聚苯基单醚喹噁啉薄膜的形变机理

非晶聚合物塑性变形机理主要包括银纹化和剪切屈服[1 ,2 ] .银纹化是链段局部排列疏松区域或缺陷在膨胀应力作用下成为银纹核 ,引发银纹 ,银纹 本体界面应变软化 ,银纹微纤拉伸的应变硬化过程 ,使得聚合物银纹微纤沿拉伸方向取向 ,伴随这一过程聚合物的体积增大[3] .剪切屈服是分子链沿拉伸方向的流动以及分子链间的滑移过程 ,这一过程使聚合物形状改变而体积不变 .聚合物的形变机理与聚合物的内在性质如临界缠结分子量 ,缠结密度或硬度等有关[4] .聚苯基单醚喹啉是一种高性能的芳杂环聚合物 ,它的玻璃化转变温度是 2 98℃ ,它具有耐高温…     

物理老化对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯薄膜的玻璃化转变、银纹化特征及力学性能的影响

物理老化对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯薄膜的玻璃化转变、银纹化特征及力学性能的影响沈静姝，叶卫君（中国科学院化学研究所北京１０００８０）关键词聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，玻璃化转变，银纹化，物理老化银纹化是聚合物中特有的现象，在应力作用下，许多非晶聚合物、一些半结晶性聚合...     

高性能聚合物的进展

高性能聚合物是以耐热性为特点的一类高分子化合物。由于其主链主要是由芳环和杂环构成,因此也称为芳杂环聚合物。 高性能聚合物是50年代末在美国首先开始研究和发展的,60年代初开始有产品上市,经过了30年的发展,己经成为高分子材料中一个重要部分,成为航天、航空、电气、微电     

聚芳醚酮高温长时间下的断裂行为──2．物理老化的影响

研究了聚芳醚酮在２００℃下长时间放置过程中的密度，热焓，屈服及应力松弛行为随时间的变化规律．结果表明，随放置时间的增长，材料的结构形态与物性随时间的变化速率在１０小时后急剧减慢．文中对物性变化的时间依赖性进行了讨论．在应力松弛过程中出现银纹的现象可归结为物理老化过程中分子链间排列逐渐紧密的结果．     

含芳杂环的超支化聚合物的合成与性能研究

在紫外光照射的条件下,以CpCo(CO)2为催化剂,通过3,5-双-(4-炔苯基)-4-苯基-1,2,4-三唑和2,5-双-(4-炔苯基)-1,3,4-(噁)二唑的双炔分别与1-辛炔的[2 2 2]环三聚反应,合成了一类含芳杂环的可溶于普通有机溶剂的新型超支化聚合物.采用红外光谱、核磁共振谱、热失重分析、紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱、循环伏安法等方法对聚合物进行结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,聚合物具有优异的热稳定性,尤其是含三唑的聚合物热失重5%的分解温度在450℃以上;在800℃时,残余碳化率高达75%.在光激发的条件下,这类聚合物在二氯甲烷溶液中发射深蓝光,其荧光量子效率可达80%.电化学测试结果表明,这类含芳杂环聚合物具有较好的电子传输能力.     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯中银纹的引发与终止

银纹是由孔穴和断裂面间相联结的原纤维组成的微小裂纹,其中原纤维的体积分数可达40%.银纹的体积分数与材料的韧性成正比.银纹化是高抗冲聚苯乙烯(ＨＩＰＳ)在脆化温度以下,抵抗破坏而消耗外界能量的主要方式.银纹的产生与材料内部不均一性所导致的应力集中有关.ＨＩＰＳ中的橡胶粒子能够控制银纹在本体中均匀地发展,这是ＨＩＰＳ高韧性的原因[1].ＨＩＰＳ的分散相是由聚丁二烯(ＰＢ)为连续相,ＰＳ为分散相构成的细胞结构粒子.通常ＨＩＰＳ中ＰＢ的含量为7%～8%,而细胞结构粒子的体积分数可高达23%,可见细胞结构粒子内部ＰＳ的含量为ＰＢ的…     

