氯化铜的少溶剂固态连串配位化学反应

在少量水的存在下,由于NH₄[CuCl₃]对水不稳定,CuCl₂·2H₂O与氯化铵的配位化学反应只能得到1∶2产物(NH₄)₂[CuCl₄(H₂O)₂];但在无水乙醇中,无水CuCl₂与氯化铵按1∶1或1∶2的物质的量之比混合时,能相应地得到NH₄[CuCl₃]或(NH₄)₂[CuCl₄]。CuCl₂·2H₂O与2,2''-联吡啶(bipy)的少溶剂固态化学反应仍能像固态化学反应一样,根据反应物的配比生成相应的唯一产物,但在物质的量之比为1∶1的反应中发现1∶2产物曾经形成。热力学分析说明,如果连串反应的后一步的Δ_rG^⊖大于前一步的,则上述反应现象是可能的。     

无溶剂或少溶剂的固态化学反应

根据热力学,固态化学反应一般具有一旦发生就必完全的特征;但在固体之间存在组成可连续变化的溶液(固熔体)时,固态化学反应体系有可能出现化学平衡。固态化学反应还可能导致立体选择性产物、产物颗粒不易长大、最低反应温度等特征。本文特别指出,为了促进固态化学反应快速、有效、安全地发生,可使用少量溶剂而不用担心固态化学反应无平衡特征的丧失,同时获得良好流动性的反应物浆料,并因此能使用适当的搅拌技术来促进反应;其次,任何复杂的固态化学反应都可以分解成若干双组分反应,可以按一定步骤实现复杂化合物的合成或装配。因此,研究固态化学反应可能会产生更加绿色的化学过程,具有非常现实的理论和应用价值。本文以固态配位化学反应为例来说明如上理论推演结果。这里,固态配位化学反应是固体无机金属化合物与固体有机或无机配体之间的化学反应,它们与固态有机化学反应一样,可以在室温~300 ℃的温度下、不存在任何溶剂的情况下发生。     

使固态化学反应100%完成的方法

无溶液形成的固态化学反应具有“一旦发生,就必完全”的特质,但因为固体的非流动性,它常常会因严重的传质困难而有始无终。为了克服这个困难,作者提出了少溶剂固态化学反应(LSR)的概念,即通过使用少量的溶剂赋予固体流动性,使反应物固体部分溶解,再使用搅拌反应器解决其“三传”问题,使之完全反应,从而达到使一些化学工业过程绿色化的目的。本文用平衡热力学数值计算的方法图解了几种代表性LSR的Gibbs自由能随反应进度的关系,进而指出：(ⅰ) LSR的中间阶段如同没有溶液形成的固态化学反应,两端像溶液化学反应,因此,LSR虽继承了混合自由能导致的化学平衡,但其平衡点比溶液化学反应更接近100%完全。特别地,在LSR即将结束时,通过逐步移除溶剂以使反应物和产物固体持续存在而延长中段,能推动反应达到100%完全;(ⅱ)对于连串反应,LSR仍有可能通过控制反应物的物质的量之比来获得中间产物;(ⅲ)对于Δ_rG_m^Θ略小于零的反应,可以通过使用较多的溶剂跨越可能的早期平衡态,或者使用大量的产物固体“种子”使所有的产物一直与其饱和溶液平衡,最终通过逐渐蒸发溶剂推动反应进行到底;(ⅳ) LSR的反应速度与反应物或产物的溶解度关系不大,但与反应物的溶解速度、化学反应速度和产物的结晶速度紧密相关。本文还讨论了使一些竞争反应、非自发反应进行到底的方法,获得高度的反应控制能力。     

少溶剂固态化学反应制备铵光卤石

固态化学反应的热力学分析指出,固态化学反应具有"一旦发生,就必完全"的特征;该特征不会因为少量溶剂的存在而消失.本文使用按1∶1摩尔比混合的氯化铵和六水合氯化镁的固体进行反应,只使用刚刚淹没固体的水来促进二者之间的反应,结果发现,在室温下30min左右,它们全部转化成了铵光卤石(NH4Cl·MgCl2·6H2O,六水合氯化铵镁).本实验有助于将少溶剂固态化学反应的概念引入学生的知识库,并籍此推进化学过程的绿色化.它还可以使学生学到如何冻结化学反应,使之适合于离位化学反应动力学研究的方法.     

