粉笔分离菠菜色素实验条件优化*

采用家用超声波眼镜清洗机辅助提取菠菜色素,考察了菠菜自身水分、不同提取部位、不同提取溶剂以及不同石油醚乙酸乙酯体积比对提取物粉笔分离效果的影响。实验结果表明:干燥菠菜叶、丙酮提取、V_石油醚∶V_乙酸乙酯=17∶2展开时,粉笔分离后呈现出5条清晰的分离色带。改进后实验效果更好,植物成分提取和色谱分离的教学功能更有利于实现。     

鱼子酱中的合成色素反相高效液相色谱法同时测定

建立了反相高效液相色谱法同时测定鱼子酱中的柠檬黄、日落黄、偶氮玉红、苋菜红、胭脂红、赤藓红、红色2G和诱惑红8种合成色素的方法.样品中的合成色素经甲醇-4 mol/L尿素溶液(体积比1 ∶ 1)提取,固相萃取聚酰胺柱净化后,采用XDB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm×5 μm),以甲醇-乙腈(体积比1 ∶ 1)和0.01 mol/L乙酸钠溶液为流动相,在最佳梯度洗脱条件下,8种合成色素在17 min内实现分离.各色素在0.05 ～50 mg/L质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系.将该法用于实际样品的检测,8种合成色素的加标回收率为89% ～110%,相对标准偏差为1.4% ～4.7%.方法简单、高效,可用于鱼子酱中合成色素的日常监督检测.     

粗径毛细管气相色谱法测定F8426在土壤和小麦中的残留量

 用气相色谱法测定了快灭灵 40 %干悬浮剂中F842 6在土壤和小麦中的残留量。用丙酮 水 (体积比为 80∶2 0 )溶液提取土壤和小麦样本中的F842 6 ,然后用石油醚萃取。石油醚相经浓缩后过弗罗里硅土和活性炭 (0 97g +0 0 3g)混合小柱净化 ,再用OV 170 1粗径毛细管柱分离 ,用电子捕获检测器 (ECD)测定。该方法对F842 6的最小检出量为 0 0 2ng ,在小麦和土壤中F842 6的最低检出限分别为 2 μg/kg和 1μg/kg ,对土壤和小麦空白样本的平均添加回收率为 89 6 0 %～ 97 5 3%,变异系数为 4 42 %～ 8 6 7%。。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中的联苯菊酯

建立了加速溶剂萃取-色谱法测定土壤中的联苯菊酯残留量的方法.土壤样品与无水硫酸钠以1∶2(质量比)混合后,再加适量中性氧化铝,用丙酮-石油醚(体积比为1∶1)在加速溶剂萃取仪上以10.3 MPa、80℃提取5 min,Florisil小柱净化,然后采用ECD气相色谱测定,在0.56、1.12 μg/kg两个添加水平下,联苯菊酯的加标回收率为72.7%～87.2%,检出限为0.1 μg/kg.测定结果的相对标准偏差为9.3%(n=8).该法能有效地消除复杂基质带来的干扰,可以作为日常样品中联苯菊酯残留量的检测和确证方法.     

极大螺旋藻中β-胡萝卜素的分离纯化及定量测定

 极大螺旋藻 (Spirulinamaximum)中含有多种营养物质 ,其中 β 胡萝卜素具有重要的应用价值。利用 β 胡萝卜素极性小的特点 ,用丙酮 甲醇 (体积比为 7∶2 )溶液对其提取后皂化。采用石油醚萃取 ,通过氧化铝柱进行色谱分析 ,用反相高效液相色谱法 (RP HPLC法 )测定了 β 胡萝卜素的含量。方法准确性高、重现性好 ,平均回收率为96 8%。     

农产品中甲草胺残留量的气相色谱-质谱检测

建立了玉米、花生、菠菜、柑橘4种不同类型农产品中甲草胺残留量的检测方法。样品先用丙酮-水(体积比为8∶2)提取,经二氯甲烷液-液分配,再用凝胶色谱(GPC)和固相萃取(SPE)去除色素和提取待测物,最后采用气相色谱-质谱测定,外标法定量。甲草胺的添加水平为0.010～0.200 mg/kg时,平均回收率为86.0%～98.2%;相对标准偏差为5.1%～6.7%;方法的测定低限为0.010 mg/kg。     

茶叶中9种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留的前处理方法研究

建立了一种简便准确的前处理方法用于茶叶中5种有机氯农药和4种拟除虫菊酯类农药的测定。对索氏提取、超声提取、加速溶剂萃取和振荡提取4种提取方法的参数条件进行优化和对比,并对前处理的净化条件进行优化,建立了丙酮-正己烷(7∶3,体积比)溶液振荡提取串联Envi-Carb和LC-AliminaN小柱净化后,经丙酮-正己烷(1∶9)溶液洗脱,浓缩后用GC-MS法测定。茶叶样品中9种农药的加标回收率(n=6)为82%～108%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～4.5%,方法的检出限(以3倍信噪比计)为0.46～12.13ng/g。     

加速溶剂萃取-色谱质谱联用法测定土壤中的多环芳烃

采用加速溶剂萃取-色谱质谱联用法测定土壤中的多环芳烃.土壤样品与无水硫酸钠(质量比为1:2) 混合后,再加适量中性氧化铝,用丙酮-二氯甲烷(体积比为1:1)在加速溶剂萃取仪上以10.3 Mpa、80℃提取10 min,用色谱进行分离,质谱检测器进行分析,土壤中16种多环芳烃的回收率为76.9%～101.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.6%～15.8%(n=7).     

薄层扫描法测定洋金花中3种莨菪生物碱的研究

在硅胶G薄层板上,以甲苯 丙酮 无水乙醇 氨水=体积比(15∶10∶7∶2)为展开剂,用改良碘化铋钾与KI I2混合液作为显色剂,采用双波长薄层扫描法实现了中药材洋金花中3种莨菪生物碱(山莨菪碱、阿托品、东莨菪碱)的同时分离和测定。平均加标回收率在105%～107%之间。     

测定雨生红球藻中虾青素及其它色素含量的高效液相色谱法

建立了一种分离和测定雨生红球藻中虾青素和其它色素的反相高效液相色谱法 ;含有雨生红球藻细胞的培养液经离心分离 ,匀浆破碎 ,用甲醇 -二氯甲烷 (体积比3∶1)提取色素 ,提取液用HPLC分离测定 ;分析柱为Nova_PakC18(300mm×3.9mmID ,5μm)柱 ,流动相为水、甲醇和丙酮 ,流速1.0mL/min ,用二极管阵列检测器在250～700nm波长范围扫描 ,在476nm处进行检测 ;虾青素、多种类胡萝卜素和叶绿素在30min内得到较好分离 ,其中游离虾青素、斑蝥黄质和 β_胡萝卜素的检出限分别为3.56、1.36和29.4μg/L,这3种类胡萝卜素分别在质量浓度为1.99～31.7mg/L、2.44～39.0mg/L、2.25～36.0mg/L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好 ,相关系数分别为0.9993、0.9987和0.9778;该法的精密度 (RSD为0.09 %～2.97% )和回收率(96%～102 % )均符合方法学要求 ,可以用于研究和测定雨生红球藻中虾青素和其它色素的含量     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。