高分子基电极材料在电化学储能中的应用进展

高效电化学活性材料是实现高性能电化学储能设备的关键核心之一.如何在原子层次对电极材料微观结构进行精密调控,并发展有效合成策略和方法实现的结构控制合成,以提升器件电化学性能是备受关注的科学问题和基础研究的前沿.高分子材料理化结构丰富、官能团种类可调,已成为现代工业发展中的重要基石.特别是刚性芳杂环高分子基材料由于含有芳杂环结构,利于高温聚合且残炭率高,在碳化后具有良好的元素、形貌继承性,因此刚性芳杂环高分子基材料近年来在电化学储能领域也得到了广泛应用.系统总结了刚性芳杂环高分子基电极材料在超级电容器、钠离子电池、锂硫电池等电化学储能器件中的应用.并特别介绍了本课题组通过本征掺杂方式创制出的系列元素、形貌可控的高分子基电极材料.最后,总结并展望了高分子基材料在能源领域中未来的研究方向.     

多芳胺选择性甲酰化合成多芳胺基苯甲醛

多芳胺取代芳香醛是合成有机电致发光材料 [1] 、照相底片光感受器材料 [2 ,3] 和传输载体材料 [4 ] 等重要材料的中间体 .将多芳胺引入卟吩分子中形成的多芳胺取代卟吩具有特殊红色荧光性能 ,可望发展成为红色电致发光材料 [5] .多芳胺取代卟吩的合成中需要对多芳胺的一个芳基选择性引入一个醛基 .单芳基叔胺的芳基甲酰化 ,可以通过 Vilsmeier- Haack反应 [6 ] 由芳基叔胺与 DMF和 POCl3作用实现 .对于多芳胺类化合物 ,也可以由 Vilsmeier- Haack反应使多芳胺类化合物分子中的芳基完全甲酰化 [7] .但是对多芳胺类化合物分子 ,尤其是对…     

聚合物银纹化的分子机理

本文综述了近年来有关聚合物银纹化分子机理方面研究的进展情况。内容包括银纹的起源、生长、断裂过程以及各种结构关系对银纹的影响，并对几种典型的聚合物银纹形态进行了描述。     

聚合物物理老化的研究进展

从聚合物体积松弛和结构松弛的过程解释了聚合物的物理老化现象,系统总结了国内外有关聚合物物理老化的研究方法及主要成果,分析了几种物理老化动力学理论模型的特点和不足,总结了当前物理老化领域中的几个研究热点,对聚合物物理老化的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

SEM OBSERVATION OF THE CRAZING FOR POLYPHENYLQUINOXALINE FILMS DURING IN SITU STRETCHING*

The crazing of polyphenylquinoxaline (PPQ-E) films during in situ stretching has been observedby SEM. The crazing phenomena and craze morphology of PPQ-E films were interpreted. The strain values atcritical crazing and yielding and the craze stability of PPQ-E samples depend on the thermal-dealingcondition for the samples. From the point of view of cohesional entanglements and energy absorbed bysamples, the experiment results were explained.     

Microvoid formation during deformation of high-impact polystyrene

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) has been used to study the formation of microvoids in polymers which craze or stress-whiten extensively. Specimens are subjected to a stepwise uniaxial strain, with scattering curves being obtained at each step. The increase in scattering intensity upon crazing is attributed to the formation of microvoids, and the relative size, shape, and concentration of the scattering elements are determined by a Porod analysis of the SAXS curves. The major portion of our work has been on high-impact polystyrene which shows a large increase in SAXS intensity as crazing occurs. We are able to follow the changes in void size and concentration during craze initiation and growth. Effects of temperature, molecular orientation, and matrix molecular weight have also been studied. The results add to the information on craze growth and microstructure known from electron microscopy and dilatometry. In addition, a qualitative physical model for microvoid nucleation is proposed, and the implications for toughness are discussed.     

Effect of orientation on the mechanism of plastic yielding of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in adsorption-active media

The effect of the preliminary orientation on the formation of crazes in poly(ethylene terephthalate) during straining in adsorption-active liquids is studied. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is oriented by drawing at a temperature of 80°C, which is somewhat higher than its glass-transition temperature (～75°C). After orientation, samples are tested in tension in organic liquids at room temperature. At low degrees of preliminary drawing, the shear yield stress during straining in air does not increase significantly. However, the stress of craze widening rises in proportion to the degree of preliminary drawing. Thus, the orientation suppresses crazing and leads to the transition to shear flow. A model is proposed to explain the effect of orientation on crazing. According to this model, craze widening and pulling of a nonoriented polymer into the craze volume result from the formation of pores in the bases of fibrils. The formation of fibrils is caused by straining of the polymer between pores.     