绿色综合性实验:少溶剂固态化学反应制备二水四氯合钴(Ⅱ)酸铵

现有化学工业过程使用了大量的溶剂。溶剂的使用带来了费时费力和高污染风险的溶剂处理过程,而且因为化学平衡的出现降低了产率。本实验提供了一种使用少量溶剂,而且在反应结束时蒸去溶剂推动反应进行到底的少溶剂固态化学反应实例,对化学过程的绿色化及其观念的推广有重要意义。研究发现,固体氯化铵和六水合氯化钴的2∶1物质的量比混合物在35℃机械搅拌下的反应,在不加水时反应仅停留在表面;加少量水和溶液反应均存在化学平衡;但如果把水蒸干,反应混合物的XRD谱中只有(NH₄)₂[CoCl₄(H₂O)₂]的衍射峰,基本看不到NH₄Cl的。     

DTA和XRD用于(14-x)SrCO3-xCaCO3-24CuO系统合成spin-ladder化合物Sr14-xCaxCu24O41的研究

The (14-x)SrCO3xCaCO324CuO system was investigated by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique combined with the powder Xray diffraction (XRD) technique, and the relationship of its thermal behavior with the synthesis of spin-ladder compound Sr14-xCaxCu24O41 was first analyzed in detail. It is found that the DTA curve (x≤5.6) exhibits two endothermic peaks and could be divided into three reaction stages, corresponding to the solid state reaction to synthesize single-phase Sr14-xCaxCu24O41. The DTA curve (x≥8.4) shows three big endothermic peaks below 1000 ℃. The intensity and the position of the first endothermic peak around 800 ℃ is depending on the content of CaCO3 in the system, while the third endothermic peak is the crucial factor of the synthesis of single-phase compound.     

溶剂性质对溶剂蒸气加速等规聚丁烯-1相转变的影响

以50℃等温结晶后的等规聚丁烯-1(PB-1)为研究对象,利用X射线衍射(XRD)和示差扫描量热技术(DSC)对不同溶剂蒸气处理的PB-1进行分析,并用原位XRD在线研究了溶剂熏蒸聚丁烯-1的Ⅱ-Ⅰ相转变过程.XRD与DSC结果表明除了水和醇类溶剂,其他大多数溶剂如正己烷、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、...     

Fe68Si32合金液态结构与固态组织的相关性

利用液态X射线衍射仪研究了Fe68Si32合金的液态结构,获得了结构因子、径向分布函数、原子间的最近邻距离和配位数.结果表明,在1250～1450℃范围内液态合金的最近邻距离为0.259～0.260nm,配位数为10.3(±0.2);液态合金的结构因子在Q=15.5nm-1处有一明显的预峰存在.根据预峰的特性,建立了Fe68Si32熔体的结构模型,即体心立方结构的有序Fe3Si原子团以共面的方式形成Fe3Si面心立方超结构(DO3);合金在1250℃的径向分布函数的Gauss分解结果与合金的面心立方模型吻合较好.预峰的产生是面心立方超结构原子团中Si原子之间相互关联的外在表现.Fe68Si32合金的固态X射线衍射显示合金中含有Fe3Si相,而且其特征峰与合金的结构因子的峰位基本一致,表明Fe68Si32合金的液固态结构之间联系紧密.     

