Low-frequency horizontal acoustic refraction caused by internal wave solitons in a shallow sea

The effect of internal wave solitons on the sound field generated by a point source in a shallow sea is considered. In the framework of the theory of “horizontal rays and vertical modes,” the sound field pattern governed by the aforementioned hydrodynamic effect is investigated. It is shown that solitons can induce time-periodic focusing and defocusing of horizontal rays propagating at shallow angles to the internal wave front. This may result in the formation of “dynamical” horizontal sound channels, which, in its turn, results in considerable temporal fluctuations of the field along the acoustic track oriented along the internal wave front. For the sound field calculations, an approach is developed on the basis of the parabolic approximation in the horizontal plane and the mode representation in the vertical direction. The results obtained can be used for remote monitoring of internal wave packets in a shallow sea.     

声波水平折射引起水平位移椭圆极化和声能流水平偏转

针对矢量水听器测向的应用要求,研究了三维水声传播问题中水平折射对声矢量场特性的影响。理论分析表明,水平折射可使质点水平位移从线性极化转变为椭圆极化,同时引起声能流方向的水平偏转。声能流方向的水平偏转导致波达方向偏离目标水平方位,对目标水平方位估计造成误差。采用虚源法仿真了倾角为2.86°的楔形波导中的三维声矢量场,并给出了空间各点处由水平折射引起的单矢量水听器目标方位估计误差。结果显示,部分区域中由水平折射引起的目标方位估计误差可达10°以上。      

三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声能流的传播影响

针对三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声信号传播特性的影响问题,基于Oxyz坐标系下的三维浅海低频声场有限元计算方法,以声能流为研究对象,仿真分析了内波存在对低频声信号传播特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:受内波影响,在xOz平面,声能流垂直分量的传播偏转角度呈现周期性的起伏规律;随着声源深度的增加,内波对声能流偏转角度的影响...     

Acoustic propagation through anisotropic internal wave fields: transmission loss, cross-range coherence, and horizontal refraction

Results of a computer simulation study are presented for acoustic propagation in a shallow water, anisotropic ocean environment. The water column is characterized by random volume fluctuations in the sound speed field that are induced by internal gravity waves, and this variability is superimposed on a dominant summer thermocline. Both the internal wave field and resulting sound speed perturbations are represented in three-dimensional (3D) space and evolve in time. The isopycnal displacements consist of two components: a spatially diffuse, horizontally isotropic component and a spatially localized contribution from an undular bore (i.e., a solitary wave packet or solibore) that exhibits horizontal (azimuthal) anisotropy. An acoustic field is propagated through this waveguide using a 3D parabolic equation code based on differential operators representing wide-angle coverage in elevation and narrow-angle coverage in azimuth. Transmission loss is evaluated both for fixed time snapshots of the environment and as a function of time over an ordered set of snapshots which represent the time-evolving sound speed distribution. Horizontal acoustic coherence, also known as transverse or cross-range coherence, is estimated for horizontally separated points in the direction normal to the source-receiver orientation. Both transmission loss and spatial coherence are computed at acoustic frequencies 200 and 400 Hz for ranges extending to 10 km, a cross-range of 1 km, and a water depth of 68 m. Azimuthal filtering of the propagated field occurs for this environment, with the strongest variations appearing when propagation is parallel to the solitary wave depressions of the thermocline. A large anisotropic degradation in horizontal coherence occurs under the same conditions. Horizontal refraction of the acoustic wave front is responsible for the degradation, as demonstrated by an energy gradient analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane energy transfer. The solitary wave packet is interpreted as a nonstationary oceanographic waveguide within the water column, preferentially funneling acoustic energy between the thermocline depressions.     

Frequency shifts of the sound field interference pattern in shallow water because of second-mode soliton-like internal waves

Numerical simulation is carried out to analyze the effect of an internal soliton of the second gravity mode on low-frequency sound propagation in an oceanic shelf region. The simulation is performed using the data of a full-scale experiment performed on the shelf of the South China Sea near Dongsha atoll, where the aforementioned solitons had been detected by stationary vertical thermistor arrays. The calculations take into account the effect of horizontal refraction of sound waves. It is assumed that a stationary acoustic track is oriented across the predominant propagation direction of internal waves. The results of simulation show that, when the soliton crosses the stationary track, some of the sound field modes are focused, whereas other modes are defocused. It is demonstrated that the soliton parameters can be adequately determined from the frequency shifts of the sound field interference pattern. However, such an estimate of the soliton parameters is only possible for a limited length of the stationary track for which the effect of horizontal refraction is sufficiently weak.     

