Thermocatalytic removal of carbonaceous materials

Decomposition and removal of carbonizate was performed over platinum catalysts supported on two types of alumina differing in the surface area: low surface area one (LSA) and high surface one (HSA). For the sake of comparison, the performance of platinum catalyst supported on silica and bimetallic platinum-rhenium catalysts was analyzed. It has been shown that all platinum catalysts examined caused an increase in the removal of carbonizate. The activity of these catalysts was independent of the kind of support applied or addition of rhenium as a second component. The online version of the original article can be found at     

Catalytic reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) using hydrogen with platinum loaded on alumina and silica

During the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) are together extracted by employing tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)/dodecane mixture and their partitioning is achieved by adding uranous nitrate. The partitioning agent, uranous is conventionally produced by the electrolytic reduction of uranyl nitrate. An alternate route for the reduction of U from (VI) to (IV) using hydrogen (H₂) as reductant was developed using platinum (Pt) based catalyst. Improvements in the development of the catalyst have been carried out in order to reduce the requirement of Pt without affecting the reduction performance. Experiments using 2 wt% Pt loaded on alumina beads and alumina powder have been performed and results are discussed. As the catalyst supported on alumina was found to be unstable in acidic environment, Pt loaded on silica powder has also been developed. Pt loaded on alumina and silica substrates have been tried to envisage the reduction behaviour using H₂ as reductant in presence of hydrazine nitrate which acts as U(IV) stabiliser as well as reductant. Parametric studies have been carried out to optimise the process parameters namely pressure, temperature, U concentration, free acidity, hydrazine concentration and catalyst to U (C/U) ratio. 2 wt% Pt loaded on silica has been selected for further scale up studies for making uranous.     

铂在Pt/Al2O3催化剂中某些特性的研究

The dissolved Al~(3+) amounts of various alumina (Ketjen CK 300, Degussa Alu minium Oxid C, Tonerdo γ-Al_2O_3 and Changling Al_3O_3) in different concentrations of acid (HCl, H_2PtCl_6) and the saturated adsorption amounts of H_2PtCl_6 on the above alumina were determined by EDTA complexometric method and by spectro photometry using SnCl_2. It was found that various alumina showed different Al~(3+) amounts in above acids, the more the dissolved Al~(3+) amounts of alumina are the higher the saturated adsorption amounts of H_2PtCl_6 on alumina used, followed the sequence: Degussa=Tonerdo相似文献   

甲基环戊烷在铂催化剂上氢解的动力学研究

研究了甲基环戊烷在负载型铂催化剂上的氢解动力学，建立了新的动力学模型，在Ｐｔ／ＳｉＯ２上，两个平行反应（一个生成正己烷，另一个生成甲基戊烷）在甲基环戊烷吸附脱氢过程中存在显著的焓变差异，而Ｃ－Ｃ键断裂活化能则相近，在Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载铂催化剂上，反应的表现活经能仅是在Ｐｔ／ＳｉＯ２上的一半，这是由于Ｃｌ离子的存在，改变了铂的催化性能，导致缺电子铂颗粒的形成，使反应速率的控制步骤从在Ｐｔ／ＳｉＯ２上的Ｃ     

不同载体负载的铂催化剂在丙酮酸乙酯不对称氢化反应中的活性及其铂流失率比较

以介孔树脂材料FDU-14和介孔碳材料CMK-3为载体制备了两种负载型铂催化剂, 用N₂气吸附、X射线衍射及CO化学吸附等手段对这两种催化剂进行了表征, 并将这两种不同的负载型铂催化剂在丙酮酸乙酯不对称氢化反应中的催化性能及其铂流失率与商品化Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了比较. 研究结果表明, 尽管Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂的初始活性和光学选择性均较高, 然而相同反应条件下乙酸溶剂中Pt/FDU-14和Pt/CMK-3催化剂的铂流失率比Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂的低. 通过对催化剂进行CO吸附原位傅里叶变换红外漫反射光谱(DRIFTS)表征, 从载体的不同表面电子性质角度解释了不同载体负载的铂催化剂在丙酮酸乙酯不对称氢化反应中的活性和铂流失率的差异.     