Fe68Si32合金液态结构与固态组织的相关性

利用液态X射线衍射仪研究了Fe68Si32合金的液态结构，获得了结构因子、径向分布函数、原子间的最近邻距离和配位数.结果表明，在1250～1450 ℃范围内液态合金的最近邻距离为0.259～0.260 nm，配位数为10.3(±0.2)；液态合金的结构因子在Q=15.5 nm－1处有一明显的预峰存在.根据预峰的特性，建立了Fe68Si32熔体的结构模型，即体心立方结构的有序Fe3Si原子团以共面的方式形成Fe3Si面心立方超结构(DO3)；合金在1250 ℃的径向分布函数的Gauss分解结果与合金的面心立方模型吻合较好.预峰的产生是面心立方超结构原子团中Si原子之间相互关联的外在表现. Fe68Si32合金的固态X射线衍射显示合金中含有Fe3Si相，而且其特征峰与合金的结构因子的峰位基本一致，表明Fe68Si32合金的液固态结构之间联系紧密.     

溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备的Ni－Ag／γ－Al_2O_3催化剂的结构表征

应用溶剂化金属原子浸渍（ＳＭＡＩ）法和普通浸渍（ＣＩ）法制备了三种不同摩尔比的γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载Ｎｉ－Ａｇ双金属催化剂。ＸＲＤ和磁测定结果表明ＳＭＡＩ催化剂中Ｎｉ和Ａｇ的粒度均小于金属含量相同的ＣＩ催化剂，ＳＭＡＩ催化剂中Ｎｉ和Ａｇ未形成合金，而ＣＩ催化剂中Ｎｉ和Ａｇ形成了合金。ＳＭＡＩ和ＣＩ催化剂都具有超顺磁性。ＸＰＳ测定结果表明ＳＭＡＩ催化剂中零价Ｎｉ和Ａｇ的含量均高于ＣＩ催化剂。ＳＭＡＩ催化剂Ｎｉ在表面含量高于体相，Ｎｉ在表面富集，而ＣＩ催化剂Ｎｉ在表面和体相的含量相同     

Structures and functions of reaction interfaces developed during solid-state dehydrations

The literature reveals that the mechanisms of some solid-state dehydrations are more complicated than has been generally accepted. Reactions at a thin advancing reactant-product interface provide the geometric models on which the most widely employed rate equations are based. For some systems, this thin interface model is a simplification of observed behaviour. Elimination of water from crystallographic sites may occur to a significant extent within a much thicker zone of reactant towards which the active interface is progressing. Consequently the region of chemical change may not coincide with the region of structural transformation. Limited initial dehydration may occur across all crystal faces prior to the onset of a nucleation and growth process that is usually regarded as the dominant rate process in the dehydrations of many large crystals. Experimental observations for solid-state dehydrations are discussed and reaction mechanisms with different rate controlling processes are distinguished. Studies of dehydrations have contributed substantially to the theory of solid-state reactivity, and advances in understanding may have wider application to other solid-state reactants.     

Mechanism of solid-state conversion of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite to diphase calcium phosphate

Two non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatites (n-HA) with Ca/P molar ratios of 1.50 and 1.58 and one stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (s-HA) with Ca/P = 1.67 were prepared from chemically pure CaHPO₄·2H₂O and KOH. After sintering at 1050 °C for 4 h, n-HA with Ca/P = 1.50 was transformed into -Ca₃(PO₄)₂, n-HA with Ca/P = 1.58 was converted to diphase calcium phosphate (DCP), while s-HA underwent no chemical transformations. The sintered and unsintered samples of hydroxyapatite were studied by IR spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystallite dimensions were calculated, and a model for the DCP structure was proposed. The mechanism of the solid-state n-HA to DCP conversion was proposed on the basis of this model and published values of the volume diffusion coefficients of the OH^–, Ca²⁺, and PO₄ ^3– ions at 1000 °C.     

