基于蒙特卡罗法的水下激光光幕探测性能研究

为了提高水下激光光幕的探测性能, 根据水下光束传播规律, 构建了水下激光光幕探测模型, 基于蒙特卡罗模拟方法对水下激光光幕探测性能进行研究。基于水下激光光幕探测模型, 利用MATLAB软件进行仿真, 分析海水衰减系数、初始功率及传输距离对水下激光光幕传输的影响。仿真结果表明:海水的衰减系数越小, 水下激光光幕传输率受到的影响越小。海水参数和传输距离一定时, 随着初始功率的增加, 只会影响到达探测端的最终功率, 但对传输率影响不大。当海水衰减系数一定, 传输距离为1 m时, 其传输率约为15%且变化稳定; 当传输距离增加到30 m时, 传输率在5%以下。     

激光的水下传输特性及其在测量中的应用

对激光在水介质中传输的光学特性进行分析，在此基础上，给出用于水下测量的激光测量系统及测量结果，并对激光在未来海洋探测方面的应用作了展望。     

受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

测量了不同能量的光束,通过不同长度的水介质在窄线宽与宽线宽两种情况下的衰减系数,研究了受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响.结果发现,激光光束在水中传播时的衰减系数与激光光强和线宽有关,而不是通常情况下所认为的常数.还从理论上进行了分析. 关键词： 衰减系数 受激布里渊散射     

受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

测量了不同能量的光束，通过不同长度的水介质在窄线宽与宽线宽两种情况下的衰减系数，研究了受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响.结果发现，激光光束在水中传播时的衰减系数与激光光强和线宽有关，而不是通常情况下所认为的常数.还从理论上进行了分析.     

基于选通深度曲线的脉冲激光水下传输时域展宽测量

时域展宽是脉冲激光在水下传输时的重要特性,直接影响蓝绿激光对潜通信和水下激光成像等水下光电应用的性能。推导了选通深度曲线的特征参数与脉冲激光回波波形参数和增强型电荷耦合器件(ICCD)选通波形参数的关系,从而提出了基于选通深度曲线的脉冲激光水下传输时域展宽测量方法。利用所搭建的高重频脉冲激光水下成像系统,在大型室内船池中进行实验测量。结果表明,所提方法能够有效完成脉冲激光在水下传输时的时域展宽测量,尤其适用于远距离传输的情况。     

水中受激布里渊散射阈值的研究

在对水中受激布里渊散射阈值的研究中,针对传统定义上的不足,提出一种新的定义和新的测量方法.测量了不同能量的光束在不同长度的水介质中传输,在宽线宽和窄线宽情况下水的衰减系数.通过水的衰减系数的变化来确定不同情况下受激布里渊散射的阈值.试验发现,水中的受激布里渊阈值在理想稳态和理想瞬态下是一个常数,只与泵浦激光和介质属性有关,和介质长度无关;在中间情况下,受激布里渊阈值是否与介质长度有关,还要根据具体情况来分析.     

温度、湿度及压强对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

从实验上研究了不同大气环境(温度、湿度、气压)条件下532 nm激光在水中的衰减特性. 实验结果显示大气环境对激光的衰减系数有着重要的影响. 衰减系数随大气压强的增加而减小, 随温度的增加而增加, 最大衰减系数出现在最高水温和最低气压条件下. 当气压低并且温度高时, 衰减系数最大, 最大衰减系数值是最小衰减系数的三倍.在实验测量的基础上, 详细分析了大气环境影响激光衰减特性的物理机理, 研究结果对分析布里渊激光雷达海洋遥感探测具有重要意义.     

前向散射对激光水下成像的影响

为研究前向散射对水下成像的影响,利用辐射传输理论建立了激光水下成像前向散射理论模型,提出了水下成像前向散射影响系数,用以表征前向散射对水下成像质量的影响程度,并给出了前向散射功率及前向散射影响系数的解析表达式。利用Matlab进行了数值模拟分析,得出了水下成像前向散射光功率和影响系数随探测水深及水衰减系数的变化规律,说明了非对称因子的取值对成像质量具有较大的影响。     

水中气泡环境偏振光学矢量辐射传输特性研究

利用光学成像仪器进行水下资源勘测时,成像质量常因水中气泡干扰而降低。研究水中气泡环境辐射传输特性并分析其对光学仪器成像的干扰,对提升水下成像抗干扰能力具有重要指导意义。首先构建水中单气泡成像环境,模拟光在单气泡传输过程中辐射强度和偏振状态的变化趋势,得出单气泡界面处的传输相位函数;在此基础上,通过增加气泡数量,模拟水中多气泡成像环境下光的辐射强度和偏振状态随气泡分布的变化情况;最后基于几何光学近似理论进行蒙特卡洛模拟,仿真并得出不同气泡半径大小、不同光线传输路径尺度对光线在气泡群中前向和后向传输的影响。气泡理论分析、仿真计算和实测实验表明：光在气泡界面处产生的偏振态变化与观测几何具有强关联,当入射角较小时,光的穿透性较强,辐射强度衰减缓慢;随着传输距离路径增加,前向传输和后向传输的偏振度呈现相反的变化趋势;理论、仿真和实验结果三者基本保持一致。该研究可以为水下复杂环境目标偏振成像领域提供一定的参考。     

