钇铝石榴石单晶的生长及光学不均匀性

用提拉法生长了掺釹钇铝石榴石晶体．比较了从不同釹离子液度的熔体 中生长的晶体的光学不均匀性及其激光性能．在我们实验的釹浓度范围内,当 生长条件大致相同时,釹离子浓度愈高,晶体的光学均匀性愈差．改变生长条 件,使晶体的均匀性相近时,其脉冲激光效率随釹的浓度的提高而有所改善．此 外,还研究了晶体的光学不均匀性对晶体的激光性能的影响． 研究了影响晶体光学质量的两种重要缺陷,即核心和生长条纹．在倒圆锥 形固液界面的顶端,（２１１）小面的出现,形成了核心．核心处具有较高的釹浓度、较高的位错密度和较大的应力,并使激光束产生严重的畸变．由于温度起 伏形成的生长条纹对激光束产生衍射和散射作用．核心的出现与掺釹关系不大（主要取决于界面形状）;而条纹的加剧则与熔体中的釹浓度有着明显的关系．     

掺钕钇铝石榴石单晶的位错研究

在采用引上法工艺生长掺钕钇铝石榴石(YAG:Nd)单晶时,为了要得到结构完善的激光晶体,必须设法降低晶体中的位错密度。通过一系列工作,认为在晶体生长过程中,位错走向与固液界面保持垂直的关系。在由凸的固液界面形成小晶面的晶体中,位错密度低的原因是因为凸的固液界面可使晶体中心部分的位错散失在边稜以外。因此,采用合适的工艺条件:即在生长过程中有意识地改变固液界面形状,可使晶体达到既能消除小晶面,又降低位错密度的目的。     

Straining流对柱状晶体在三元过冷熔体中生长的影响

研究了三元过冷熔体中柱状晶体在非等温条件下受straining流作用的生长问题,给出了柱状晶体生长形态的近似解析表达式.发现流入的straining流加快了界面的生长速度,而流出的straining流减缓了界面的生长速度,即straining流使得柱状晶体的界面发生变形.同时发现,随着流动速度的增大,界面变形也更为显著.通过比较straining流对纯熔体、二元熔体、三元熔体中柱状晶体界面的影响,发现相比于纯熔体,柱状晶体在稀合金熔体中的界面形态受straining流的影响更大.     

单晶生长炉全局热分析(3)-自由界面形状的影响

本文在平坦自由表面非定常三维全局热分析模型的基础上,考虑自由表面形状的弯曲性,通过大量数值模拟,研究了弯曲自由表面对熔液流动、炉内全局温度场分布等的影响.研究表明:弯曲自由表面更易引起熔液流动振荡,且降低晶体生长界面反转的临界Re数,使结果更接近实际,从而使单晶生长全局热分析模型比前文更完善.     

关于提拉红宝石晶体质量与生长参数的初步研究

红宝石单晶是激光技术中广泛应用的工作物质之一.随着激光技术的发展,对晶体质量的要求也越来越高.但是,由于红宝石的熔点高,熔体粘度大,对于生长优质的晶体,则又造成很大的困难.往往由于生长条件不够恰当,而使晶体含有大量的云层和气泡,甚至使宝石棒纵向失透,难以产生激光振荡,失去使用价值.为了提高红宝石晶体的质量,必须首先解决云层和大的气泡. 一、云层、气泡形成原因 在我们实验的早期阶段,经常出现云层,对它进行仔细地观察,发现其形状基本与固液界面形状相同,并且多在晶体突然增粗处形成.通过切片显微镜观察,这些云层主要由微细的气…     

微重力条件下熔-固相变对流与浮区对流的耦合

本文以空间材料生长为背景,用有限元法研究微重力条件下的浮区单晶生长过程,考虑了表面张力对流与浮区对流的耦合作用,计算了凝固界面形状,结果表明,晶体的生长速度是个重要的影响因素,生长时,单晶-熔体界面比多晶-熔体界面更倾斜;当生长速度超过临界值时,多晶-熔体界面附近的Marangoni涡会分裂出二次涡。 关键词：     

铝电解槽内湍流流动与界面波动的数值模拟

建立了模拟铝电解槽内电解液和铝熔液湍流流及两层熔液界面波动的数学模型，利用交错网格上的一种基于ＳＩＭＰＬＥ算法的改形格式，计算了２８０ｋＡ电解槽内两层熔液的流动状况与界面形状。     