MoO3-LaHY催化剂的固相反应制备及其加氢脱硫性能研究

在空气气氛中由钼酸铵和LaHY分子筛固相反应制备了MoO₃-LaHY催化剂,用XRD和NH₃-TPD对其进行了表征,并以二苯并噻吩/正癸烷溶液为模型反应物（二苯并噻吩的质量分数为0.6%）,评价了MoO₃-LaHY的加氢脱硫催化性能。结果表明,在520℃下进行固相反应制备催化剂时,4.36%的Mo物种可借助固相反应进入到分子筛的体相形成单相复合体nMoO_{x·LaHY,剩余的Mo物种仍以MoO3的形式分散在分子筛外表面。由于单相复合体的形成,催化剂的晶胞参数增大,酸量有所下降。硫化处理后得到的硫化态MoO3-LaHY催化剂在310℃、4.0MPa、反应空速为20h^-1的条件下进行加氢脱硫时,二苯并噻吩转化率达到了86.74％。随固相反应温度的升高,所制备的催化剂中Mo物种进入LaHY体相中的量有所增大,但其硫化态催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫活性的变化幅度并不大。}     

Unusual coordination of a chloride ion to six copper ions: Synthesis and crystal structure of copper(II) complexes with 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole

Novel copper(II) complexes, molecular [Cu₆(μ₆-Cl)(μ₃-OH)₂(μ-L)₆Cl₉(H₂O)₃] · 3H₂O (1) and polymeric [Cu(μ-L)(μ-OH)(H₂O)₂]Cl (2) (L = 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole), have been prepared and characterized by X-ray structural analysis. Compound 1 appears to be an unusual example of a chloride ion with six equal Cu–Cl distances of 2.8397(3) Å. It has also been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and magnetic measurements. Both complexes have distorted octahedral configurations of copper ions; the coordination cores are CuN₂Cl₂O₂ or CuN₂Cl₃O (1) and CuN₂O₄ (2).     

Green and highly efficient synthesis of pyranopyrazoles in choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvent

A simple and efficient multicomponent protocol, using ammonium deep eutectic solvent as a dual catalyst and environmentally benign reaction medium, is developed for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. This operationally simple protocol does not involve tedious workup or purification, affording the target compounds in short reaction times and excellent yields and avoiding the use of environmentally hazardous solvents and catalysts.     

High-yield synthesis of pure ZnO nanoparticles by one-step solid-state reaction approach for enhanced photocatalytic activity

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were synthesized via a one-step solid-state reaction approach in ammonia (NH₃) gas environment with different temperature ramp rates. The so-formed nanostructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, where the typical wurtzite hexagonal structure was observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the particle size to be in the range 45–50 nm, the same as calculated by the XRD pattern for the ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the chemical purity of the samples. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum indicated multiple near-band-edge emissions and energy-band emissions. Then, these ZnO nanomaterials were used for the degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye under UV light irradiation. The CV solution was completely degraded in 2 hr. The initial photocatalyst and dye amounts of 0.2 g/100 ml and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, were found to be the optimum values for maximum degradation efficiency. The ZnO-based photocatalyst was stable up to three cycles of reuse. These results indicate that the high surface area and porosity of the nanomaterials are responsible for the high efficiency, which was confirmed by specific surface area analysis.     

Probing chemical transformations in organic solids via NMR techniques: The solid-state photodimerization reaction of 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin

It has been reported that crystalline 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin undergoes a [2 + 2] photodimerization reaction to give two different products; the major product is thesyn head-head dimer, whereas the minor product is thesyn head-tail dimer. In this paper, high-resolution solid-state¹³C NMR and solution-state¹H and¹³C NMR techniques have been applied to investigate various structural issues relating to this solid-state photodimerization reaction. In particular, spectra have been recorded at various stages during the progress of the photodimerization reaction with the aim of charting the structural changes in the system as a function of reaction progress, with particular interest in assessing the potential of this technique for investigating the structural reasons for the production of the minor product. Conformational and dynamic properties of the product obtained in this solid-state photodimerization reaction have also been assessed.     

Choline chloride based eutectic solvent for the efficient synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-yl phosphonate derivatives via multicomponent reaction under mild conditions

Synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-ylphosphonate derivatives has been accomplished by the one-pot three-component reaction of salicylaldehyde, malononitrile/ethylcyanoacetate and dialkyl phosphites in the presence of reusable deep eutectic solvent (DES) under mild conditions. The advantages of this method are mild reaction conditions, simple work-up procedure, use of DES as a green solvent and an economical protocol for the preparation of important biologically active phosphorus-containing compounds.