Banach spaces whose duals contain complemented subspaces isomorphic to C[0, 1]

We give several characterizations of those Banach spaces X such that the dual $\text{X}{}^1$ contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to $\text{C[0, 1]}{}^1$. We investigate operators on separable $\text{L}$_∞ spaces whose adjoints have nonseparable ranges and apply our results to obtain a structure theorem for $\text{L}$_∞ spaces whose duals are not isomorphic to l₁(Γ).     

Zeta matrices of elliptic curves

Let $\text{O =}\text{lim}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{Z/p}{}^{\mathrm{n}}\text{Z}$, let $\text{A}\text{= O[g}{}_2\text{, g}{}_3\text{]}{}_{\mathrm{\Delta }}$, where g₂ and g₃ are coefficients of the elliptic curve: Y² = 4X³ ? g₂X ? g₃ over a finite field and Δ = g₂³ ? 27g₃² and let $\text{B}\text{=}\text{A}\text{[X, Y]}\text{(Y}{}^2\text{? 4X}{}^3\text{+ g}{}_2\text{X + g}{}_3\text{)}$. Then the p-adic cohomology theory will be applied to compute explicitly the zeta matrices of the elliptic curves, induced by the pth power map on the free $\text{A}{}^2\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}\text{Q}$-module $\text{H}{}^1\text{(X,}\text{A}{}^2\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}\text{Q)}$. Main results are; Theorem 1.1: X²dY and YdX are basis elements for $\text{H}{}^1\text{(}\text{X}\text{, Γ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>A</mtext>}}{}^1\text{(}\text{X}\text{)}{}^2\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}\text{Q)}$; Theorem 1.2: YdX, X²dY, Y^?1dX, Y^?2dX and XY^?2dX are basis elements for $\text{H}{}^1\text{(}\text{X}\text{? (Y = 0), Γ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>A</mtext>}}{}^1\text{(}\text{X}\text{)}{}^2\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}\text{Q)}$, where $\text{X}$ is a lifting of X, and all the necessary recursive formulas for this explicit computation are given.     

An addendum to “M-ldeal structure in Banach algebras”

M-ideals in a commutative Banach algebra A are shown to correspond to certain hermitian central projections in $\text{A}{}^7$, and thus possess bounded approximate identities. This leads to a new characterization of M-ideals in function algebras.     

Lifting commuting pairs of C1 algebras

Given a commuting pair $\text{A}$₁, $\text{A}$₂ of abelian $\text{C}{}^1$ subalgebras of the Calkin algebra, we look for a commuting pair $\text{B}$₁,$\text{B}$₂ of $\text{C}{}^1$ subalgebras of $\text{B(H)}$ which project onto $\text{A}$₁ and $\text{A}$₂. We do not insist that $\text{B}$_i, be abelian, so $\text{B}$_i, may contain nontrivial compact operators. If X is the joint spectrum σ($\text{A}$₁, $\text{A}$₂), it is shown that the existence of a pair $\text{B}$₁, $\text{B}$₂ depends only on the element τ in Ext(X) determined by $\text{A}$₁, $\text{A}$₂. The set L(X) of those τ in Ext(X) which “lift” in this sense is shown to be a subgroup of Ext(X) when Ext(X) is Hausdorff, and also when $\text{A}$_i are singly generated. In this latter case, L(X) can be explicitly calculated for large classes of joint spectra. These results are applied to lift certain pairs of commuting elements of the Calkin algebra to pairs of commuting operators.     

Extensions of factorial states of C1-algebras

Let A be a $\text{C}{}^1$-algebra, B be a $\text{C}{}^1$-subalgebra of A, and φ be a factorial state of B. Sometimes, φ may be extended to a factorial state of A by a tensor product method of Sakai (“$\text{C}{}^1$-algebras and $\text{W}{}^1$-algebras, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/ New York 1971”). Sometimes, there is a weak expectation of A into $\text{π}{}_{\mathrm{\phi }}\text{(B)}$, and then factorial extensions may be found by a method of Sakai and Tsui (Yokohama Math. J.29 (1981), 157–160). These two methods are shown to have the same effect, and the factorial extensions produced by them are analysed.     

Factoring weakly compact operators

The main result is that every weakly compact operator between Banach spaces factors through a reflexive Banach space. Applications of the result and technique of proof include new results (e.g., separable conjugate spaces embed isomorphically in spaces with boundedly complete bases; convex weakly compact sets are affinely homeomorphic to sets in a reflexive space) and simple proofs of known results (e.g., there is a reflexive space failing the Banach-Saks property; if X is separable, then $\text{X =}\text{Z}{}^7\text{Z}$ for some Z; there is a separable space which does not contain l₁ whose dual is nonseparable).     

