Influence of steric effects in solid-phase aza-peptide synthesis

Aza-peptides are peptide analogs with potential applications as drug candidates. However, due to difficulties associated with the synthesis of these compounds, information regarding their bioactivity is very limited. Herein, we identify steric hindrance as one reason for the slowness of the aza-peptide bond formation reaction. The steric effect of the side group of amino acids in their coupling with the semicarbazide moiety in the synthesis of a model peptide, H-AA-AzAla-Phe-NH₂, was studied and quantified using COMU as a coupling reagent. Characterization of the role of this structural factor in aza-peptide bond synthesis is essential for outlining a new and efficient synthesis protocol.     

Novel proton acceptor immonium-type coupling reagents: application in solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis

A novel proton acceptor coupling reagent shows superiority to those described previously. The oxygen in the carbocation moiety confers more solubility to the reagent. Furthermore, it enhances coupling yields and decreases racemization, allowing the use of 1 equiv of base.     

Ionic liquid incorporated polystyrene resin for solid-phase peptide synthesis

Ionic liquid (IL) resins with an ionic liquid environment on solid support were prepared by immobilizing ionic liquid spacers on polystyrene (PS) resin. The properties of IL resins were dramatically changed as the anions of IL were exchanged. The performance of IL resins for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) was evaluated by measuring coupling kinetics of the first amino acid and synthesizing several peptides on IL resins.     

Microwave-assisted solid-phase aza-peptide synthesis: aza scan of a PKB/Akt inhibitor using aza-arginine and aza-proline precursors

Aza-peptides are peptidomimetics in which one or more of the α-carbons, bearing the side-chain residues, has been replaced by a nitrogen. These peptidomimetics have been shown to be promising for the generation of drug leads and for structure-activity relationship studies. Aza-scan is the systematic replacement of amino acid residues in a given peptide with their aza counterparts. We report here an aza-scan of a potent, peptide-based PKB/Akt inhibitor, PTR6154. Procedures for microwave-assisted, Fmoc/t-Bu chemistry, solid-phase aza-peptide synthesis were developed which significantly reduce standard reaction time and are suitable for automation. Novel substituted hydrazines have been prepared for the straightforward incorporation of aza-arginine and aza-proline residues. This work will enable aza-scan to become a more common and standard method for structure-activity relationship studies of peptides.     

An improved process for the synthesis of DMTMM-based coupling reagents

A simple, robust and high-yielding process for the preparation of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium tetrafluoroborate (DMTMM BF₄) and hexafluorophosphate (DMTMM PF₆) has been developed, which avoids the use of expensive or unusual reagents.     

Novel polymer-supported coupling/dehydrating reagents for use in organic synthesis

Two novel dehydrating reagents and, based on a phosphonium anhydride and an oxyphosphonium triflate respectively, were prepared by reaction of the corresponding polymer-supported phosphine oxides with triflic anhydride. Reagent, based on the novel phosphorus heterocycle 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyl-2-oxa-1,3-diphospholanium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate), was found to be a useful reagent for ester and amide formation. A wide range of coupling/dehydration-type reactions, such as ester, amide, anhydride, peptide, ether and nitrile formation, were performed in high yield using the more readily prepared polymer-supported triphenylphosphine ditriflate, which was easily recovered and re-used several times without loss of efficiency. With primary alcohols, both reagents and provide an alternative to the Mitsunobu reaction, where the use of azodicarboxylates and chromatography to remove the phosphine oxide by-product can be avoided. The use of 4-dimethylaminopyridine allowed the esterification of secondary alcohols with to proceed in high yield but with retention of configuration.     

固相同步多重肽合成

本文综述了近十年来在固相肽合成基础上发展的各种同步多重合成新技术。它们的应用可进一步提高肽合成的效率、降低成本,并将促进许多肽的结构-活性关系研究。因此,将对激素-受体间作用的机理研究、对分子免疫学的发展及研究新的肽类诊断试剂或疫苗均可创造较好的条件。     

Iterative, aqueous synthesis of beta3-oligopeptides without coupling reagents

The chemoselective synthesis of amides by decarboxylative couplings of alpha-ketoacids and isoxazolidines makes possible an iterative approach to poly-beta3-peptides. Peptide assembly occurs under aqueous conditions and requires no coupling reagents. The requisite isoxazolidine monomers are prepared in enantiopure form by a convenient two-step protocol starting from the appropriate aldehydes.     