基于双光路原理的海水IOPs高光谱测量仪方案

设计了基于双光路原理的海水固有光学参数测量仪。该仪器可同步测量水体光谱吸收系数a、光束衰减系数c和体散射系数b。其中吸收系数a采用反射式吸收管测量,光束衰减系数c采用全吸收式样品池测量,体散射系数b根据c=a+b计算。光信号由光纤收集、光谱仪分光后用CCD探测器测量。光谱分辨率为4nm,灵敏度为0 001m-1。该仪器直接在水下工作,由水泵抽取被测海水,水下最大工作深度为200m。测量数据可以自动记录,同时也可以通过水下电缆实时传输到调查船实验室。     

强度调制532 nm激光水下测距

激光水下探测在水下目标搜寻、资源勘探等领域具有重要的应用,而散射是激光水下探测面临的主要挑战.载波调制激光雷达具有抗散射、抗干扰的优点,本文利用自行研制的532 nm强度调制激光源,在3 m长的水箱中搭建激光水下探测系统. 532 nm激光源最大输出功率为2.56 W,强度调制范围为10.0 MHz—2.1 GHz,光束发散角约0.5 mrad.通过在水箱中添加氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)_2)粉末,测量了不同浑浊度下水的衰减系数.采用相位测距的方法,目标反射光的调制信号为探测信号,对激光源进行调制的电信号作为参考信号,利用相关运算获得激光的延时时间,进而可以获得水下目标的距离.最大调制频率为500 MHz时,实现了距离为4.3个衰减长度目标的探测,测距误差约12 cm.探测距离越远,测距误差越大,调制频率越高,测距精度越高.     

Determination of optical parameters of pulp suspensions by time-resolved detection of photoacoustic signals and total diffuse reflectance measurements

Time-resolved photoacoustics were used to measure the optical parameters of pulp suspensions for the first time. Reconstructing stress distribution along the direction of the incident laser light allows the effective attenuation coefficient of these suspensions to be determined. Simultaneously, the total diffuse reflectance of the suspensions was measured by the same laser source. Based on the effective attenuation coefficient and total diffuse reflectance, the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of pulp suspensions can be calculated. In this study, three kinds of pulp suspensions with different kappa number (2, 13, and 16), a measure of lignin content in pulp fibers, were diluted with water to make samples with a consistency range from 1% to 5%, and studied at 355 nm wavelength. The results showed that the optical coefficients were approximately proportional to pulp consistency; on the other hand, the absorption coefficient was linearly correlated with kappa number, but the reduced scattering coefficient was not. Therefore, by determining its optical parameters, it is possible to extract the consistency and kappa number of an unknown pulp suspension.     

Properties of sound attenuation around a two-dimensional underwater vehicle with a large cavitation number

Due to the high speed of underwater vehicles,cavitation is generated inevitably along with the sound attenuation when the sound signal traverses through the cavity region around the underwater vehicle.The linear wave propagation is studied to obtain the influence of bubbly liquid on the acoustic wave propagation in the cavity region.The sound attenuation coefficient and the sound speed formula of the bubbly liquid are presented.Based on the sound attenuation coefficients with various vapor volume fractions,the attenuation of sound intensity is calculated under large cavitation number conditions.The result shows that the sound intensity attenuation is fairly small in a certain condition.Consequently,the intensity attenuation can be neglected in engineering.     

不同光照条件下水下成像背景光的建模与研究

由于光在水中传输时的衰减和散射效应, 水下成像系统通常很难达到令人满意的成像效果, 而成像过程中由于光散射产生的背景光则是造成水下图像退化的主要原因. 本文对自然光照和人工光照两种不同光照条件下的水下成像背景光进行了建模和仿真分析. 结果显示: 自然光照下的无穷远处背景光与衰减系数成反比, 与散射系数成正比; 人工光照下的无穷远处背景光则与衰减系数、散射系数和相机-光源距离有关. 两种光照条件下的背景光都可以用无穷远处背景光的指数衰减表达式来表示. 水下图像背景光的强度主要与水体光学参数、相机-景物的距离、相机-光源的距离及相机成像角等因素有关. 本文的研究结论不仅可用于水下成像系统的设计与优化, 也可用来从水下图像背景光中估计水体光学参数、相机-景物距离等图像信息.     