The range of the derivative of a differentiable bumpL'image de la dérivée d'une fonction bosse différentiable

We study the range of the derivative of a Frechet differentiable bump. X is an infinite dimensional separable C^p-smooth Banach space. We first prove that any connected open subset of $\text{X}{}^1$ containing 0 is the range of the derivative of a C^p-bump. Next, analytic subsets of $\text{X}{}^1$ which satisfy a natural linkage condition are the range of the derivative of a C¹-bump. We find analogues of these results in finite dimensions. We finally show that $\text{f′(}\text{R}{}^2\text{)}$ is the closure of its interior, if f is a C²-bump on $\text{R}{}^2$. To cite this article: T. Gaspari, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 189–194.     

Lower bounds for commutative radical Banach algebras

One says a commutative radical Banach algebra A has a lower bound if there is a lower growth condition on $\text{∥x}{}^{\mathrm{n}}\text{∥}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>n</mtext>}}$ for all nonzero elements x in A. If A is a separable algebra we give necessary and sufficient conditions for A to possess a lower bound.     

On the exponential map of classical Lie groups and linear differential systems with periodic coefficients

Let X and Y be Banach spaces, $\text{?: X → Y}{}^1\text{and}\text{P: X → Y}$; P is said to be strongly ?-accretive if $\text{〈Px ? Py, ?(x ? y)〉 ? c ¦|x ? y¦|}{}^2$ for some c > 0 and each x,y?X. These mappings constitute a generalization simultaneously of monotone mappings ($\text{when}\text{Y = X}{}^1$) and accretive mappings (when Y = X). By applying a theorem of 1. Ekeland, it is shown that a localized class of these mappings must be surjective under appropriate geometric assumptions on $\text{Y}{}^1$ and continuity assumptions on P. The results generalize two theorems of F. E. Browder and the proofs further refine the methodology for dealing with such mappings.     

Uniqueness of complex representing measures on the Choquet boundary

Let A be a linear subspace of complex C(X) which separates points and contains the constants. Hustad has shown that to each complex linear functional L in $\text{A}{}^1$ there corresponds a complex regular Borel measure μ “supported by” the Choquet boundary ?A of A which represents L and satisfies ∥ μ ∥ = ∥ L ∥. We give a number of conditions on the dual ball of A which are necessary and sufficient for each L in $\text{A}{}^1$ to be represented by a unique such measure μ.     

Properties of certain algebras between L∞and H∞

The main result of this paper is that if F is a closed subset of the unit circle, then $\text{(H}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{+ L}{}_{\mathrm{F}}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{)}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}$ is an M-ideal of $\text{L}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}$. Consequently, if $\text{? ∈ L}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}$ then ? has a closest element in H^∞ + L_F^∞. Furthermore, if $\text{¦F¦ >0}\text{then}\text{L}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{(H}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{+ L}{}_{\mathrm{F}}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{)}$ is not the dual of any Banach space.     

Unbounded derivations commuting with compact group actions. II

Let ($\text{A}$, G, α) be a $\text{C}{}^1$ dynamical system and let δ be a closed ¹ derivation in $\text{A}$ which commutes with α and satisfies $\text{A}$^G ? ker(δ). If $\text{A}$ is a separable Type I $\text{C}{}^1$ algebra and G is a second countable compact group, then δ generates a strongly continuous one parameter group of ¹ automorphisms of $\text{A}$.     

Powers of matrices and idempotency

In this paper, we establish the following results: Let A be a square matrix of rank r. Then (a) $\text{(A+A}{}^1\text{)}\text{2}$ is idempotent of rank r, and tr_rA (defined as the sum of the principal minors of order r in A) is one iff A is Hermitian idempotent. (b) A^s=A^t for some positive integers s≠t, and trA=rankA iff A is idempotent. (c) $\text{A(A1A)}{}^{\mathrm{s}}\text{= A(AA}{}^1\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{t}}$ for some integers s≠t iff $\text{AA}{}^1\text{=A}{}^1\text{A}$ is idempotent, while $\text{A(A}{}^1\text{A)}{}^{\mathrm{s}}\text{= A(AA}{}^1\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{s}}$ for some integers s≠0 iff $\text{AA}{}^1\text{=A}{}^1\text{A}$. (d) $\text{A(A}{}^1\text{A)}{}^{\mathrm{s}}\text{=A}{}^1\text{(AA}{}^1\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{t}}$ for some integers s≠t and rankA=trA iff A is Hermitian idempotent, while $\text{A(A}{}^1\text{A)}{}^{\mathrm{s}}\text{= A}{}^1\text{(AA}{}^1\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{s}}$ for some integer s iff A is Hermitian. Here $\text{A}{}^1$ indicates the conjugate transpose of A, and P^-α is defined iff (P⁺)^α=(P^α)⁺ for all positive integers α and P⁺ is the Moore-Penrose inverse of P.     