Hydrogen production by aqueous phase reforming of sorbitol using bimetallic Ni–Pt catalysts: metal support interaction

Hydrogen was produced by Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) of 10% (w/w) sorbitol using mono- and bi-metallic catalysts of Ni and Pt supported on alumina nano-fibre (Alnf), mesoporous ZrO₂ and mixed oxides of ceria–zirconia–silica (CZxS) with varying concentration of silica (where x is silica concentration). X-ray diffraction, TEM/EDS and temperature programmed reduction were also carried on these catalysts to study the surface properties. It was observed that co-impregnation of Pt and Ni in atomic ratio 1:12 increased the reducibility of Ni by forming an alloy. However, sequential impregnation of Ni followed by Pt does not form the bi-metallic particles to increase the Ni reducibility. Reduction peak of co-impregnated Ni–Pt/Alnf was found to be 270 °C lower than the sequentially impregnated Pt/Ni/Alnf. The presence of silica at high concentration in CZxS support decreased the reducibility of ceria by forming an amorphous layer on Ce_xZr_1?xO₂ crystals, which also decreased Ni reducibility. The rate of H₂ formation from aqueous phase sorbitol reforming was found to be highest for co-impregnated Ni–Pt catalysts followed by sequentially impregnated Pt/Ni and monometallic Ni catalyst. The H₂ activity decreased in the following order of the supports: Alnf > ZrO₂ > CZ3S > CZ7S.     

Preparation of alumina-carbon composites with phloroglucinol-formaldehyde resin and their application in asymmetric hydrogenation

To overcome the shortcomings of single component carrier supported platinum (Pt)-based catalysts, herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of alumina combined mesoporous carbon to prepare a series of alumina-carbon composites and their corresponding Pt-based catalysts. The alumina-carbon composites Al@PhFC are synthesized by using phloroglucinol-formaldehyde resin as carbon source and aluminum acetylacetone as the aluminum source. Further, the effect of alumina content on the properties of the composites is investigated. The composites and catalysts are characterized by using XRD, XPS, N₂ sorption, and TEM. The Pt/Al@PhFC-1.8 composite with appropriate amounts of alumina, pore diameter, and moderate Pt nanoparticle size, resulted in 99.5% of conversion efficiency and 77.4% of optical selectivity in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoate (EOPB). Interestingly, this composite can be used more than 20 times without a significant decrease in its performance.     

Über die Dispersität des Platins in Platin-Tonerde-Katalysatoren. 1. Bestimmung der Platin-Dispersität mittels Röntgenbeugung und Sauerstoff-Wasserstoff-Titration

On the dispersity of platinum in platinum/alumina catalysts. 1. Determination of the platinum dispersity by X-ray diffraction and oxygen-hydrogen titration. The metal dispersion in platinum-alumina catalysts was determined by X-ray diffraction and O₂? H₂-titration. The physico-chemical assumptions of both methods are discussed and the results are critically compared. From the X-ray measurements, the average size of the platinum crystallites was determined down to 20 Å and also the amount of both the crystalline and X-ray amorphous platinum. By O₂? H₂-titration the number of superficial Pt atoms and, by assumption of a defined area per Pt atom, the accessible Pt surface area was estimated. The Pt surface areas were also calculated from X-ray data. With small Pt concentrations and high Pt dispersion, the values obtained by both methods agree reasonably. Occurring differences are caused especially by the coverage of platinum crystallites by the alumina. The increase of information, obtained through combination of the two methods, is demonstrated for freshly reduced and tested catalysts.     

Platinum metallodrug-protein binding studies by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: characterization of interactions between Pt(II) complexes and human serum albumin

Characterizing how platinum metallocomplexes bind to human serum albumin (HSA) is essential in evaluating anticancer drug candidates. Using cisplatin as a reference complex, the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to reliably assess drug/HSA interactions was validated. Since this complex is small compared to the size of the protein, the binding response could only be recognized when applying CE coupled to a (platinum) metal-specific mode of detection, namely inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This coupling allowed for confirmation of a specific affinity of cisplatin and novel Pt complexes to HSA, measurement of the kinetics of binding reactions, and determination of the number of drug molecules attached to the protein. As the cisplatin/HSA molar ratio increased, the reaction rate became faster with a maximum on the kinetic curve appearing at about 50 h of incubation at 20 times excess of cisplatin. The reaction was characterized as a pseudo-first order reaction with the rate constant k = 0.003 min(-1) at 37 degrees C. When incubated with a 20-fold excess of cisplatin, HSA bound up to 10 mol of Pt per mol of the protein. This is indicative for a strong metal-protein coordination occurring at several HSA sites other than the only protein cysteine residue. Structural analogs of cisplatin, bearing aminoalcohol ligands, showed comparable protein binding reactivity and stoichiometry but a common equilibrium was not reached even after one week of incubation. Also apparent was a two-step mechanism of the binding reaction. Results demonstrated the suitability of CE-ICP-MS as a rapid assay for high-throughput studying of drug/HSA interactions.     

Kinetic aspects associated with the lean reduction of no with C3H6 over well-structured pt nanocrystals

Summary Well-defined platinum nanocrystals (» 52% cubic), with an average diameter of 12 nm, were prepared by colloid method and then supported on alumina. The effect of the exposed Pt surface on lean de-NO_x reaction was investigated. The catalytic data free of transport effects were identified and then used to calculate the kinetic parameters of lean de-NOx reaction.     