Microwave-assisted guanidinylation in solid phase peptide synthesis: comparison of various reagents

The guanidinylation of a peptide chain on a polymeric support under microwave conditions using derivatives of thioureas—S-alkylisothioureas, pyrazole-carboxamidine, and guanidine as guanidinylating reagents is described. The best results are obtained with N,N′-di-Z-S-methylisothiourea and N,N′-di-Z(2-Cl)-S-methylisothiourea. It is found that guanidinylation with reagents containing Boc groups is accompanied by side reactions.     

Morpholine-based immonium and halogenoamidinium salts as coupling reagents in Peptide synthesis1

Here we describe a new family of N-form immonium-type coupling reagents that differ in their carbocation skeleton structure. The N-methylpiperazine derivative failed to form immonium salts, while the thiomorpholine derivative did not give better results than the coupling reagents currently used. The presence of the morpholine had a marked influence on the solubility and stability as well as the reactivity of the reagent. Finally, the fluoroamidinium salt performed extremely well in the presence of only 1 equiv of base, thereby confirming the effect of the proton acceptor in the reaction.     

Highly efficient synthesis of peptides by rational utilization of novel coupling reagents

The efficiency of different peptide coupling reagents, including carbodiimides, HOBt or HOAt-derived uronium, phosphoni-um and immonium salts, halouronium, halophosphonium, 2-halopyridinium and 2-halothiazoliuim salts, was evaluated. The synthetic strategy for coded peptides andnonribosomal peptides was discussed with an emphasis on the rational selection of peptide coupling reagents.     

Efficient solid-phase synthesis of clavulones via sequential coupling of alpha- and omega-chains

We describe an efficient solid-phase synthesis of clavulones via the sequential coupling of the alpha- and omega-chains, involving two separate carbon-carbon bond-forming steps. The tetrahydropyranyl linker survived these reaction conditions and was cleaved without decomposing the unstable cross-conjugated dienones. Our methodology has allowed us to prepare six clavulone derivatives that are varied within the alpha-chain.     

Facile and purification free synthesis of peptides utilizing ROMPgel- and ROMPsphere-supported coupling reagents

5-Norbornene-2-carboxaldehyde and norbornadiene were respectively converted into norbornene derivatives functionalized with fluoroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate and 2-bromo-N-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate residues. Both these norbornene monomers were ring opening metathesis polymerized or graft copolymerized onto polystyrene cores to produce ROMPgel and ROMPsphere peptide-coupling reagents. These were used to prepare hindered amides, dipeptides and tripeptides with minimal purification in parallel arrays.     

Recent development in peptide coupling reagents

Two decades of domination of benzotriazole-based chemistry stimulated the progress in peptide synthesis to a high level of effectiveness. However, the growing need for new and more complex peptide structures, particularly for biomedical studies and, very recently, for the large-scale production of peptides as drugs, required manufacturing peptide products by efficient synthetic strategies, at reasonably low prices. Therefore, the search for new, more versatile and low-cost reagents becomes a great challenge. Several comprehensive review articles summarized the great effort undertaken, but up to now, no versatile coupling reagent useful for both amide and ester bond formation, as well as for solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis has been yet developed. The most-widely used coupling reagents are carbodiimides on one hand and phosphonium and aminium salts on the other. Herein in this review article, we summarized the recent development in peptide coupling reagents during the last two decades.     

Reductive coupling of polyfunctionalized organobismuth and organolead arylating reagents in the synthesis of benzopyran derivatives

Benzopyran derivatives were synthesized in good yields by the reactions of tris[2-(chloromethyl)phenyl]bismuth diacetate and 2-(halomethyl)aryllead triacetates with phenols and naturally occurring 4-hydroxycoumarins in the presence of bases according to a three-step one-pot procedure. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2520–2529, November, 2005.     

Direct synthesis of unprotected phenols using palladium-catalysed cross coupling reactions of functionalised organozinc reagents

Palladium-catalysed reaction of unprotected 2-, 3-, and 4-iodophenols with a range of amino acid derived organozinc reagents (not used in excess) gives the expected products in good to excellent yield, demonstrating that carbon-zinc bonds are not protonated by acidic phenols under the conditions of palladium-catalysed coupling reactions.     

Facile synthesis of aliphatic isothiocyanates and thioureas on solid phase using peptide coupling reagents

Peptide coupling reagents can be used as versatile reagents for the formation of aliphatic isothiocyanates and thioureas on solid phase from the corresponding solid-phase anchored aliphatic primary amines. The formation of the thioureas is fast and highly chemoselective, and proceeds via formation of the intermediate isothiocyanate. The isothiocyanate and subsequent thiourea formation take place under standard peptide coupling conditions using carbon disulfide as the ‘amino acid’. The thioureas are released from the resin and isolated in moderate to high yields.