Piezoelectric PMN-PT fibre hydrophone for ultrasonic transducer calibration

A newly developed ceramic fibre hydrophone with an active element as small as 0.25 mm in diameter is described in this work. Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) ceramic fibre with a nominal composition of 0.65Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.35PbTiO₃ was fabricated by an extrusion method. PMN-PT single crystals were ground to a powder form and then mixed with poly(acrylic) acid to form a homogenous slurry. The fibre was extruded by pressing the slurry through a spinneret and then sintering at 1250 °C for crystallization. The electrical characteristics of the PMN-PT fibre were evaluated by measuring the relative permittivity and the impedance spectrum. A piezoelectric PMN-PT fibre hydrophone was fabricated and its sensitivity, angular response, and spatial resolution were evaluated. The fibre hydrophone provides good spatial resolution, angular response and receiving sensitivity. PACS 43.58.+z; 77.84.Dy     

Efficient delivery of 60 J pulse energy of long pulse Nd:YAG laser through 200 μm core diameter optical fibre

Most of today’s industrial Nd:YAG lasers use fibre-optic beam delivery. In such lasers, fibre core diameter is an important consideration in deploying a beam delivery system. Using a smaller core diameter fibre allows higher irradiances at focus position, less degradation of beam quality, and a larger stand-off distance. In this work, we have put efforts to efficiently deliver the laser output of ‘ceramic reflector’-based long pulse Nd:YAG laser through a 200 μm core diameter optical fibre and successfully delivered up to 60 J of pulse energy with 90% transmission efficiency, using a GRADIUM (axial gradient) plano-convex lens to sharply focus down the beam on the end face of the optical fibre and fibre end faces have been cleaved to achieve higher surface damage thresholds.     

Study of 1-3 PZT fibre/epoxy composite force sensor

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibres were prepared by a powder-based extrusion method. Pre-sintered PZT powder mixed with poly(acrylic acid) was spun in a spinnerette to produce fibres. The fibre of ∼400 μm diameter was used to fabricate 1-3 PZT fibre/epoxy composite discs with different volume fractions (ϕ) of PZT. Since the ceramic fibres are rather brittle, their elastic properties cannot be measured directly. In order to determine the properties of the ceramic fibres, effective properties of the fibres/epoxy 1-3 composite were measured. By using a modified series and parallel model, the properties of 1-3 composites can be calculated. Then, the elastic coefficient s_33,fibre^E, relative permittivity ε_33,fibre^T and piezoelectric strain coefficient d_33,fibre of the ceramic fibre could be found. Ring-shaped PZT fibre/epoxy materials composites with different ϕ were fabricated to be used as the sensing material in force sensor applications. The ring-shape composite with ϕ=0.5 was installed into a housing and the sensor was calibrated by different methods and its sensitivity was found to be 144 pC/N within the frequency range of 0.5–6.4 kHz which is much higher than that of a quartz force sensor with a similar structure. PACS 07.07.Df; 72.80.Tm; 77.84.Dy     

Investigation of a fibre-coupled beryllium oxide (BeO) ceramic luminescence dosimetry system

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential use of a beryllium oxide (BeO) ceramic as a radioluminescence (RL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) probe material for fibre-coupled luminescence dosimetry. A portable dosimetry system, named RL/OSL BeO FOD was developed, consisting of a 1 mm diameter, 1 mm long BeO ceramic cylinder coupled to a silica/silica optical fibre. The reader measures the RL signal and also uses a 450 nm laser diode to stimulate the BeO ceramic. A second background optical fibre is used to remove the stem effect. The RL/OSL BeO FOD was characterised in a solid water phantom, using a 6 MV x-ray beam. The RL was found to be reproducible and have a linear response to doses ranging from 30 cGy–15 Gy and dose rates from 100 cGy/min – 600 cGy/min. The OSL response was linear to doses of 10 Gy, becoming supralinear at higher doses. Measured percentage depth curves using the RL/OSL BeO FOD agreed with those measured using an IC15 ion chamber to within 5%, beyond the build up region. It was also found that the RL from BeO ceramic is unaffected by the delivered dose to the probe and hence, it remains constant for a given dose-rate. The insensitivity of the RL to accumulated dose makes BeO ceramic potentially capable of accurate dose-rate measurements without any corrections for the accumulated dose. This study demonstrates the feasibility of BeO ceramic as a versatile fibre-coupled luminescence dosimeter probe.     

