一种HCFC-22新型替代制冷剂的实验研究

本文提出采用三元混合工质HFC—161/HFC-125/HFC-32作为HCFC-22替代制冷剂。在空气-水热泵实验台上对该工质及HCFC-22、 R407C进行对比实验,结果表明,在不改动任何系统部件的前提下,该新型制冷剂的COP值大于HCFC-22主要替代制冷剂R407C,在较高的进风温度或较低的进水温度下, COP值接近甚至大于HCFC-22。此外,该三元混合物还具有GWP值小、排气温度低、温度滑移小的优点,是HCFC-22一种有前途的替代物。     

R452B应用于空调(热泵)机组的性能研究

对比分析了R452B、R32和R410A应用于空调(热泵)机组理论循环特性,并对R452B在空调(热泵)机组中直接替代R410A的性能进行了试验研究,测试了空调(热泵)机组在不同工况条件下的制冷/热量、功率、性能系数以及压缩机的排气温度等参数。结果表明:相较于使用R410A而言,机组使用R452B的制冷/热能力、功率略有下降,制冷能效提高在5%以内,压缩机的排气温度提高约1℃,压比有所降低。当R452B的充注量达到R410A的85%时,机组性能达到最佳。总体来讲,R452B与R410A的运行性能相近。R452B比R410A具有更低的GWP值,符合行业的制冷剂替代趋势,可以在空调(热泵)机组中作为R410A的直接替代制冷剂。     

R410A替代R22制冷系统的实验与分析

一个特别设计的高精度实验台,可用于不同制冷剂在同一工况下的性能测试及同一制冷剂在不同工况下的性能测试.本文在此实验台上分别对以R22、R410A为制冷工质的制冷系统在20种工况下进行了系统的实验研究,并建立了该实际循环的稳态模型,对R410A及R22系统在同一工况下的性能进行了比较,给出了R410A系统及R22系统性能上的差异.     

适用于高温工况替代制冷剂系统特性实验研究

以替代传统高温工况(T3)制冷剂R22为背景,选取现阶段最有潜力的替代制冷剂R410A、R290和R32进行灌注式替代测试,发现随着温度升高,R22具有最大能力,R290具有最高能效,而R410A和R32性能将快速衰减。     

饱和液体密度测量装置的研制与可靠性验证

本文研制了一种用于测量制冷剂饱和液体密度的实验装置,该装置主要由恒温系统与测量系统组成,其中密度的测量精度为±0.5 kg/m~3。本文以纯质制冷剂HCFC-22与混合制冷剂HFC-407C为例分别在该实验装置进行了实验测试。结果表明,无论是纯质还是混合制冷剂的液体密度实验测量结果都与文献值具有良好的一致性。在此基础上,本文还用该实验装置对HFC-407C在温度为244～337K范围内的饱和液体密度进行更细致而又精确的测量,并分别采用VDNS型方程与Rackett型方程对HFC-407C实验数据进行了关联,得到各自的方程参数及适用下HFC-407C的预测模型。所有这些研究为纯质与混合工质在实际工程中的应用打下了坚实的基础。     

船舶冷库制冷剂替代及性能比较

寻求性能相近且环保的制冷剂取代对臭氧层有破坏作用的制冷剂R22,已成为船舶制冷装置所面临的紧迫、重要课题。文中选择R404A、R407C和R407F作为船舶制冷剂R22的替代品,分析了其制冷特性,并基于船舶冷库制冷装置上,对四种制冷剂进行了特性对比试验,比较了压缩机吸排气温度、压力、制冷性能等。结果显示,在试验工况下,R407F可作为R22的理想制冷剂替代品。文章为船舶制冷剂替代的选择提供技术支持。     

利用P-R方程推算替代制冷剂的绝热指数

应用P-R方程编制了容积绝热指数与温度绝热指数的计算程序,利用该程序计算了HFC-161,HC-290,HC-600a的绝热指数,绘出了三种制冷剂的容积绝热指数与温度绝热指数随对比压力与对比温度变化的图线,并加以对比与分析。结果表明,HC-600a的两种绝热指数值都较小,在压缩机进出口条件一致的状况下,较适于作为替代制冷剂。     

高温级输气量对变频复叠制冷系统的影响

为了研究高温级输气量对R410A/R410A变频复叠制冷系统的影响,搭建了变频复叠制冷系统实验台.实验研究了高温级输气量在不同工况下对R410A单一制冷剂变频复叠制冷系统性能的影响规律.实验结果表明:冷凝温度为30℃、蒸发温度为-34～-42℃,高温级压缩机排气温度低于120℃,系统可以安全稳定运行;蒸发温度为-42℃...     

R410A和R22在水平内螺纹管内冷凝性能的实验研究

实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A和R22在冷凝温度40℃时在内螺纹强化管(外径为9.52mm)内的冷凝换热特性,对二者的冷凝换热性能进行了对比,并研究了测试管外冷却水流量对换热系数的影响。结果表明:在管外冷却水流量相同时,R22的总换热系数K普遍比R410a小,而管内传热系数hr比R410A大。R22与R410A的总传热系数K均随管外冷却水流量的增加而增加,当制冷剂流量Gm大于300kg.s-1.m-2时,管外冷却水流量对总传热系数K的影响变小。     

北洋2#制冷剂循环性能试验研究

研究了一种双元混合物——北洋2#,它具有优于R22的环保性能和良好的循环性能。在同机型标准空调工况下检测,其性能(COP)较R22低1.7%,但其制冷量较R22高14.6%;其COP较R410A和R32均高8%。在低温区的检测试验证明:其COP稍低于R22,但是其能达到比R22更低的温度。并且北洋2#的制冷速度比R22快35.9%。所以,北洋2#可以作为R22有潜力的替代制冷剂。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.