Acoustic effects caused by high-intensity internal waves in a shelf zone

The sound field fluctuations caused by high-intensity, solitonlike, quasi-plane internal waves crossing a fixed acoustic path at different angles are numerically modeled for natural conditions of the shelf zone of the Sea of Japan. The horizontal refraction of sound is considered for the case of an acoustic path parallel to the internal wave front.     

运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度

针对浅海动态声场,基于简正波模型提出了一种利用运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度的方法.通过合成孔径算法将运动小孔径水平基阵扩展成虚拟的大孔径水平基阵,利用稀疏近似最小方差准则可以在相对较小的合成孔径上估计各阶简正波模态能量,不同深度的模态匹配度由Camberra距离的负指数度量,目标深度估计结果是模态匹配度最大值对应深度...     

深海海底山环境下声传播水平折射效应研究

声波在深海海底山环境中传播时,海底山会对声传播产生重要影响.2016年在南海深海进行了一次海底山环境下的声传播实验,观测到了由海底山引起的三维声传播效应,本文利用BELLHOP射线理论解释了海底山环境下的三维声传播机理.结果表明：声波在传播过程中与海底山作用后破坏了深海会聚区结构,导致传播损失增大,在海底山后形成具有明显边界的声水平折射区,利用二维声传播模型无法解释实验现象,海底山后声水平折射区实验测量的声场结构与N×2D模型计算结果存在明显差异,实验的传播损失比N×2D模型计算结果大10 dB.通过三维射线模型分析N×2D模型计算结果与实验结果存在明显差异产生的原因,发现由于声波水平折射作用,部分声线无法到达接收器,使得三维声传播效应对海底山后一定角度范围内声场影响较为明显.因此,深海海底山会引起明显的三维水平折射效应,应在水下目标探测和定位等应用中给予重视.     

Horizontal array beamforming in an azimuthally anisotropic internal wave field

A numerical study of beamforming on a horizontal array is performed in a shallow water waveguide where a summer thermocline is perturbed by a time evolving realization of an internal wave field. The components of the internal wave field consist of a horizontally (azimuthally) isotropic, spatially homogeneous contribution, and a horizontally anisotropic, spatially inhomogeneous component. These terms represent a diffuse ("background") internal wave field and a localized solitary wave packet, respectively. Conventional beamforming is performed as a function of time while the internal wave field evolves throughout a computational volume containing the source-receiver paths. Source-receiver orientation with respect to the azimuthally anisotropic component has a significant effect on the beamformed output. When the source-receiver configuration is oriented approximately parallel to the solitary wave crests, beam wander, fading, beam splitting and coherence length degradation occurs in a time-dependent manner as the solitary wave packet passes through the environment. Both horizontal refraction of energy and a time-dependent modal source excitation distribution are responsible for these beamforming effects. In cases where source-receiver orientation is not approximately parallel to the wave crests, these effects are substantially reduced or eliminated, indicating that an azimuthally selective perturbation of the acoustic field can be attributed to the wave packet. Modal decomposition of the acoustic field and single mode starting fields are used to infer that, for the source-receiver orientation along the wave crests and troughs, acoustic propagation is predominantly adiabatic. A modal phase speed analysis explains several features associated with the beamformed power.     