Examination of temperature distribution and the thermal effects on Si3N4 engineering ceramics during fibre laser surface treatment

The thermal effects of fibre laser surface treatment on a Si₃N₄ engineering ceramic were studied using a computational finite element analysis (FEA). Temperature increases on the surface of the Si₃N₄ during fibre laser processing were measured using an infra-red thermometer; temperature distributions in the bulk were measured with specifically located thermocouples. A computational model by using FEA was then developed to model the flow and the distribution of the radiated heat resulting from the fibre laser treatment of the Si₃N₄ ceramic. By utilising data obtained from a TG-DSC analysis the FEA model predictions of the temperature distribution were used to map phase transformations and significant events occurring during the fibre laser surface treatment of the Si₃N₄. The TG-DSC analysis also indicated that the fibre laser surface treatment generally resulted in a phase transformation of the Si₃N₄ from α-phase to β-phase modification as elongated rod-like grains were found.     

The variations of heat transfer and slip velocity of FMWNT-water nano-fluid along the micro-channel in the lack and presence of a magnetic field

Simulation of forced convection of FMWNT-water (functionalized multi-walled carbon nano-tubes) nano-fluid in a micro-channel under a magnetic field in slip flow regime is performed. The micro-channel wall is divided into two portions. The micro-channel entrance is insulated while the rest of length of the micro-channel has constant temperature (T_C). Moreover, the micro-channel domain is exposed to a magnetic field with constant strength of B₀. High temperature nano-fluid (T_H) enters the micro-channel and exposed to its cold walls. Slip velocity boundary condition along the walls of the micro-channel is considered. Governing equations are numerically solved using FORTRAN computer code based on the SIMPLE algorithm. Results are presented as the velocity, temperature, and Nusselt number profiles. Greater Reynolds number, Hartmann number, and volume fraction related to more heat transfer rate; however, the effects of Ha and ϕ are more noteworthy at higher Re.     

高功率激光器喷雾冷却的实验研究

 以水为冷却介质,采用Spray公司的TG0.3机械雾化实心圆锥喷嘴,在体积通量为0.044,0.049和0.053 m³/(m²·s)情况下,对刻有不同微结构槽道冷却面的无沸腾区换热性能进行实验研究。结果表明：刻有微结构的表面可明显增强换热效果;壁面刻有高为0.2 mm的微结构槽道且壁面温度为52 ℃时,体积通量为0.044 m³/(m²·s则热流可达260 W/cm²,通量为0.053 m³/(m²·s则散热功率高达376 W/cm²,完全可以满足当前高功率激光器的散热需求。对于光滑面以及槽肋高为0.1和0.2 mm的换热面,其换热能力随着体积通量的增加而增强;换热面高度为0.4 mm时,通量对换热的影响变得较微弱。微结构槽道不仅增加了换热面积,还有利于液膜扩散,减小液膜厚度,增强换热。在三种不同的流量通量下,高度为0.2 mm的微结构槽道换热性能最佳。     

Three-Dimensional Flow Tracking in a Micro Channel with High Time Resolution Using Micro Digital-Holographic Particle-Tracking Velocimetry

A micro digital-holographic particle-tracking velocimetry (micro-DHPTV) method for high time-resolution flow field measurement in a micro-channel is developed. The system consists of an objective lens, a high-speed camera and a single high-frequency double pulsed laser. Particle positions in a three-dimensional field can be reconstructed by a computer-generated hologram. The time evolution of a three-dimensional water flow in a semicircular micro-channel of 100-μm width and 40-μm depth is obtained successfully using this micro-DHPTV system. The three-dimensional measurement volume of the system is 410 × 100 × 40 μm³ and is irradiated by one laser beam with the time resolution of 100 μs and a reputation rate of 1 kHz. Consequently, 130 velocity vectors in the semicircular micro-channel can be obtained instantaneously. A significant aspect of this method is that even though both the laser and camera are located in line and perpendicular to the flow direction, velocity vectors can be obtained by reconstructing the particle positions via the computer hologram and the semicircular cross section shape of the micro-channel can be resolved.     