Synthesis,characterization, HSA interaction,and antibacterial activity of a new water-soluble Pt(II) complex containing the drug cephalexin

Abstract

A new water-soluble platinum(II) complex, [Pt(CEX)Cl(DMSO)]Cl (CEX is cephalexin), was synthesized and characterized by physicochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods. Multispectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the interaction of Pt(II) complex with human serum albumin (HSA) under the physiological conditions. The results of fluorescence titration indicated that the binding of the Pt(II) complex to HSA induced fluorescence quenching through static quenching mechanism with binding constant of 1.24?×?10⁴?M^?1 at 298?K. The thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures indicated that van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic forces play major roles in the stability of Pt(II) complex–HSA association. The displacement experiments using the site probes warfarin and ibuprofen substantiated that Pt(II) complex could bind to both site I and II of HSA. Furthermore, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra were used to investigate the conformational changes of HSA molecule with the addition of Pt(II) complex. The binding constant of Pt(II) complex is more than two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding value of cephalexin. These results indicate that the binding affinity of Pt(II) complex is stronger than the free drug. In addition, the antibacterial study showed that the MIC of platinum complex of cephalexin for variety of organisms was lower than free cephalexin.     

The particle size effect on the oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pt catalysts: influence of electrolyte and relation to single crystal models

The influence of particle size on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of Pt was examined in three different electrolytes: two acidic solutions, with varying anionic adsorption strength (HClO(4) < H(2)SO(4)); and an alkaline solution (KOH). The experiments show that the absolute ORR rate is dependent on the supporting electrolyte; however, the relationship between activity and particle size is rather independent of the supporting electrolyte. The specific activity (SA) toward the ORR rapidly decreases in the order of polycrystalline Pt > unsupported Pt black particles (~30 nm) > high surface area (HSA) carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalysts (of various size between 1 and 5 nm). In contrast to previous work, it is highlighted that the difference in SA between the individual HSA carbon supported catalysts (1 to 5 nm) is rather trivial and that the main challenge is to understand the significant differences in SA between the polycrystalline Pt, unsupported Pt particles, and HSA carbon supported Pt catalysts. Finally, a comparison between measured and modeled activities (based on the distribution of surface planes and their SAs) for different particle sizes indicates that such simple models do not capture all aspects of the behavior of HSA carbon supported catalysts.     

Preparation, characterization, and reactivity of Pt/SDBC catalysts for the hydrogen-water isotopic exchange reaction

Pt/SDBC catalysts, which are used for the hydrogen-water isotopic exchange reaction, were prepared. TGA experiments showed that the treatment temperature of Pt/SDBC catalysts in inert gas is limited to 400 °C and the maximum allowable heat treatment temperature in oxygen is 200 °C. From nitrogen adsorption and hydrogen chemisorption measurements, it was shown that the dispersion of platinum particles depended on the physical properties, i.e., specific surface area and pore structure of SDBC. It was found that the heat treatment could not impact the structure of SDBC and the oxygen treatment at 150 °C improved the platinum dispersion. It was shown by XPS analysis that the oxygen treatment of impregnated Pt/SDBC increased the fraction of platinum metal state and platinum dispersion. As the supported platinum area increases, the catalytic activity of Pt/SDBC for the hydrogen-water vapor isotopic exchange reaction increases. It indicates that the hydrogen chemisorption measurement can be used to estimate the catalytic activities of Pt/SDBC catalysts. It was not observed that the particle size of supported platinum affected the specific reaction rate at 60 °C. It implies that this reaction is structure insensitive.     

Platinum solubility of a substance designed as a model for emissions of automobile catalytic converters

Automobile catalytic converters emit nanocrystalline platinum attached to alumina particles. For investigations about the bioavailability of Pt from these particles a model substance with approx. 5% Pt on alumina has been prepared and characterized by physical methods (ESCA, XRD, TEM, DTA, TG). Measuring the platinum solubility of these samples in different solvents revealed high amounts that can be explained assuming a corrosion process. The portion of soluble platinum is dependent on the particle size distribution. For a comparative study platinum black has been used. In general the platinum determination has been carried out by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). The comparison of ET-AAS results with determinations by adsorptive voltammetry (formazone method) allowed to distinguish between elemental and ionic platinum; in solution samples only ionic platinum has been present. UV spectra of extracts have been used for the semi-quantitative platinum speciation in solutions.     

selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides over Cu-TS-1/cordierite and LaCu-TS-1/cordierite

Summary A catalytic system was obtained by impregnation with platinum of thin alumina films electrochemically deposited on stainless steel. The composition, morphology and structure of the Pt/Al2O3/SS and Pt/CeO2/Al2O3/SS samples were characterized by XPS, SEM and BET. Catalytic tests of the samples were performed in a stoichiometric gas mixture.     