The effect of preliminary orientation of polymers via tensile drawing at elevated temperature on solvent crazing

We studied how the preliminary orientation of an amorphous glassy PET via its uniaxial tensile drawing above the glass transition temperature affects the deformation behavior during subsequent tensile drawing in the presence of adsorptionally active environments. The tensile drawing of the preoriented PET samples with a low degree of preliminary orientation (below 100%) in the presence of liquid environments proceeds via the mechanism of solvent crazing; however, when a certain critical tensile strain is achieved (150% for PET), the ability of oriented samples to experience crazing appears to be totally suppressed. When the tensile drawing of preoriented samples is performed at a constant strain rate, the craze density in the sample increases with increasing degree of preliminary orientation; however when the test samples are stretched under creep conditions, the craze density markedly decreases. This behavior can be explained by a partial healing and smoothening of surface defects during preliminary orientation and by the effect of entanglement network. The preliminary orientation of polymers provides an efficient means for control over the craze density and the volume fraction of fibrillar polymer material in crazes.     

Physical Causes of Aging in Plastics

A number of physical changes that take place in a polymer below the glass transition temperature without the action of a medium are first described, and are then explained on the basis of changes in supramolecular order. Pure stress crazing with the characteristic self-limitation of craze growth is then considered. Models are developed to explain stress crazing under the influence of a wetting medium. Attempts to reduce stress crazing are then treated and the article closes with a discussion of the influence of morphological structure on crazing and cracking.     

Creep deformation caused by crazing

Creep deformation caused by crazing is analyzed using an analog of dislocation dynamics. Results are compared with experiments on polycarbonate and poly(vinyl chloride) subjected to the action of kerosene as a crazing agent. Good agreement between the theory and experiment shows the value of the dislocation analog approach. The theoretical craze creep strain is found to be numerically approximated by the commonly used law similar to the Nutting equation, and may provide a physical foundation for this widely used equation formally derived from rate theory.     

Ar atom emission as a probe of craze formation and craze growth in polystyrene

A report of measurements of Ar emission during the loading of polystyrene and high impact polystyrene in vacuum is presented. Argon was introduced into the material prior to the experiment by storing the samples in an Ar atmosphere. The development of crazes during loading was monitored by videotaped visual observations and scattered light measurements. Increased Ar emission is observed at the onset of crazing, provided that the crazes intersect the surface. The strength of the Ar signal depends upon the extent of crazing; especially intense signals are observed from samples which display significant crazing prior to fracture. High-impact polystyrene shows intense emissions at yield which soon decay due to the depletion of Ar from the near surface material. The emission intensity rises again prior to fracture, when surface crazes become connected to crazes in the bulk. Thus the emission of volatile species during deformation reflects the growth of crazes intersecting the surface, as well as changes in the “connectivity” of the craze network. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Micro and nano layered polymers

The crazing behavior of coextruded microlayer sheets consisting of alternating layers of polycarbonate (PC) and styreneacrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was investigated as a function of PC and SAN layer thicknesses. In this study, the total sheet thickness remained essentially constant and the PC and SAN layer thicknesses were changed by varying both the total number of layers from 49 to 1857 and the PC/SAN volume ratio.^[1,2] Photographs of the deformation processes were obtained when microspecimens were deformed under an optical microscope. Three different types of crazing behavior were identified: single crazes randomly distributed in the SAN layers, doublets consisting of two aligned crazes in neighboring SAN layers, and craze arrays with many aligned crazes in neighboring SAN layers. The transition from single crazes to doublets was observed when the PC layer thickness was decreased to 6 microns. Craze array development was prevalent in composites with PC layer thickness less than 1.3 microns. It was concluded that SAN layer thickness was not a factor in formation of arrays and doublets; formation of craze doublets and craze arrays was dependent only upon PC layer thickness.