A model for directional and distance hearing in swimbladder-bearing fish based on the displacement orbits of the hair cells

It is known that teleosts, without Weberian ossicles but with a swimbladder, can detect the direction of and, under appropriate conditions, the distance to a sound source [e.g., Schuijf and Hawkins, Nature 302, 143-144 (1983)]. It is hypothesized here that the underlying mechanism is the analysis of the parameters of the elliptical movement of the hair cells with respect to the otoliths. This movement results from the displacement wave impinging directly upon the labyrinth and the response displacement wave reradiated by the swimbladder. For a given swimbladder geometry, given the positions of the maculae of both labyrinths with respect to the swimbladder and the damping of the swimbladder, the displacement orbits of the maculae can be calculated [de Munck and Schellart, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 556-560 (1987)]. These calculations were made for the cod and the trout with the frequency, direction, and distance between the fish and the sound source as parameters with the source within the same horizontal plane as the fish. The orbit model predicts that the utriculus has the most strategic position to detect direction and distance of such a sound source. Moreover, the model predicts that this could basically be done monaurally. A hypothesis is proposed to describe how the utricular system analyzes the orbit parameters. The model is evaluated in relation to the results of behavioral experiments described in the literature.     

Pekeris波导中简正波的复声强及其应用

在Pekeris波导模型下,关注了简正波的矢量场,讨论了简正波水平复声强和垂直复声强的表述,并分析了其特征.单阶简正波在水平方向是行波,相应的水平复声强仅为有功的;在垂直方向为驻波,相应的垂直复声强仅为无功的.而多阶简正波相互干涉,因此总声场的复声强既有有功分量,也有无功分量,其中只有有功分量参与声能的输运,但无功分量是反映声场信息的重要组成部分.通过对垂直(交互)复声强无功分量和水平交互复声强有功分量的数值分析,对于甚低频率的点源声场,发现当声源深度变化时,上述声场分量的正负号呈有规变化,当接收传感器置 关键词： 目标深度分类 复声强 矢量场 Pekeris波导     

三维绝热简正波-抛物方程理论及应用

复杂海域通常存在环境参数的水平变化,这会导致声波在传播过程中发生水平折射,呈现出三维效应.利用绝热简正波-抛物方程理论进行三维声场建模,在垂直方向上使用标准简正波模型KRAKEN求解本征值和本征函数,水平方向上使用宽角抛物方程模型RAM求解简正波幅度.该模型物理意义清晰,计算效率高,但由于忽略了各号简正波之间的耦合,只适用于环境参数水平变化缓慢的问题.使用该模型分析了内波环境和大陆架楔形波导中的声波水平折射现象,结果表明,声波的水平折射将水平平面分为不同区域,每个区域内的声场结构明显不同.此外,声强在水平平面内的分布与声源频率和简正波号数有关,这种依赖关系是导致声信号频谱变化、波形畸变以及声场时空扰动的主要原因.     

楔形海域中三维效应对声源距离估计的影响分析*

楔形海域中声传播会出现显著的三维效应,导致水平方向上特定接收位置的声信号出现模态多次到达或者模态影区。利用射线模型,首先对楔形波导中的传播损失进行计算,分析三维效应的存在对于声波传播的影响, 结果表明,随着距离的增加,水平折射效应愈加明显,所得的三维结果与利用二维模型计算所得相差逐渐增大。然后对比二维声场和三维声场中的接收波形,并对其进行模态分离,证明在某些接收位置将会出现明显的模态多次到达或模态影区。最后通过匹配全波解以及分离出的各号简正波所对应的脉冲波形进行声源距离估计研究,并分析三维效应对于声源距离估计结果的影响。结果表明,由于三维效应的存在,使用三维模型能够得到准确估计声源距离,而利用二维模型进行估计得到的结果与实际距离相差较多,总体上偏大。     

The horizontal directivity of noise radiated by a rail and implications for the use of microphone arrays

Structural waves propagating along a railway rail form an extended source of sound radiation. Using an equivalent source model the distribution of this sound in a horizontal plane is investigated and shown to consist mainly of sound propagation at a particular angle to the normal. This direction is determined by the ratio of the wavenumbers in the rail and in air. Due to the extended nature of the rail as a source, the spatial distribution of the sound field in the direction along the track does not lend itself to the use of a simple directivity factor. The consequences for the measurement of noise from the rail using a microphone array are then explored. It is shown that a microphone array focussed normal to the rail does not detect most of the sound radiated by the rail. By turning the focus angle, the sound detected becomes a maximum when this angle corresponds to the angle of propagation of the sound radiation. Measurements on a test track using artificial excitation and measurements during the passage of a train confirm these conclusions.     