微通道流动沸腾气泡受限特性实验研究

本文利用可视化手段实验研究矩形截面微通道(1 mm×0.5 mm)内发生流动沸腾时气泡的生长及受限现象。实验使用去离子水为工质,气泡受限过程由高速CCD相机观察并记录。研究发现,气泡高度方向通道壁面的存在对气泡在该方向的生长产生强烈的限制作用,气泡生长后期顶端气液界面在并未与限制壁面接触时其曲率便明显减小,壁面对气泡生长的限制作用通过其对气泡界面施加一个壁面限制力而体现.通过对比不同运行工况条件下的气泡受限现象,分析讨论了气泡受限过程中其界面形状变化规律及影响因素。     

导模法生长铌酸锶钠锂单晶并验证相图

引 言 铌酸锶钠锂(简称 SNL) 单晶是5+1型的钨青铜结构的铁电体[1],由于它具有半波电压低、温度系数小的特性[2],近年来一直受到人们的重视.已经用提拉法生长了这种晶体[3]并测试了它的物理特性[4],证明温度系数对晶体中的锂含量是敏感的,增加晶体中的锂含量可使温度系数在较宽的温度范围内近似为零.用提拉法生长时,锂的分凝系数远小于1[3],而用导模法生长时能改善分凝系数[5],使晶体中的锂含量比用提拉法生长时有显著增加,从而可进一步改善晶体的温度系数.另外,采用导模法生长时固液界面高度是不变的,晶体不转动,因而熔体热对流的影响可…     

CdZnTe晶体分离结晶稳定性分析

为了探求分离结晶技术中晶体稳定生长的控制条件,本文根据里亚普诺夫稳定性理论利用数值方法对CdZnTe晶体在地面条件下不同结晶工况进行了结晶界面形状的计算和相应的稳定性分析.结果表明,当结晶时的生长角和接触角之和小于180°时,分离结晶过程是不稳定的;当生长角和接触角之和大于180°且冷热端存在很小的负压差时,分离结晶过程是稳定的.     

Liquid/solid interface profile of melt grown oxide crystals II. Crystal quality

Temperature gradients and rotation rates influence the quality of Czochralski grown oxide crystals. Decreasing the heat transfer from the melt level and increasing the rotation rate increases the optical homogeneity and structural perfection of the crystal, due to convex interface becoming flattened. Growth striations due to temperature fluctuations in the melt during growth are affected by the heat losses from the melt level but are practically unaffected by the rotation rate as long as a narrow ring of centrifugally streaming melt in the neighbourhood of the growing crystal is not formed. The parts of the crystals grown in the presence of this ring contain no striations.     

勾形磁场对分离结晶法制备CdZnTe晶体的影响

为了了解勾形磁场对CdZnTe晶体生长质量的影响,利用有限元法对坩埚内的热量和动量传递过程进行了全局数值模拟。假定熔体和气相中的流动都为准稳态轴对称层流,研究了B_o(磁场轴线与晶体-坩埚界面的交点的磁场强度的轴向分量)为0 T,0.5 T,1.0 T,1.5 T,2.0 T,2.5 T,3.0 T时的CdZnTe晶体生长过程。结果表明:勾形磁场能有效抑制熔体内的流动,会产生由洛仑兹力、表面张力和浮力共同驱动的涡胞。随着磁场强度的增加,传热向导热型转变,熔体内最大流函数逐渐减小,抑制作用增强。     

Magnetic field controlled floating-zone single crystal growth of intermetallic compounds

Radio-frequency (RF) floating zone single crystal growth is an important technique for the preparation of single bulk crystals. The advantage of the floating-zone method is the crucible-free growth of single crystals of reactive materials with high melting points. The strong heat diffusion on the surface, as well as the melt convection in the molten zone due to induction heating, often leads to an undesired solid-liquid interface geometry with a concave (towards the solid phase) outer rim. These concave parts aggravate the single crystal growth over the full cross-section. A two-phase stirrer was developed at IFW Dresden in order to avoid the problems connected with these concave parts. It acts as a magnetic field pump and changes the typical double vortex structure to a single roll structure, thus pushing hot melt into the regions where the concave parts may arise. The current in the secondary coil is induced by the primary coil, and the capacitor and the resistance of the secondary circuit are adjusted to get a stable 90 degree phase-shift between the coil currents. Single crystal growth of industrial relevant RuAl and TiAl intermetallic compounds was performed based on the material parameters and using the adjusted two-phase stirrer. Very recently, the magnetic system was applied to the crystal growth of biocompatible TiNb alloys and antiferromagnetic Heusler MnSi compounds.     

单晶生长炉全局热分析(1)——三维模型建立

晶体生长炉内高温热辐射和熔液对流十分复杂,使分析整个生长炉内传输现象的全局热分析模型一直停留在轴对称准静态假定上.本文考虑熔液对流的三维性和非定常性,构筑了三维全局热分析模型,讨论了熔液对流三维性和非定常性的影响.结果表明:本文模型预测的晶体成长界面反转临界雷诺数大大降低,更接近实际.     

