A Study of the Hydrolysis of Waste Paper Cellulose with a Vertically Hanging Immobilized Cellulase Reactor and the Reuse of the Immobilized Cellulase

A commercialized cellulase from Trichoderma reesei has been successfully immobilized by using calcium alginate gel in our laboratory. The waste paper cellulose was hydrolyzed with a special design of the reactor to form a vertically hanging immobilized cellulase under the optimum conditions of pH 4.0 and 45 °C. Glucose, cellobiose and xylose are the major hydrolysis products. The glucose production from the hydrolysis with the vertically hanging immobilized cellulase was about 1.73‐fold better than the freely suspended immobilized cellulase. The average diameter of the immobilized cellulase pellets was 4.190 ± 0.291 mm. UV light irradiation deactivates the activity of the immobilized cellulase. The advantage of the vertically hanging immobilized cellulase reactor is an easy recycle and reuse of the immobilized cellulase. Washing and soaking the recycled immobilized cellulase with distilled water for one day can restore its activity to a small extent. Overall, the application of the hanging immobilized cellulase reactor for waste paper cellulose hydrolysis is successful.     

Organic micropollutants in the sewage from a phenoxyalkanoic acid production plant after biological treatment in a municipal trickling filters plant

The environmentally hazardous organic substances in the waste water from the manufacture of chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids have been identified and semiquantified before and after passing through a biological treatment plant for municipal sewage, the secondary effluent of which is discharged into a marine ecosystem. The organics belong to three groups: (i) chlorophenols; (ii) chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids; and (iii) chlorinated neutrals. The removal of chlorophenols and phenoxyalkanoic acids was shown to be good, with a 90% overall reduction of chlorinated substances in the sewage passing through the treatment plant. The lowest reduction occurred for the polychlorinated compounds. Two chlorobenzofurans among the chlorinated neutrals were preliminarily identified.     

城市污水处理过程中有机污染物三维荧光特性的变化规律

采用三维荧光光谱法研究了城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物的三维荧光特性变化规律。研究结果表明,生活污水中荧光类溶解性有机物主要以类蛋白有机物、UV腐殖质和可见腐殖质为主;污水生物处理前后特征荧光峰中心位置和强度均发生明显的改变,表明污水中有机物的相对组成和含量随生物处理过程而变化。三维特征荧光参数可以反映污水处理过程中污染物的种类、性质和含量变化等丰富信息。其测定迅速简便、灵敏度高,可用于污水处理效果的定性分析、定量评价,易于实现污水处理过程的实时在线监测,指导污水处理工艺的设计、运行、管理和控制。     

基于薄层反应器的有机污染物光电催化氧化反应性能与机理

基于薄层反应器快速耗竭氧化特点,研究了典型环境内分泌干扰物双酚A在TiO2纳米管阵列电极上的光电催化氧化反应性能与反应机理.结果表明,薄层反应器中光电流、初始峰值电流、耗竭反应净电量和空白光电流等光电催化物理参数均能反映光电催化反应速率,并适用于催化反应的机制分析.峰值光电流与双酚A初始浓度拟合结果表明,双酚A在电极表...     

我国黄土区土壤水分、有机质和总氮的近红外光谱分析

用近红外光谱（NIR）对我国黄土区土壤水分、有机质和总氮含量进行评价分析。结果表明，该法与实验室化学分析法之间相关性高，误差小。52份样品定标结果：水分、有机质和总氮的复合相关系数（MR）分别为0.974、0.938和0.942；标准误差（SE）分别为1.08、0.23和0.04。74份样品的检验结果：相关系数（R）分别为0.969、0.921t 0.928；估测标准误差（SEP）分别为1.14、0.28和0.05。3项组分的NIR测值均达到了与实验室化学分析相似的水平。     