Numerical study of the single fibre push-out test: Part III. Singularity of interface stresses

The singular behaviour at the free edges of the fibre-matrix interface is analysed for the fibre push-out test geometry based on the boundary element method. The fibre push-out test has been extensively used to measure the fibre-matrix interfacial properties in polymer, ceramic and metal matrix composites. There are two free edges in the fibre push-out specimen: one is at the loaded fibre end and the other at the supported fibre end. The singular stresses can be expressed as a function of singular exponent and singular stress intensity. It is shown that the singular exponents obtained at both fibre ends are characteristic of composite constituent properties, such as Young's moduli of fibre and matrix, and does not vary with specimen dimensions. The singular exponents are real and identical for the shear and radial stress components at fibre ends where the wedge angles are the same. The singular stress intensities are also implicit in material properties, and vary with specimen dimensions, such as fibre to matrix radius ratio, fibre aspect ratio and support hole size. An interfacial failure criterion is proposed here based on the average stress concept to determine the critical singular stress intensities in mode I and mode II loads.     

基于沸腾-空化耦合效应的微通道线阵LD用热沉

 针对大功率LD的冷却需求,基于沸腾-空化耦合效应,研制了一种微通道相变热沉,封装腔长1.5 mm的LD线阵。依据加工条件确定通道宽度、深度以及间距,采用2维数值模型估算了通道长度,热沉材料采用无氧铜,多层叠焊,外形尺寸为20 mm×12 mm×1.6 mm。实验测试了连续功率LD输出0～100 W时的电 光转换效率以及电流 输出功率等特性,冷却工质采用R134a,磁驱齿轮泵电机转速50 r/s时热沉热阻为0.3 ℃/W。结果显示微通道相变热沉具有良好的散热能力,能够满足大功率LD的散热要求。     

竖直微槽道内EHD强化饱和沸腾传热研究

针对微槽内饱和沸腾汽泡建立了简化模型,并利用COMSOL Mu ltiphysics软件对电场中汽泡动力学特性进行了数值模拟,分析了微槽道内EHD(electrohydro dynam ics)强化沸腾传热机理。实验以去离子水为工质,研究了外加直流电场下两种规格的矩形微细槽道内饱和沸腾传热强化特性,电压在0~28kV内,EHD技术对微细槽道内的饱和沸腾传热有明显的强化效果。     

一种双MCP选通型30~40 ps软X射线分幅相机

研制了一种双微通道板（Microchannel Plate,MCP）双选通型软X射线分幅相机.该相机采用两块厚度为0.5 mm的MCP,近贴放置成“V”形结构,用两列高压脉冲依次选通两块级联的MCP,通过控制两列脉冲之间的延迟时间,利用微通道板的电子渡越时间效应和非线性增益的相互作用,以损失一部分电子为代价获得比单MCP（60 ps）选通相机更短的曝光时间,并且可以降低直穿X射线造成的背景光噪音.     

Flow characteristics of supersonic gas passing through a circular micro-channel under different inflow conditions

Gas flow in a micro-channel usually has a high Knudsen number. The predominant predictive tool for such a microflow is the direct simulation Monte Carlo(DSMC) method, which is used in this paper to investigate primary flow properties of supersonic gas in a circular micro-channel for different inflow conditions, such as free stream at different altitudes, with different incoming Mach numbers, and with different angles of attack. Simulation results indicate that the altitude and free stream incoming Mach number have a significant effect on the whole micro-channel flow field, whereas the angle of attack mainly affects the entrance part of micro-channel flow field. The fundamental mechanism behind the simulation results is also presented. With the increase of altitude, thr free stream would be partly prevented from entering into micro-channel.Meanwhile, the gas flow in micro-channel is decelerated, and the increase in the angle of attack also decelerates the gas flow. In contrast, gas flow in micro-channel is accelerated as free stream incoming Mach number increases. A noteworthy finding is that the rarefaction effects can become very dominant when the free stream incoming Mach number is low. In other words, a free stream with a larger incoming velocity is able to reduce the influence of the rarefaction effects on gas flow in the micro-channel.     

大动态范围长狭缝条纹相机系统

 为了满足ICF实验等离子体诊断需要,研制了一种大动态范围长狭缝软X射线条纹相机系统。该系统在保证30 mm的长狭缝的情况下,通过设计一种短聚焦区高压电子光学系统大大缩短电子的渡越时间、提高阳极工作电压至16.5 kV、弃用MCP内增强器、采用光纤面板耦合和使用制冷CCD等一系列措施,达到改善扫描变像管条纹相机动态范围的目的,同时保证具有较高的时间分辨力。动态测试表明,该系统动态空间分辨力为15 lp/mm,时间分辨力优于31 ps,动态范围大于922。     

Signal intensity enhancement of μ-LIF by using ultra-thin laser sheet illumination and aqueous mixture with ethanol/methanol for micro-channel applications