直拉法YAG的小面生长和邻位面生长

对于在YAG晶体生长过程中用“倾倒法”获得的固液界面进行了宏观观测和显微研究。确定了沿不同取向生长的固液界面上出现的小面的面指数。在〈001〉生长的凹形固液界面上观测到{112}小面;并对其邻位面进行了显微观测,发现邻位面是由奇异面上一定组态的台阶构成的,并且观测到台阶运动以及台阶和包裹物交互作用的迹象。进一步对比了凹形界面和凸形界面的生长,发现在界面的显微结构以及小面和内核的对应关系上存有差异,认为这差异是来源于不同宏观形状的界面对奇异面生长机制的影响,据此分析了凸形界面和凹形界面上奇异面生长的微观机制。 关键词：     

The use of magnetic fields in vertical Bridgman/Gradient Freeze-type crystal growth

This paper outlines advanced vertical Bridgman/Gradient Freeze techniques with flow control using magnetic fields developed for the growth of semiconductor crystals. Low-temperature flow modelling, as well as laboratory-scaled crystal growth under the influence of rotating, travelling, and static magnetic fields are presented. Experimental and numerical flow modelling demonstrate the potential of the magnetic fields to establish a well-defined flow for tailoring heat and mass transfer in the melt during growth. The results of the growth experiments are discussed with a focus on the influence of a rotating field on the segregation of dopants, the influence of a travelling field on the temperature field and thermal stresses, and the potential of rotating and static fields for a stabilization of the melt flow.     

Linear and non-linear stability of melt flows in magnetic fields

This review considers the stability of melt motion in two simplified models of semiconductor crystal growth by either vertical gradient freeze (VGF) or Czochralski (Cz) processes under the influence of various magnetic fields. In VGF the crystal is grown at the bottom of the crucible, resulting in a stable thermal stratification of the melt. The presence of a stabilizing temperature gradient surprisingly decreases the stability of the flow driven by a rotating magnetic field (RMF). The instability of the travelling magnetic field (TMF)-driven flow, in contrast, is significantly delayed by thermal stratification in VGF. The TMF may, thus, be used in VGF to control the shape of the solidification interface or the radial dopant distribution without causing undesirable flow oscillations. The crystal is pulled out from the melt in the Cz process, producing an unstable temperature gradient below the crystal. The RMF is able to force the resulting unstable buoyant flow into a state of small-scale, high-frequency turbulence that may be regarded as stable for practical purposes. This effect is experimentally observed over a wide range of Grashof numbers, up to 10⁹, characteristic for a large Cz system.     

水平磁场对双层流体热毛细对流的影响

三维数值研究了零重力时水平温度梯度作用下,B2O3封闭液与InP熔液组成的双层流体系统在水平磁场作用下的热毛细对流.结果显示,当磁场强度较小时,上层流体中对流涡的结构变化其微,而下层流体中的逆对流涡得到了抑制;随着磁场的增强,温度场分布逐渐趋于均匀,涡量强度逐渐减小,表明热毛细对流强度逐步地得到削弱.当磁场增强列Bx=0.4 T时,上层流体中的对流涡较均匀地充满上层流体区,而下层流体中对流涡紧贴着交界面.     

A numerical study on pattern selection in crystal growth by using anisotropic lattice Boltzmann-phase field method

Pattern selection during crystal growth is studied by using the anisotropic lattice Boltzmann-phase field model.In the model,the phase transition,melt flows,and heat transfer are coupled and mathematically described by using the lattice Boltzmann(LB) scheme.The anisotropic streaming-relaxation operation fitting into the LB framework is implemented to model interface advancing with various preferred orientations.Crystal pattern evolutions are then numerically investigated in the conditions of with and without melt flows.It is found that melt flows can significantly influence heat transfer,crystal growth behavior,and phase distributions.The crystal morphological transition from dendrite,seaweed to cauliflower-like patterns occurs with the increase of undercoolings.The interface normal angles and curvature distributions are proposed to quantitatively characterize crystal patterns.The results demonstrate that the distributions are corresponding to crystal morphological features,and they can be therefore used to describe the evolution of crystal patterns in a quantitative way.     

远场来流对过冷熔体中球状晶体生长的影响

利用渐近分析方法研究了远场来流引起的对流对过冷熔体中球状晶体的生长形态的影响.结果表明,由远场来流导致的对流使得正在生长的球状晶体的界面在向着来流的前部朝来流方向相反的方向生长, 并且提高了朝来流的相反方向的生长速度, 在背风方向衰减；正在衰减的球状晶体的界面在向着来流的前部加速衰减, 在背风方向减缓衰减. 关键词： 球状晶体 远场来流 对流 界画形态