Evaluation of Multiple Corona Reactor Modes and the Application in Odor Removal

Effects of multiple corona reactor modes on pulse characteristics, energy transfer efficiency, and odor (H₂S and NH₃) removal were investigated experimentally by the wire-plate corona reactor(s). The removal efficiency of H₂S was only 91% and the energy consumption was 16.1 Wh m⁻³ by the single mode with a gas-flow rate of 23 m³ h⁻¹ and an initial concentration of 200 mg m⁻³. At the same experimental conditions, almost 100% removal efficiency was achieved and the energy consumption was only 12.8 and 14.9 Wh m⁻³ by the series and parallel modes. In the case of 50 mg m⁻³ NH₃ removal at the same gas-flow rate, the removal efficiencies with the single mode, the series and parallel modes were 64, 92 and 70%, respectively. The energy requirement did not increase at the same residence time under the experimental conditions of the single mode with a gas-flow rate of 11.5 m³ h⁻¹ and the series or parallel mode with a gas-flow rate of 23.0 m³ h⁻¹. The experimental results indicate that the series and parallel modes are effective in saving energy consumption, improving removal ability and efficiency, especially for the series mode.     

氮气热处理对CNTs-LaNi5电极电化学性能的影响

研究了碳纳米管(CNTs)氮气热处理后结构的变化, 以及热处理温度对CNTs-LaNi5电极电化学性能的影响. CNTs热处理后, 管壁变薄, 层数变少, 管的外径减小, 更有利于氢气的吸附和脱附. 将碳纳米管与LaNi5储氢合金按质量比1:10混合, 制作成CNTs-LaNi5电极. 800 ℃时CNTs-LaNi5电极的储氢性能最好, 最大容量为519.1 mAh•g-1, 相应的平台电压高达1.19 V. 在500～600 ℃范围内, 随着温度升高, 放电容量有较大幅度的增加; 在600～800 ℃范围内, 随着温度升高, 放电容量有较小幅度的增加; 但到900 ℃时, 放电容量反而下降. 由此可见, CNTs的热处理温度对CNTs-LaNi5电极的电化学储氢性能有着较大的影响. 纯LaNi5电极的放电容量仅为265.6 mAh•g-1, 平台电压仅为0.83 V. 添加了碳纳米管的CNTs-LaNi5电极的电化学活性高于纯LaNi5电极.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics,and CO2 Efflux in the Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil Treated with Chemically Modified Organic Amendments

In Saudi Arabia, more than 335,000 tons of cow manure is produced every year from dairy farming. However, the produced cow manure is usually added to the agricultural soils as raw or composted manure; significant nitrogen losses occur during the storage, handling, and application of the raw manure. The recovery of ammonia from cow manure through thermochemical treatments is a promising technique to obtain concentrated nitrogen fertilizer and reducing nitrogen losses from raw manure. However, the byproduct effluents from the recovery process are characterized by different chemical properties from the original raw manure; thus, its impact as soil amendments on the soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is unknown. Therefore, a 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to study the impact of these effluents on CO₂ efflux, organic C, microbial biomass C, available NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻ when added to agricultural soil. In addition to the two types of effluents (produced at pH 9 and pH 12), raw cow manure (CM), composted cow manure (CMC), cow manure biochar (CMB), and control were used for comparison. The application of CM resulted in a considerable increase in soil available nitrogen and CO₂ efflux, compared to other treatments. Cow manure biochar showed the lowest CO₂ efflux. Cumulative CO₂ effluxes of cow manure effluents were lower than CM; this is possibly due to the relatively high C:N ratio of manure effluent. The content of P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn decreased as incubation time increased. Soil microbial biomass C for soil treated with cow manure effluents (pH 12 and 7) was significantly higher than the rest of the soil amendments and control.     

Increase the Degradation Efficiency of Organic Pollutants with a Radical Scavenger （Cl^-） in a Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Reactor

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation performance of quinoline in saline water was investigated using a new-designed continuous flow three-dimensional electrode-packed bed photocatalytic reactor.It is interesting to find that chloride ion has an obvious enhancement effect rather than a scavenging effect on the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of quinoline,and create a kinetic synergetic effect in the photoelectrocatalytic reactor.     