Measurement of concentration distributions of suspended particles in a micro-channel is one of the most crucial necessities in the area of Lab-on-a-chip to be used for various bio-chemical applications. One most feasible way to measure the concentration field in the micro-channel is using μ-LIF (micro-scale laser-induced fluorescence) method. However, an accurate concentration field at a given cross-plane in a micro-channel has not been successfully achieved so far due to various limitations in the light illumination and fluorescence signal detection. The present study demonstrates a novel method to provide an ultra-thin laser sheet beam having 5 μm thickness using a micro-focus laser line generator. The laser sheet beam illuminates an exact plane of concentration measurement field to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and considerably reduce the depth uncertainty.Nile Blue A was used as fluorescent dye for the present LIF measurement. The enhancement of the fluorescent intensity signals was performed by a solvent mixture of water (95%) and ethanol (EtOH)/methanol (MeOH) (5%) mixture. To reduce the rms errors resulting from the CCD electronic noise and other sources, an expansion of grid size was attempted from 1×1 to 3×3 or 5×5 pixel data windows and the pertinent signal-to-noise level has been noticeably increased accordingly.     

大长径比皮料玻璃管加工工艺研究及应用

为满足高增益、低噪声微通道板要求的大长径比皮料玻璃管,采用精密机械整形冷加工工艺提高皮料管的几何均匀性,实现微通道板的性能提升.通过改善机床加工误差、对刀误差以及设计合适的机动夹紧机构可有效控制皮料管内圆精磨加工精度.对磨头转速、背吃刀量、轴向进刀速度及金刚砂磨头粒度4个水平因子开展L16正交试验,得出背吃刀量是影响皮...     

两种玻璃微通道阵列的制作技术及比较

微孔玻璃阵列是采用原子层沉积技术制作微通道板的基底板,其微孔阵列的分布均匀性以及每个通道内壁的光滑程度,对其后续制作合格微通道板至关重要。分别采用空芯工艺和实芯腐蚀工艺来制作上述基底板,分析了两种技术的优缺点,阐述了两种方法中的关键技术,并对原子沉积技术制作的微通道板与常规工艺制作的微通道板进行了性能比较,前者的信噪比优于后者。     

光子图象的X2拟合信号检验

本文首次应用以微通道板象增强器为核心器件的超高灵敏度光电成象系统获得了活体昆明鼠的超微弱生物发光图象,并用统计理论研究了光子图象中的信号和背景分布,提出用斯米尔诺夫检验判别图象中有无信号的方法,以及用X²准则拟合实际图象中的信号区和背景区分布,并根据得到的统计估计值对光子图象进行检验,上述光子图象中的拟合方法以及斯米尔诺夫判据检验到了图象中的信号,验证了实际获得的光子图象中存在发光信号的结论。     

树型微通道网络在集成微电子冷却中的应用

本文通过数值求解三维的N-S方程以及能量守恒方程,研究了树型微通道网络热沉的温度分布特点,指出了常规树型网络结构在集成微电子冷却应用中的局限性,并通过详细的分析对其进行了局部改进.改进后的树型网络极大地提高了热沉的热性能同时还降低了压降.和平行微通道相比,改进后的树型微通道网络具有更小的压降,具有更小的热阻和更好的温度均匀性.因此具有很大的应用前景.     

Lymphocyte migration in the micro-channel of splenic sheathed capillaries in Chinese soft-shelled turtles,Pelodiscus sinensis

The structural characteristics of the splenic sheathed capillary were investigated using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study mainly focused on lymphocyte migration to the splenic white pulp via micro-channels in Chinese soft-shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis. The results showed that the sheathed capillaries in the turtle spleen were high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels. These capillaries consist of micro-channels that facilitate lymphocyte migration to the splenic white pulp. The micro-channel is a dynamic structure comprising processes of endothelial cells, supporting cells, and ellipsoid-associated cells (EACs), which provides a microenvironment for lymphocyte migration. The pattern of lymphocyte migration in the micro-channel of the turtle spleen includes the following steps: (i) lymphocyte first adheres to the endothelium of the sheathed capillary, passes through the endothelial cells, and traverses through the basement membrane of the sheathed capillary; (ii) it then enters into the ellipsoid combined with supporting cells and EACs; and (iii) lymphocyte migrates from the ellipsoid to the periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS) via the micro-channel. This study provides morphological evidence for lymphocyte migration in the micro-channels of turtle spleens and also an insight into the mechanism of lymphocyte homing to the splenic white pulp of reptiles.