低环径比托卡马克堆中的α粒子输运

基于当前等离子体物理，本文初步讨论了低环径比托卡马克堆中等离子体的特征。在自洽的低环径比堆芯参数下，计算了α粒子约束和损失，以及不同环径比对它们的影响。     

Experimental observation of further frequency upshift from dc to ac radiation converter with perpendicular dc magnetic field

A frequency upshift of a short microwave pulse is generated by the interaction between a relativistic underdense ionization front and a periodic electrostatic field with a perpendicular dc magnetic field. When the dc magnetic field is applied, further frequency upshift of 3 GHz is observed with respect to an unmagnetized case which has typically a GHz range. The radiation frequency depends on both the plasma density and the strength of the dc magnetic field, i.e., the plasma frequency and the cyclotron frequency. The frequency of the emitted radiation is in reasonable agreement with the theoretical values.     

Frequency upshifting by an ionization front in a magnetized plasma

The interaction of a light wave with a relativistic ionization front in the presence of an applied DC magnetic field which is perpendicular or parallel to the incident wave is considered. In both cases, four transmitted modes are generated in the magnetized plasma by an incident linearly polarized wave. The frequency upshifts of the various modes are calculated and compared to the unmagnetized case. The corresponding reflection and transmission coefficients are also obtained. Finally, the density ripple associated with the free streaming mode in a magnetized plasma for the perpendicular case is discussed     

Experimental study of wave propagation through a rapidly createdplasma

Frequency upconversion and converting a CW source microwave into a frequency upshifted and chirped periodic pulse have been demonstrated by two experiments. In the first one, the CW source microwave propagates through a periodically microwave-discharged plasma. The CW source microwave is converted into a periodic pulse having upshifted carrier frequency. The second one uses a high-voltage (~100-kV) DC discharge to generate a dense plasma suddenly between two parallel plates. A frequency upshifted and chirped pulse (~2 ns) converting from the CW source microwave interacting with the suddenly created plasma is observed. The central frequency (~6.4 GHz) of the pulse is upshifted from the frequency (~4.7 GHz) of the source wave by about 40%. Moreover, frequency components which are upshifted as high as 80% are also observed     

相对论返波管频率特性研究

 研究了等离子体填充下相对论返波管的频率特性。结果表明，随着等离子体浓度增加，返波管的振荡频率明显上移；对空波导情况，实验结果同理论分析结果是相符的。     

Conversion of electrostatic to electromagnetic waves by superluminous ionization fronts

The conversion of static electric fields to electromagnetic radiation by the incidence of a superluminous ionization front on plasma is investigated. For extremely superluminous fronts, the radiation is close to the plasma frequency and is converted with efficiency of order unity. A proof-of-principle experiment was conducted using semiconductor plasma containing an alternately charged capacitor array. The process has important implications in astrophysical plasmas, such as supernova emission, and to laboratory development of compact, coherent, tunable radiation sources in the THz range.     

Photon acceleration in superluminous and accelerated ionizationfronts

The interaction of an electromagnetic wave packet with a superluminous ionization front is described here using the Hamiltonian theory of photon acceleration. We also describe the interaction with accelerated ionization fronts. The different qualitative photon trajectories are presented for both cases. The frequency up-shift is also derived. It is shown that a proper tailoring of the ionization front velocity can lead to higher frequency up-shifts than in constant velocity ionization fronts     

Demonstration of the frequency upshifting of microwave radiation byrapid plasma creation

A technique for frequency-upshifting electromagnetic radiation is demonstrated. By ionizing azulene vapor contained in a resonant cavity using a laser pulse, the frequency of the incident RF wave at 33.3 GHz is upshifted by 5% with greater than 10% efficiency. Maximum frequency upshift of 2.3 times the source frequency is observed. There are two mechanisms thought to be operative in producing the observed frequency upshift: the time-dependent dielectric constant due to increasing plasma density, and rapid Q-switching of the cavity. This technique has the potential of being able to generate tunable and chirped radiation over a very broad (Δf/f≳1) frequency range     

Experimental study of a plasma-filled backward wave oscillator

Experimental studies of a plasma-filled X-band backward-wave oscillator (BWO) are presented. Depending on the background gas pressure, microwave frequency upshifts of up to 1 GHz appeared along with an enhancement by a factor of 7 in the total microwave power emission. The bandwidth of the microwave emission increased from ⩽0.5 GHz to 2 GHz when the BWO was working at the RF power enhancement pressure region. The RF power enhancement appeared over a much wider pressure range in a high beam current case (10-100 mT for 3 kA) than in a lower beam case (80-115 mT for 1.6 kA). The plasma-filled BWO has higher power output than the vacuum BWO over a broader region of magnetic guide field strength. Trivelpiece-Gould modes (T-G modes) are observed with frequencies up to the background plasma frequency in a plasma-filled BWO. Mode competition between the T-G modes and the X-band Tm₀₁ mode prevailed when the background plasma density was below 6×10¹¹ cm^-3 . At a critical background plasma density of ≃8×10¹¹ cm^-3 power enhancement appeared in both X-band and the T-G modes. Power enhancement of the S-band in this mode collaboration region reached up to 8 dB. Electric fields measured by the Stark-effect method were as high as 34 kV/cm while the BWO power level was 80 MW. These electric fields lasted throughout the high-power microwave pulse     

