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1.
A retarding field apparatus for the measurement of angular and energy distributions of scattered electrons (15 to 50 keV) is described. The apparatus was used for investigations into the influence of crystal size and electron energy on the elastically scattered intensity in Debye-Scherrer-diagramms of aluminium. The results are discussed with respect to the dynamical and kinematical theory. It proves, that the kinematical theory does not hold for crystallites of 100 Å thickness or more.  相似文献   

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Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das labormäβig aufgebaute Muster eines Istwertanzeigegerätes (Absolutwertmesser) zur Flächenmassemessung, das im Prinzip mit allen Meβköpfen der im VEB Vakutronik WIB Dresden entwickelten und gefertigten Flächengewichtsmeβgeräte betrieben werden kann. Einleitend werden verschiedene Anwendungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt und anschlieβend die Wirkungsweise, die auf einer Folgeregelung beruht, beschrieben. Mit diesem Gerät wird die gleiche Genauigkeity erreicht wie beim Abweichungsanzeigegerät der bekannten Flächengewichtsmeβanlage VA-T-70B.  相似文献   

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The excitation of surface plasmons on liquid indium, gallium and aluminum surfaces as well as on silicon cleavage faces is studied by reflection of 10 keV electrons at grazing incidence (80° up to 89°). Due to the high excitation probability of surface plasmons at these large angles of incidence multiples of surface plasmons are observed. (Except on Si.) The Poisson distribution of the intensity of these energy losses is verified quantitatively as well as the dependence on (cos)–1. The value of the excitation probability indicates that at grazing incidence the electrons are reflected just at the surface without penetrating into the volume. This is further demonstrated by the lack of volume plasmons. The surface loss positions in the solid and the liquid state show the calculated differences due to the density difference of both phases  相似文献   

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The energy distributions of electrons scattered by variously treated (111) surfaces of aluminium crystals and their dependence on scattering angle has been measured by an electrostatic analyser with a spherical condenser. Etched surfaces show in the diffraction maxima discrete energy losses with intensities similar to those of thin aluminium foils. Electrolytically polished surfaces (H3PO4+CrO3 bath) show no diffraction patterns of Al, and the energy distribution is that of aluminium oxide. After removal of the oxide film, the diffraction pattern of even surfaces appears. In the diffraction maxima the intensity of the energy loss of 6·7 eV is high; the intensity of the energy loss of 14·9 eV increases with increasing order of the diffraction maxima. The angular distributions of the intensities of the discrete energy losses near the diffraction spots are similar to those observed at thin foils and agree with theory.  相似文献   

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Dispersion and scattering cross section of the bulk plasma losses of Al and Mg are compared with plasma theory. The low lying Mg loss shows an asymmetric intensity distribution for non-normally incident electrons and an angular dependence of intensity as expected from the theory of surface losses. In very thin Al films, coupling effects between the two opposite surfaces are found, causing some new properties of the surface losses. Especially a thickness dependent dispersion of the surface loss is measured which is quite different from that of the bulk losses and characteristic for surface excitation.  相似文献   

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Zur Charakterisierung von technischen Versuchreaktoren für eine kontinuierliche Kohlenwasserstoffchlorierung wurden Verweilzeitbestimmungen nach der Methode der radioaktiven Stoβmarkierung vorgenommen. Die experimentellen Befunde dienten der Aufklārung bestehender Mängel und wurden für die Weiterentwicklung der Apparate ausgewertet. Die Untersuchungen führten zur Konstruktion eines Reaktors, mit dem im Labor äquivalente Rührstufenzahlen von 5 und in Technikum von 10 erreicht werden konnten.  相似文献   

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The angular distribution of electrons scattered elastically by gold atoms has been investigated over the angular range from 30 to 155° and with electron energies between 150 and 1900 eV. The scattering curves obtained resemble closely the corresponding curves for mercury atoms. The theoretically expected energy dependence of the 90°-scattering is in poor agreement only with the results obtained experimentally in this work.  相似文献   

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