Smoothness in weakly compactly generated Banach spaces

If $\text{X}{}^1$ is a weakly compactly generated (WCG) Banach space, then X admits an equivalent C¹-smooth norm. If a WCG Banach space X admits a C^k-smooth function with bounded support, then X admits C^k-smooth partitions of unity.     

Hilbertian and complemented finite-dimensional subspaces of Banach lattices and unitary ideals

Let 1 < p ? 2 ? q < ∞ and X be either a Banach lattice which is p-convex and q-concave or a unitary ideal of operators on l₂ which is modeled on a symmetric space which is p-convex and q-concave. If E ?X is any n-dimensional subspace, then both the distance from E to $\text{l}{}_2{}^{\mathrm{n}}$ and the relative projection constant of E in X are dominated by $\text{cn}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>p</mtext><mtext>\; ?\; </mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>q</mtext>}}$.     

Spectral representations for abelian automorphism groups of von Neumann algebras

Let $\text{A}$ be a von Neumann algebra, let σ be a strongly continuous representation of the locally compact abelian group G as ¹-automorphisms of $\text{A}$. Let M(σ) be the Banach algebra of bounded linear operators on $\text{A}$ generated by ∝ σ_tdμ(t) (μ?M(G)). Then it is shown that M(σ) is semisimple whenever either (i) $\text{A}$ has a σ-invariant faithful, normal, semifinite, weight (ii) σ is an inner representation or (iii) G is discrete and each σ_t is inner. It is shown that the Banach algebra L(σ) generated by $\text{∝ ?(t)σ}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{dt (? ? L}{}^1\text{(G))}$ is semisimple if a is an integrable representation. Furthermore, if σ is an inner representation with compact spectrum, it is shown that L(σ) is embedded in a commutative, semisimple, regular Banach algebra with isometric involution that is generated by projections. This algebra is contained in the ultraweakly continuous linear operators on $\text{A}$. Also the spectral subspaces of σ are given in terms of projections.     

Sufficiency and invariance

Suppose that a statistical decision problem is invariant under a group of transformations g?G. T (X) is equivariant if there exists $\text{g}{}^1\text{? G}{}^1$ such that $\text{T(g(X)) = g}{}^1\text{(T((X))}$. We show that the minimal sufficient statistic is equivalent and that if T(X) is an equivariant sufficient statistics and d(X) is invariant under G, then $\text{d}{}^1\text{(T) = Ed(X)∥T}$ is invariant under $\text{G}{}^1$.     

A note on computing the distribution of the norm of Hilbert space valued Gaussian random variables

Let X be a Gaussian rv with values in a separable Hilbert space H having a covariance operator R of the form $\text{R = L}{}_0{}^1\text{A}{}^1\text{AL}{}_0$, where L₀, A are linear operators on H. A method is given for computing in terms of $\text{R}{}_0\text{= L}{}_0{}^1\text{L}{}_0$ and A the distribution of |X|², |·| being the norm in H. The result is applied to the evaluation of the asymptotic distribution of Cramér-von Mises statistics when parameters are present. L₀ corresponds to the case where the true underlying parameter is known and A represents the effect of estimating the unknown parameter.     

Function algebra invariants and the conformal structure of planar domains

Let A(S) be the sup-normed Banach algebra of analytic functions with continuous boundary values on the compact bordered Riemann surface S.For (?) in $\text{A(S)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{exp}\text{(A(S))}$, the colength of (?) is defined by $\text{∥(?)∥ =}\text{1}\text{2}\text{log inf}\text{{∥ g ∥ ∥ g}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{∥; g ? (?)}}$. Colength is shown to induce a norm on the cohomology group H¹(S,R) dual to the norm induced on the homology group H₁(S,R) by harmonic length, or, equivalently, dual to the norm on Re A(S)^⊥.The existence and uniqueness of extremal functions for the colength functional is demonstrated. The aforementioned norms are shown to determine the conformal structure of S (up to reflection) and to be related to the mapping properties of S.