基于小型便携式质谱和多元统计分析的木材种类鉴别方法研究

采用小型便携式质谱与静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱进行检测,结合多元统计分析,从样品制备、电离方式、质谱分辨率和数据处理等多个角度开展了黄檀属和紫檀属木制家具用木材鉴别方法的研究。结果表明,数据经归一化等处理后,在正交偏最小二乘判别分析模型中,小型便携式质谱数据的Y变量累积解释率(R²Y,0.961)略低于静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱数据(0.994和0.983),三种模型预测相关性(Q²)均大于0.79,并且模型不过拟合,显示相关模型的解释性和可预测性较强,均能较好地区分黄檀属和紫檀属木材样品。小型便携式质谱结合多元统计分析用于木材种类的快速鉴别可解决传统方法鉴别准确率低以及名贵木材制品市场日益增长的快速准确鉴别需求等问题,具有良好的应用前景。     

一种基于低场核磁共振技术的葵花籽品质快速鉴定方法

利用低场核磁共振结合化学计量学方法对葵花籽的品种进行区分,并对不同品种的葵花籽的含油量进行测定,以建立一种快速鉴定葵花籽品质的方法。将Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)序列下的弛豫衰减数据通过主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法处理发现:不同品种的葵花籽处于主成分得分图的不同区域,这说明主成分分析法能够实现对葵花籽品种的有效区分;所建立的PLSR模型具有高的相关系数和低的均方根误差,并且对未知葵花籽样品含油量预测的相对误差小。因此,低场核磁共振与化学计量学相结合的方法能够实现对葵花籽品质的快速、无损鉴定。     

气相色谱结合化学计量学区分大米贮藏时间与产地

香气是衡量大米质量的一个主要因素,对大米的食用品质有重要影响。该文以顶空固相微萃取(SPME)技术为基础,采用气相色谱法分别分析了不同贮藏时间和不同产地大米样本的挥发性成分,通过主成分分析法(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)对大米样本进行分类和判别分析。PCA及PLS投影图显示不同储藏时间的大米明显聚为4类,通过留一交叉验证法(LOO)计算PLS预报的准确率为96%,相对标准误差为8.2%。同时,PCA投影图中可将4个不同产地的大米样本进行区分,分类效果显著;所建PLSDA模型可靠,不同产地大米样本均能被准确识别,正确率为100%。以顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱检测大米中挥发性成分,利用主成分分析法和偏最小二乘判别分析法鉴别大米新鲜程度和产地具有可行性。     

LF-NMR结合化学模式识别鉴别油脂种类及餐饮废弃油脂

应用主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)和聚类分析法(Cluster analysis,CA)对9种(27个)常见食用植物油及100个餐饮废油的低场核磁共振(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)(T2)弛豫特性数据进行分析。结果表明:在正常食用油种类区分方面,主成分分析的效果较优,9种食用油在主成分分布图上按种类正确分组,边界清晰。而在正常食用油与餐饮废油的区分方面,聚类分析效果较优,引入30个待测样本后,聚类分析(127个样品,欧式距离=5)的正确率为94.49%,分析误判率为5.51%,分组效果良好。LF-NMR结合化学模式识别可实现对油脂种类及餐饮废弃油脂的鉴别。     

低场核磁共振结合化学计量学方法快速检测掺假核桃油

以掺假核桃油样品为低场核磁共振检测对象,利用主成分分析法(PCA)和偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)分析处理Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)序列的核磁共振弛豫数据,旨在探求一种能快速检测核桃油品质的新方法。对几种常见掺假形式(掺入大豆油、玉米油、葵花油)的核桃油样品和纯核桃油样品进行检测和评价。实验结果表明:纯核桃油和掺入不同种类食用油的掺假核桃油在主成分得分图上可以得到很好的区分,且掺假样品随掺假比例在图中呈规律性分布;采用PLSR法对CPMG数据和实际掺假率进行回归,可实现对核桃油掺假水平的准确定量测定。方法快速、无损、准确,在食用油制品的品质控制及评价方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

核磁共振技术结合化学计量学方法用于蜂蜜的掺假鉴别

采用核磁共振技术(NMR)结合化学计量学分析手段研究了真蜂蜜和掺假蜂蜜的指纹图谱变化情况。采用无监督的主成分分析(PCA)和有监督的偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)等多元统计分析方法从核磁信号中提取各组的分类信息。结果表明:建立的OPLS-DA模型能够区分真假蜂蜜,所建模型对蜂蜜真假判别的解释能力为90.5%,对未知样本的预测能力为75.5%、识别率为89.7%。置换测试验证表明,化学计量学模型具有很好的稳定性和预测性,可信赖性强,且模型稳健。通过OPLS-DA模型的载荷图和相关系数分析找到了对区分掺假蜂蜜有显著作用的标志物。结合相关系数分析,建立了辨别真假蜂蜜的多元线性回归方程。该方法可简单、快速地用于未知蜂蜜的掺假鉴别,为规范蜂蜜市场提供有利的依据。     

