yl)nitrobenzenes.     

Nitration of some 2, 5-disubstituted 4-phenylpyridin es

2,5-Dimethyl-4-phenylpyridine is nitrated in the para position of the phenyl ring. Further nitration of the resulting nitro compound gives a mixture of isomeric dinitro derivatives. In the case of 4-phenylisocinchomeronic acid the nitro group enters the meta position of the phenyl ring.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii. No. 3, pp. 365–368, March, 1976.     

单取代芳烃的硝化

以甲苯、乙苯、异丙苯、叔丁基苯、氟苯等为硝化底物,通过混酸硝化得到这些单取代芳烃转化率最大时的混酸硝化强度φ。 运用密度泛涵理论,在B3LYP/6-311G**水平上优化了9种单元芳烃的几何构型,计算苯环上C原子电荷分布。 讨论了9种取代基的定位效应,以苯环取代基以外环上C原子总净电荷QRΣC(2~6)表示单取代苯的硝化反应活性与硝化强度φ之间的关系。 实验结果表明,烷基苯、卤苯、硝基苯的硝化反应活性与其混酸硝化转化率达最大时的混酸硝化强度φ呈良好的线性关系。