An Investigation of the Effects of Internal Waves on Sound Propagation in a Stratified Medium with a Sloping Bed

Internal waves usually cause temporal and spatial changes of density and consequently affect the acoustic wave propagation in the ocean. The purpose of this study is a laboratory investigation of the effects of internal waves generated by oscillation of a cylinder in a large stratified glass tank with a sloping bed on the sound waves propagation. Results showed that sound waves are affected by internal waves that depend on the slope angle to the direction of internal wave propagation angle ratio. When the ratio is subcritical or supercritical, the acoustic signal is much reduced as compared to the case with no sloped bottom. This can be explained in terms of the internal waves energy reaching the sloped bed and their reflections.     

洛匈棱镜的正反向特性

给出了洛匈棱镜正、反向使用时分束角的精确表达式。从理论上证明,对任意合理的结构角及主折射率值来说,洛匈棱镜反向使用时的分束角小于正向使用时的分束角。研究了在锥光入射条件下洛匈棱镜中的e光和o光的传播方向、折射率、主平面、偏振方向等问题。证明了洛匈棱镜正向使用时第二块晶体中无偏折的光波只含有o光,参考圆圆周上各点光波的主平面相互平行,通过一个检偏器后可以实现消光;洛匈棱镜反向使用时,第二块晶体无偏折的光波同时包含了o光和e光,参考圆圆周上各点光波的主平面沿参考圆的径向,e光和o光的偏振方向分别沿径向和垂直于径向,通过检偏器后形成锥光干涉现象,不能消光。     

基于矢量水听器的深海直达波区域声传播特性及其应用

对于深海近水面声源产生的声场, 处于较大深度处的接收器在一定水平距离范围内能接收到直达波. 2014年在某深海海域进行的水声考察实验中, 应用深度为140 m的拖曳声源发射实验信号, 布放在水下3146 m深处的矢量水听器成功地接收到了直达波信号. 本文应用射线理论, 分析了深海直达波区域声场的传播特性, 得出了水平振速与垂直振速的传播损失与声线到达接收点处的掠射角以及收发水平距离之间的关系. 在以上分析的基础上, 提出了一种利用水平振速与垂直振速的能量差估计声源距离的方法, 并结合2014年实验数据对实验中两条航线上8 km范围内的目标声源进行了测距, 测距结果与目标的GPS数据符合得较好.     

The influence of large-scale seafloor slope and average bottom sound speed on low-grazing-angle monostatic acoustic scattering

Variations in large-scale seafloor slope and average seabed sound speed account for a significant portion of the variations in scattering intensity observed in low-grazing-angle monostatic reverberation. Numerical modeling using a finite-difference solution to the elastic wave equation is used to quantify the effect of these large-scale parameters in interpretations of reverberation data. For hard rough seafloor (e.g., basalt), the results of the modeling suggest that the monostatic backscattering strength increases with increasing large-scale seafloor slope up to a slope of about 15 degrees dipping toward the incident direction. Once the grazing angle of the incident wavefield exceeds the critical grazing angle for the flat reference seafloor the backscattering intensity increases only slowly with increasing grazing angle. Similarly, average subseafloor sound speed has a significant effect. Seafloor with low sound speeds characteristic of soft bottoms (e.g., sediment) generate significantly weaker backscatter signals than seafloor with sound speeds characteristic of hard bottoms (e.g., basalt). The difference is that the shear waves can always be passed into soft bottoms because even for a flat seafloor there is no shear wave critical grazing angle.     

水平线列阵方位—相速度联合的卡尔曼滤波方法*

传统的水下被动测向方法通过波束形成估计目标角度,水平线列阵波束形成中的参考声速应使用声传播的相速度,在被动测向中,由于声源距离未知,因此在对目标角度估计时选取的参考声速与接收阵处的相速度往往存在偏差,从而影响测向精度。本文提出了一种水平线列阵方位-相速度联合的纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,该方法引入相速度作为估计状态量以此校准参考声速,提高测向精度,进而改善了由于测向误差较大引起的纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法跟踪结果发散的问题。浅海传播条件下的数值仿真结果表明,改进方法较常规纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法具有更高的跟踪精度及稳健的跟踪性能。