皮肤组织容积脉搏波400~1000 nm光谱特性仿真研究

根据皮肤组织解剖结构特性建立了六层层状模型,并给出了皮肤组织各层的特性参数;考虑了氧合血红蛋白和还原血红蛋白的吸收特性,依据皮肤组织各层的水、血、脂肪、血氧饱和度含量以及血管大小给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱吸收系数;对不同波长散射系数做了适当简化,给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱散射系数。利用蒙特卡罗方法仿真血管组织在收缩与舒张两种状态下, 400~1 000 nm波长光在皮肤组织多层模型中的传输过程,并通过统计大量光子的分布特性,获得了皮肤组织光谱反射系数,并利用模拟所得的两种状态下的反射系数计算得到了光谱容积脉搏波幅度。仿真结果表明,当入射光强一定时,绿光的容积脉搏波幅度优于红光和蓝光。通过计算不同波长光沿皮肤组织深度方向光能流率衰减为1/e时对应的皮肤组织深度,获得了皮肤组织光谱穿透深度。结果显示,血管舒张状态下蓝光和绿光的穿透深度较小,蓝光大部分只能达到表皮层,绿光能到达微循环层,红光可直达真皮层。考虑到光在皮肤组织中传播包含了一个从收缩到舒张的动态过程,基于此,根据穿透深度定义了脉搏波信号产生深度,利用血管舒张与收缩两种不同状态下的穿透深度计算得到了光谱产生深度。结果表明,不同波长光产生深度大于其穿透深度,蓝光产生深度较浅,且其受到的血液吸收调制较小,因而其获得的脉搏信号易受噪声干扰;红光的容积脉搏波产生深度较大,但是相比于绿光其受血液吸收调制较小,且绿光产生深度足够达到真皮血管层,因而红光容积脉搏波的幅度小于绿光。上述仿真结果明确了皮肤组织部分光谱特性,为皮肤组织多光谱容积脉搏波的精确获取及其他相关研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

圆盘透明度在水下激光成像系统性能评估中的应用

水下激光主动成像系统的探测能力不仅与探测系统自身参数有关,还与水质等环境因素有关。为评估水质对水下激光成像系统探测能力的影响,根据圆盘透明度成像模型,研究了吸收系数、散射系数、漫射衰减系数等水体水质参数与圆盘透明度的关系,给出了圆盘透明度与水下激光主动成像系统最大探测深度的表达式。实验表明,ICCD距离选通水下激光主动成像系统最大探测深度值与理论计算值相对误差小于20%。基于成像理论的圆盘透明度模型反映了水下激光成像系统探测能力与水体水质参数的关系,可用圆盘透明深度来评估水下激光成像系统的探测能力。     

Long-range sound propagation in the central region of the Baltic Sea

The data obtained from a set of experiments on the long-range, low-frequency (<5 kHz) sound propagation in the central region of the Baltic Sea are analyzed. The experiments were carried out in the summer season, with a fully developed underwater sound channel. Experimental data on the sound attenuation are presented. A significant excess of the attenuation coefficients over the predicted absorption coefficients is obtained. The quantitative estimates indicate that the sound scattering by internal waves is the most probable mechanism responsible for the observed excessive sound attenuation. The frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient exhibits a minimum whose position on the frequency axis at the beginning of the summer season noticeably differs from that at the end of summer. The analysis of the propagation conditions allows one to relate the position of this minimum to the critical frequency of the water modes. In addition to the intensity parameters of the sound field, the formation of the time structure of explosion-generated signals propagating in the Baltic underwater sound channel is considered for the case of the sound propagation along the 360-km path crossing the Gotland Hollow. The specific role of the bottom waves in the time structure formation at short distances from the sound source is demonstrated.     

Absorption and scattering effects of Maalox,chlorophyll, and sea salt on a micro-LED-based underwater wireless optical communication [Invited]

In this work, a blue gallium nitride(GaN) micro-light-emitting-diode(micro-LED)-based underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC) system was built, and UWOCs with varied Maalox, chlorophyll, and sea salt concentrations were studied. Data transmission performance of the UWOC and the influence of light attenuation were investigated systematically. Maximum data transmission rates at the distance of 2.3 m were 933, 800, 910,and 790 Mbps for experimental conditions with no impurity, 200.48 mg/m~3 Maalox, 12.07 mg/m~3 chlorophyll,and 5 kg/m~3 sea salt, respectively, much higher than previously reported systems with commercial LEDs. It was found that increasing chlorophyll, Maalox, and sea salt concentrations in water resulted in an increase of light attenuation, which led to the performance degradation of the UWOC. Further analysis suggests two light attenuation mechanisms, e.g., absorption by chlorophyll and scattering by Maalox, are responsible for the decrease of maximum data rates and the increase of bit error rates. Based on the absorption and scattering models,excellent fitting to the experimental attenuation coefficient can be achieved, and light attenuation by absorption and scattering at different wavelengths was also investigated. We believe this work is instructive apply UWOC for practical applications.