Immobilized Cytochrome c Sensor in Organic/Aqueous Media for the Characterization of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Antioxidants

A method for the characterization of antioxidants is introduced, which allows the measurement of pure hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances as well as complex cosmetic creams. The sensor is based on cytochrome c covalently immobilized on a gold wire electrode working in mixtures of phosphate buffer and organic solvents. It is combined with a superoxide generating enzyme system. The decrease of the superoxide concentration in the test solution by the added antioxidants is detected and used for the quantification of their antioxidative efficiency. Electrochemical properties of immobilized cytochrome c, such as formal potential and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, have been investigated in mixtures of aqueous buffer and DMSO, methanol, butanediol, and THF. The maximum organic solvent content for quasi‐reversible electrode behavior was correlated to spectroscopic measurements. The activity of the radical producing enzyme in such media was determined and the radical generation characterized. The antioxidative properties of pure substance such as ascorbic acid and Biochanin A as well as of five anti‐ageing cosmetic creams were studied. This showed also the influence of matrix composition on the efficiency of antioxidative supplements.     

An Assessment of Mass Flows,Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant

This study analyzed 16 bisphenols (BPs) in wastewater and sludge samples collected from different stages at a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on sequencing batch reactor technology. It also describes developing an analytical method for determining BPs in the solid phase of activated sludge based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Obtained concentrations are converted into mass flows, and the biodegradation of BPs and adsorption to primary and secondary sludge are determined. Ten of the sixteen BPs were present in the influent with concentrations up to 434 ng L⁻¹ (BPS). Only five BPs with concentrations up to 79 ng L⁻¹ (BPA) were determined in the plant effluent, accounting for 8 % of the total BPs determined in the influent. Eleven per cent of the total BPs were adsorbed on primary and secondary sludge. Overall, BPs biodegradation efficiency was 81%. The highest daily emissions via effluent release (1.48 g day⁻¹) and sludge disposal (4.63 g day⁻¹) were for BPA, while total emissions reached 2 g day⁻¹ via effluent and 6 g day⁻¹ via sludge disposal. The data show that the concentrations of BPs in sludge are not negligible, and their environmental emissions should be monitored and further studied.     

沸石分子筛及其负载型催化剂去除VOCs研究进展

挥发性有机物（VOCs）的排放对自然环境、人类健康产生了严重危害,吸附法和催化氧化法是治理VOCs的有效方法.沸石分子筛含有丰富的微孔,比表面积大,且含有较多的酸位点,具有一定的催化活性,十分适合作为催化剂载体材料,被广泛应用于分离、吸附及催化等领域.本文综述了不同沸石分子筛吸附去除及沸石基负载型催化剂催化氧化去除烷烃、芳香烃、醛类、酮类、酸类、酯类、醇类及氯代烃等VOCs的研究进展.分析表明,沸石吸附剂的孔道结构、硅铝比、表面物理化学性质,VOCs种类、极性、亲水性,对沸石分子筛吸附性能影响较大;沸石载体表面酸碱度,催化剂活性组分种类、分散性,VOCs种类等是影响负载型催化剂催化活性的重要因素;沸石载体和活性组分之间存在协同作用,赋予了负载型催化剂优异的催化活性.沸石负载贵金属催化剂对各类VOCs的催化氧化性能优于沸石负载金属氧化物催化剂,但贵金属价格昂贵,成本较高,通过合理设计多组分金属氧化物催化剂,可显著提高负载型催化剂的催化活性.此外,本文对沸石分子筛及其负载型催化剂去除VOCs的未来研究方向进行了展望.     