Platinum solubility of a substance designed as a model for emissions of automobile catalytic converters

Automobile catalytic converters emit nanocrystalline platinum attached to alumina particles. For investigations about the bioavailability of Pt from these particles a model substance with approx. 5% Pt on alumina has been prepared and characterized by physical methods (ESCA, XRD, TEM, DTA, TG). Measuring the platinum solubility of these samples in different solvents revealed high amounts that can be explained assuming a corrosion process. The portion of soluble platinum is dependent on the particle size distribution. For a comparative study platinum black has been used. In general the platinum determination has been carried out by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). The comparison of ET-AAS results with determinations by adsorptive voltammetry (formazone method) allowed to distinguish between elemental and ionic platinum; in solution samples only ionic platinum has been present. UV spectra of extracts have been used for the semi-quantitative platinum speciation in solutions.     

Characterization and reactivity of Pt/Al2O3/SS thin films

Summary A catalytic system was obtained by impregnation with platinum of thin alumina films electrochemically deposited on stainless steel. The composition, morphology and structure of the Pt/Al2O3/SS and Pt/CeO2/Al2O3/SS samples were characterized by XPS, SEM and BET. Catalytic tests of the samples were performed in a stoichiometric gas mixture.     

The Dehydrogenation of Propane on Platinum–Tin Glass-Fiber Woven Catalysts

The reaction of propane dehydrogenation on platinum–tin catalysts supported onto different woven carriers (an aluminoborosilicate and two silica materials) was studied. It was found that the catalyst was rapidly deactivated by carbon deposits formed, and the rate of this reaction increased with the specific surface area of the glass-fiber woven material and the Pt content. It was established that the Pt: Sn ratio in surface platinum particles was about 6, and it increased to 39 after the reaction; this fact is indicative of a Sn loss, which led to an increase in the conversion of feed into carbon deposits that deactivated the catalyst. A mixture of propane and 5–10 vol % H₂ should be used for the stabilization of the catalytic system; in this case, the negative effect of hydrogen on the yield of propylene was minimal. On the catalyst supported onto a silica carrier under optimum conditions (550°C; propane space velocity, 480 h^–1), which correspond to minimum selectivity for the formation of carbon deposits, the yield of propylene was ~18%. The test glass-fiber woven catalyst was inferior to granulated platinum–tin catalysts in terms of catalytic activity; therefore, its use in the reaction of propane dehydrogenation is inexpedient.     

New Data on the Ability of Alumina–Platinum Systems to Catalyze the Methane Aromatization Reaction under Nonoxidizing Conditions

The state and size of the metal on the surface of aluminum oxide and the acidic properties of the support depending on the concentration of supported platinum were studied in this work. The effect of the Pt content of the alumina–platinum catalyst on the activation (chemisorption) of methane was investigated, and the composition of hydrocarbon fragments formed in this case was calculated. The sample most active in a reaction of the joint conversion of methane with n-pentane, which was performed for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons under nonoxidizing conditions, was established. The effect of the temperature of n-pentane supply to the reaction atmosphere was studied for the 0.6%Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The degree of enrichment of the resulting aromatic hydrocarbons and the quantity of incorporated methane activated on the catalyst surface were determined with the use of isotope mass spectrometry.     

Study on the interaction of three structurally related cationic Pt(II) complexes with human serum albumin: importance of binding affinity and denaturing properties

Human serum albumin (HSA) primarily functions as a transport carrier for a vast variety of natural ligands and pharmaceutical drugs. In the present study, three structurally related cationic Pt(II) complexes ([Pt(ppy)(dppe)]CF₃CO₂: 1, Pt(bhq)(dppe)]CF₃CO₂: 2, and [Pt(bhq)(dppf)]CF₃CO₂: 3) were used to evaluate their interaction with HSA under different experimental setups, using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence and circular dichroism techniques. The spectroscopic results suggest that upon binding to HSA, the Pt(II) complexes could effectively induce structural alteration of the protein. The complexes can bind to HSA with the binding affinities of the following order: 3 > 2 > 1. Also, thermodynamic parameters of binding between these complexes and HSA indicated the existence of entropy-driven spontaneous interaction which primarily dominated with the hydrophobic forces. Also, docking simulation study revealed the binding details of these complexes on HSA. Complex 3 with highest binding affinity for HSA indicates lowest denaturing effect on this protein. The low denaturation properties of 3 appear important in the terms of lower susceptibility of this platinum complex for possible development of deleterious side effects.