指纹图谱结合化学计量学方法研究新疆薰衣草精油成分

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法(SD)提取薰衣草挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析其化学成分及相对含量。通过气相色谱法(GC)建立其色谱指纹图谱,并结合化学计量学方法对其进行品种鉴别。3种薰衣草精油中共检测29种挥发性化学成分,其中共有成分有18种;31批薰衣草样本的GC指纹图谱相似度均大于0.9,符合指纹图谱相似度的要求,利用主成分分析法(PCA)和聚类分析法(HCA)对GC指纹图谱进行识别,可直观地区分薰衣草品种,该方法可应用于薰衣草质量控制及品种鉴别。     

气相色谱结合化学计量学用于6种食用植物油的分类

运用气相色谱法对6类植物油(大豆油、花生油、茶籽油、菜籽油、玉米油、橄榄油)的脂肪酸组成进行分析,构建植物油的指纹图谱,对植物油进行鉴别和分类。本工作采用遗传-偏最小二乘法(GA-PLS)筛选出7个有效特征变量作为输入变量,采用主成分分析法(PCA)和有监督模式识别法(径向基函数神经网络(RNF-ANN),线性判别分析(LDA)和最小二乘-支持向量机(LSSVM))进行建模分析。结果表明,PCA能够较好地区分六类植物油,而在植物油种类判别分析中,LDA的预报结果最佳。本文提出的方法能够准确直观地区分植物油种类,可用于食用植物油的鉴别和掺杂食用植物油的鉴定。     

基于近红外光谱和OPLS-DA的不同牌号卷烟分类识别方法研究

为了对卷烟牌号进行准确分类鉴别,提出了一种基于近红外光谱(NIRS)分析技术结合有监督的模式识别快速鉴别卷烟牌号的新方法。利用标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数(FD)、二阶导数(SD)和Savitzky-Golay平滑(SG)及其相结合的光谱预处理方法对烟丝光谱进行预处理,通过近红外光谱结合主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA) 3种模式识别方法对不同牌号烟丝进行分类识别研究,并采用分类识别正确率作为评价指标。实验结果表明：(1)烟丝近红外光谱主成分得分图交叉重叠,区分不明显,PCA无法识别出5种牌号的成品烟丝;(2)烟丝光谱经MSC+FD预处理后的PLS-DA模型可得到较好的识别效果,校正集和测试集的分类识别正确率分别为100%和98.3%;(3)烟丝光谱经MSC+SD预处理后的OPLS-DA模型的模式识别效果最好,模型对自变量拟合指数(R2X）,因变量的拟合指数(R2Y)和模型预测指数(Q2)分别为0.485、0.907 和0.748,近红外光谱校正集和测试集的分类识别正确率均为100%。说明近红外光谱技术结合有监督模式识别方法OPLS-DA建立的烟丝牌号分类模型具有高效快速、准确无损的优点,为卷烟烟丝分类提供了一种新的快速鉴别方法。     

基于微波等离子体炬串联质谱鉴别蜂蜜和糖浆

采用微波等离子体炬串联质谱(Microwave plasma torch mass spectrometry,MPT-MS)技术,在无需样品预处理的条件下,建立了快速鉴别3种蜂蜜和4种糖浆的方法。在正离子模式下,蜂蜜和糖浆直接由MPT产生的火焰离子化,生成的离子采用四极杆质谱仪(QM)检测,得到蜂蜜和糖浆的质谱信息,采用化学计量学方法进一步对质谱数据进行分析。结果表明,MPT-MS结合化学计量学的方法,可以快速鉴别蜂蜜和糖浆,主成分分析(PCA)显示PC1、PC2和PC3的总贡献率达91.2%;聚类分析(CA)显示当临界值为7时,除紫云英蜜和菊粉糖浆外,可以有效的区分蜂蜜和糖浆;偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)显示蜂蜜和糖浆可以被有效区分;判别分析(DA)显示蜂蜜和糖浆的判别准确率为100%。本方法无需样品预处理,具有分析速度快、信息提取准确和识别精度高等优点,可用于蜂蜜与主要掺假糖浆的鉴别。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。