A method for the analysis of sucralose with electrospray LC/MS in recipient waters and in sewage effluent subjected to tertiary treatment technologies

A method for the analysis of the artificial sweetener sucralose in sewage water and recipient water was developed. Extraction and clean up was performed with solid-phase extraction utilising Oasis HLB columns. Detection was made by liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. However, ‘pseudo MRM’ was used, a technique where the two quadrupoles monitor the same m/z. The sodium adduct of sucralose was used for quantification, since lower detection limits were obtained as compared to the sucralose quasi-molecular ion in negative ion mode. The two ions with highest intensity in the chlorine isotope pattern were monitored. The reduction of matrix effects with this approach is discussed. The method limit of quantification (MLOQ) for sewage water was 0.2?µg?L^?1, whereas for recipient water MLOQ was 0.02?µg?L^?1. The method was used to analyse effluent samples from an experimental sewage treatment plant (STP) to assess the efficiency of tertiary treatment techniques for removal of sucralose. Filtration through activated carbon was shown to be efficient, while ozonation, advanced oxidation techniques and membrane bioreactors were less efficient. Analyses of receiving waters showed low dilution of sucralose emitted from the STPs.     

Research Progress in the Field of Adsorption and Catalytic Degradation of Sewage by Hydrotalcite‐Derived Materials

With the rapid development of industry and agriculture and the greatly improved living conditions, the resultant gradually deteriorated environments threaten the human beings. Refractory or even toxic pollutants, which are from different industries such as printing and dyeing, pesticides, chemicals, petrochemicals, plastics and rubber, seriously threat the ecosystems and human health. Having the advantages of flexible composition, unique structure, high stability, memory effect, easy preparation and low cost, hydrotalcite compounds have a great potential in sewage degradation and environmental protection. This study focuses on the adsorption and catalytic properties (such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis) of hydrotalcite‐derived materials for treating organic, inorganic and heavy metal ion sewage. The types of adsorption and catalysis, and the effects of various influencing factors on the degradation efficiency were discussed as well.     

羧基微孔有机网络材料的合成及其对水中苯并三唑类污染物的快速吸附与去除

以富含羧基的反应单体合成了比表面积大、溶剂和热稳定性好的羧基微孔有机网络材料MON-2COOH,开展了其用于快速吸附和去除水中苯并三唑类污染物的研究。通过固体核磁碳谱、N₂吸附-解吸、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、扫描电镜和水接触角实验对所合成的MON-2COOH进行了表征。考察了MON-2COOH吸附1H-苯并三唑(BTri)和5-甲苯基三唑(5-TTri)的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学,以及离子强度、p H值和腐殖酸等对吸附的影响。BTri和5-TTri在MON-2COOH上的吸附符合准二级和Langmuir吸附模型。MON-2COOH在10 min内即可实现对BTri和5-TTri(100 mg·L^-1)的吸附平衡,最大吸附量分别为251.3、369.0 mg·g^-1,优于文献报道的大多吸附剂。MON-2COOH还具有良好的可重复使用性和再生性,并成功用于实际水样中BTri和5-TTri的吸附和去除。机理研究表明π-π、疏水和氢键相互作用在吸附过程中起重要作用。该文为设计和合成高效去除苯并三唑类污染物的吸附剂提供...     

介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂去除挥发性有机物的最新进展

介孔硅材料由于具有大的比表面积,均一的孔结构和大的孔径,常被用于分离、吸附和催化等领域.本文综述了近年来国内外介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂去除各类挥发性有机物(VOCs)的研究进展,主要包括烃类、甲醇、甲醛、丙酮、苯、甲苯、萘、乙酸乙酯等.讨论了介孔硅材料的结构对VOCs吸附过程的影响;介绍了不同催化剂消除各类VOCs的催化性能及反应机理,并重点评述了甲苯在不同催化剂上的研究进展.分析结果表明,介孔硅材料的表面环境、孔道结构以及宏观形貌是影响VOCs分子在介孔硅材料上吸附的主要因素;贵金属催化剂的应用需要提高其抗中毒性以及降低成本;过渡金属的研究应着重于研发高活性的负载型过渡金属复合氧化物催化剂.最后对国内外介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂的发展进行了展望,今后催化剂的设计可以从“氧化硅载体”和“介孔孔道”两个方面展开,这将为设计合适的催化剂处理各类VOCs污染物提供一定参考.     

