微波消解-高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱 (HR-ICP-MS)法测定煤炭中35种痕量金属元素

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱可以区分干扰元素和目标元素微弱的质量数差别,能解决大多数多原子、氧化物干扰问题,在煤炭痕量元素分析领域受到关注,但煤炭样品中痕量金属元素尤其是稀土元素受到的质谱干扰挑战未被系统地报道.采用HNO3-HF混酸微波消解煤炭样品,优化了消解时间、赶酸、复溶等前处理条件,研究了煤炭中V、Cr、Mn、C...     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测土壤中16种稀土元素

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤样品中16种稀土元素的分析方法。样品经硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸消解,直接用ICP-MS测定试液中16种稀土元素。研究了ng/mL水平的Ba氧化物及轻稀土氧化物对重稀土元素的干扰程度,其中Ba和Pr的氧化物干扰较严重,不过此类干扰可通过Method编辑干扰方程得以校正。测定土壤标准物质GBW07446及GBW07451,结果与标准物质证书值一致。     

基于赤铁矿的生物质化学链燃烧过程中氮氧化物的释放特性

在单批次进料固定床上,基于赤铁矿载氧体,研究了还原反应阶段反应温度和水蒸气量对谷壳的氮氧化物释放特性的影响。研究表明,碳转化率随反应温度升高而增加,但随水蒸气量呈先增加后下降,并在水蒸气量为1.0 g/min时达到最大值。在实验条件下,还原阶段未检测到NO₂。随着反应温度由750 ℃升高到900 ℃,NO的生成率增加,而N₂O的生成率先增加后降低,在850 ℃时达到最大值。水蒸气量由0.5 g/min升高到2.0 g/min,N₂O和NO的生成率均增加,且NO增加速率高于N₂O。在反应后的载氧体中,检测到KAlSi₃O₈存在,表明载氧体与生物质中的K元素发生反应。     

乙醇对低功率ICP光源的影响

研究了在低功率他激高频发生器条件下，乙醇对ICP－AES的影响。乙醇引入试液后导致粘度增加，表面张力、密度下降，试样提升量降低，等离子体激发温度和气体温度下降，Ca,Mg,Ni,Cu,Pb等常见元素灵敏度降低而稀土元素的灵敏度得到改善。讨论了乙醇对低功率ICP光源的影响。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法工作参数对灵敏度和氧化物干扰的实验研究

电感耦合等离子体质谱仪作为无机元素分析最重要的仪器,在生产科研发挥着关键的作用。通过测定过程中改变电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的仪器工作条件实验,得出功率、雾化气流量、氦气流量和采样深度对灵敏度和氧化物的产率产生较大的影响,而改变扫描次数、驻留时间、冷却气流量和辅助气流量等条件,各元素的灵敏度和氧化物的产率基本无变化。采用氢氟酸-高氯酸-硫酸-硝酸-盐酸来消解样品,选择仪器的最佳条件,得出La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu和Y的方法检出限分别为0.01、0.01、0.003、0.02、0.004、0.002、0.004、0.001、0.004、0.001、0.003、0.001、0.002、0.001和0.03ng/g。三个标准物质的稀土元素方法精密度均小于6.0%,经多个标准物质进行验证,所测稀土元素相对误差基本都小于10%,满足多目标地球化学样品测试的精密度和准确度要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定生物样品中稀土元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了生物样品中的稀土元素,稀土元素的氧化物离子产率随入射功率和采样深度增加,载气流速减小而降低。在选择的测量条件下,＾１４Ｐｒ＾１６Ｏ对＾１５７Ｇｄ的测定可产生严重干扰,必须校正,当样品中钡含量较高时,应考虑校正＾１３５Ｂａ对＾１５１Ｅｕ的干扰。生物样品的主要基体元素Ｋ、Ｎａ和Ｃａ在浓度较高时,对稀土元素的信号强度均表现出抑制效应,且Ｃａ的抑制程度大于Ｋ和Ｎａ。比较了干     

混合稀土氧化物的X射线荧光光谱分析

X射线荧光光谱法测定稀土冶金中间产品中常量稀土元素,国内外已有不少报导。本工作系统地考察了钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、镱、和钇等元素间的相互干扰;试样的制备及基体效应的校正,用P_(851)小型计算机所带的通用软件,对谱线间的干扰进行校正。拟定了混合稀土氧化物中上述10种稀土元素氧化物的X射线荧光光谱测定方法。四个样品以本法分析需要2小时左右。除低含量钬(<3%)以外,方法的精密度及准确度良好。     

等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中痕量稀土元素的基体效应及多原子离子干扰的校正研究

采用模拟地质样品中稀土元素间天然组成比的基体匹配校正标准溶液进行外标校正,有效地抑制了地质样品分析中的基体效应;以¹¹⁵In-¹⁰³Rh双内标元素校正,监控和校正分析信号的短期和长期漂移;通过单个稀土元素及钡的氧化物、氢氧化物的测定计算出等效的干扰浓度,进而校正了稀土元素分析中多原子离子干扰.建立了地质样品中痕量稀土元素测定中基体效应及多原子离子干扰的校正方法,通过对5个标准参考物质的分析,定量测定限为0.0090.133μg·g^-1,RSD小于5%.     

一体化碰撞反应(iCRC)-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定地质样品中痕量稀土元素

钡以及轻稀土元素氧化物对中、重稀土元素的干扰一直是质谱测试中存在的问题。建立了石墨粉垫底碳酸钠-硼酸混合熔剂熔融前处理样品,以103 Rh为内标校正,一体化碰撞反应-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定地质样品中稀土元素含量的方法。探讨了碳酸钠-硼酸混合熔剂熔融前处理样品注意事项、碰撞模式下碰撞气流量和离子透镜的参数优化、干扰校正实验等问题,采用国家标准物质GBW07403、GBW07405、GBW07427、GBW07429验证,实验结果表明,各元素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限在0.01～0.03mg/kg,相对误差为0.13%～7.1%,相对标准偏差为0.79%～6.6%,测定结果与标准值相吻合。对实际样品分析,得到平滑的球粒陨石归一化的稀土元素配分曲线,证明测定结果是合理可信的。方法熔剂用量少,过程空白低,对器皿的侵蚀小,直接加热浸取,简化了操作过程,适用于大批量地质样品中稀土元素的测定。     

微波处理后石油焦水蒸气气化特性的研究

采用热天平考察了1 000~1 150 ℃、30%~100%水蒸气分压下微波处理后石油焦气化动力学特性,并采用四种动力学模型对气化反应速率曲线进行了拟合。结果表明,微波处理后石油焦水蒸气气化反应速率随着微波照射时间、功率、温度的减小而增加,随着水蒸气分压的增加而增加;微波处理后石油焦在1 100 ℃时水蒸气气化反应速率随着转化率的增加先增加后减小,在转化率为20%左右出现最大值,且不随微波处理条件和水蒸气分压的变化而改变,但随着气化温度的升高气化反应速率最大值提前出现。正态分布函数模型能够准确的拟合不同温度下微波处理后石油焦水蒸气气化反应速率随转化率的变化,相关系数均在0.97以上。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。