添加有机肥和葡萄糖对铜毒害旱地红壤微生物生物量的影响

在预培红壤中加入定量的有机肥和葡萄糖及不同浓度的Cu,25℃培养14d，测定了土壤微生物生物量C（Cmic),N(Nmic)。结果表明，存在有机肥和葡萄糖时，土壤中Cmic和Nmic随着Cu浓度的增加而降低；Cmic/Nmic随着Cu浓度的增加而增大。施加有机肥和葡萄糖的土壤中，在所有Cu处理浓度下，土壤中Cmic和Nmic均比未加有机物质处理高，特别是有机肥处理中土壤Cmic和Nmic均比其它处理高得多，说明有机肥可明显减轻Cu对土壤微生物生物量的毒性，同时也说明有机肥可提供微生物N源。不含Cu时，加入有机肥和葡萄糖导致土壤中Cmic和Nmic增加，其中有机肥明显。     

高效液相色谱-柱后固定化酶反应器-电化学检测法分析大鼠脑微透析液中的乙酰胆碱和胆碱

建立了用高效液相色谱分离－柱后固定化酶反应器酶解－电化学检测器检测酶解最终产物Ｈ２Ｏ２的方法，分析了麻醉和自由活动大鼠脑微透析液中乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）和胆碱（Ｃｈ）的含量。至少在０．２～１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内ＡＣｈ和Ｃｈ的浓度与其响应的线性关系良好，它们的检测极限都可达５０ｆｍｏｌ。对高效液相色谱结合固定化酶反应器的分析方法作了简要的讨论。     

Critical Influence of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Aging and Decomposition on the Utility of Biomass Conversion in Organic Synthesis

Spectral studies revealed the presence of a specific arrangement of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) molecules in solution as a result of a hydrogen–bonding network, and this arrangement readily facilitates the aging of 5‐HMF. Deterioration of the quality of this platform chemical limits its practical applications, especially in synthesis/pharma areas. The model drug Ranitidine (Zantac®) was synthesized with only 15 % yield starting from 5‐HMF which was isolated and stored as an oil after a biomass conversion process. In contrast, a much higher yield of 65 % was obtained by using 5‐HMF isolated in crystalline state from an optimized biomass conversion process. The molecular mechanisms responsible for 5‐HMF decomposition in solution were established by NMR and ESI‐MS studies. A highly selective synthesis of a 5‐HMF derivative from glucose was achieved using a protecting group at O(6) position.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the centralized wastewater treatment plant of a chemical industry zone: Removal, mass balance and source analysis

Increased attention has been given to the fate of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) introduced to the wastewater treatment plants.Dissolved and adsorbed PAHs were detected in the centralized wastewater treatment plant of a chemical industry zone in Zhejiang Province,China.The most abundant PAHs were the low molecular weight PAHs (e.g.,Acy,Ace,Flu and Phe),accounting for more than 80% of the total 16 PAHs in each treatment stage.Phase partitioning suggested that the removal of PAHs in every treatment stage was influenced greater by the sorption of particles or microorganisms.The removal efficiencies of individual PAHs ranged between 4% and 87% in the primary sedimentation stage,between 1% and 42% in anaerobic hydrolysis stage,between <1% and 70% in aerobic bio-process stage,between 1.5% and 80% in high-density clarifier stage,and between 44% and 97% in the whole treatment process.Mass balance calculations in primary stage showed significant losses for low molecular weight PAHs and relatively good agreements for high molecular weight PAHs as well as in anaerobic hydrolysis,high-density clarifier stage and sludge stream for most PAHs.Great gains of 60%-150% were obtained for high molecular weight PAHs in aerobic bio-process stage due to biosorption and bioaccumulation.Our investigations found that PAHs entering the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) could be derived from the dyeing chemical processes as the byproducts,and the contribution supported by the largest dyeing chemical group was up to 48%.