L波段微波脉冲对微型计算机的辐照效应实验

 在L波段使用1.3 GHz载波频率的微波脉冲辐照微型计算机主板,通过改变脉冲宽度、重复频率和脉冲串长度等参数,实验研究了微波脉冲辐照导致微型计算机失去响应的功率阈值的变化规律,讨论了L波段微波脉冲辐射的积累效应。实验结果表明：当微波脉冲宽度增加时,微波功率阈值下降;当微波脉冲重复频率升高时,微波功率阈值呈下降趋势;在固定重复频率的条件下,微波脉冲数目的增加也会导致微波功率阈值的下降;微波脉冲功率阈值始终小于连续波微波的功率阈值。当微波脉冲间隔时间较长或者脉冲宽度较宽时,微波功率阈值由单个微波脉冲的参数确定,与脉冲重复频率没有明显关系。利用假设的微波脉冲辐射积累效应,可以定性解释和分析微波脉冲辐照微型计算机实验中功率阈值变化的趋势。     

激光脉冲在气体中产生的离化波前的演化及其对光脉冲传播的影响

利用带离化子程序的一维粒子模拟程序，对光脉冲与离化波前的相互作用进行了模拟研究，讨论了在原子多度电离的情况下光脉冲与离化波前的相互作用关系.研究表明，由于原子各级离化势的不连续性使得离化波前在空间上出现平台区；离化过程导致激光频率发生蓝移，这个蓝移又对脉冲形状产生调制，使脉冲前沿呈阶跃型增长；阶跃型的光脉冲包络使离化波前的平台区变短，直至整个离化波前分为几个不同梯度的区域.还讨论了不同元素和不同密度的气体中产生的离化波前的特点.同时分析了光脉冲频率随传播距离的关系，指出由于光脉冲宽度的增加，将导致出射的光 关键词： 激光等离子体 光电离 离化波前 激光频率上转换     

Controlling the radiation frequency of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator during a nanosecond pulse

It is shown experimentally and by numerical simulation that the radiation frequency of a 50-MW plasma relativistic microwave oscillator can be varied within 15% during a 60-ns-wide pulse by varying the plasma concentration. The plasma is generated by pre-ionization of a low-pressure gas. When the degree of ionization increases in a microwave field, the radiation frequency rises. Conversely, when plasma electrons are forced out by the electrostatic field of a high-current relativistic electron beam, the radiation frequency declines. By appropriately selecting the initial gas pressure and degree of gas ionization, one can control both trends and thereby the radiation frequency.     

Generation of multiply charged refractory metals in an electron-cyclotron resonant discharge in a direct magnetic trap

The possibility of additional ionization of refractory metal ions in the vacuum arc plasma injected to a magnetic trap due to additional heating of electrons by microwave radiation under the conditions of electron-cyclotron resonance is demonstrated. High-power short-wave radiation of gyrotrons used in experiment makes it possible to work with a higher (on the order of 10¹³ cm⁻³) density of the plasma and to ensure the confinement parameter at a level of 3 × 10⁸ cm⁻³ s at an electron temperature sufficient for multiple ionization.     

Computation of the electric and magnetic fields induced in a plasmacreated by ionization lasting a finite interval of time

S.C. Wilks et al. (1988) showed that when an infinite expanse of gas, carrying a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave, is instantly ionized, the initial wave is frequency upshifted. This phenomenon of frequency upconversion through flash ionization gives rise to steady-state transmitted and reflected electromagnetic waves and to a time-independent magnetic field. The case in which the final state of ionization is achieved not instantly but in a finite turn-on time, 0⩽t⩽t 0, which is followed by the steady state, is studied. It is shown that the electric field is obtained from the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation, d²F(t)/dt² +ω₀²g(t)F( t)=0, if electrons are born at rest when they are created during ionization. As a result, the instantaneous frequency of the upshifted radiation is ω(t)=√g(t). The electric field can be solved exactly for specific choices of g(t). It is solved using WKB approximations for arbitrary g(t). The magnetic field is then found by integrating Faraday's law. It is found that the steady-state electric field amplitude depends on the steady-state value o f g(t) but does not depend on the ionization time t₀. Conversely, the static magnetic field amplitude decreases with increasing turn-on time     

高功率微波输出窗内侧击穿动力学的PIC/MCC模拟研究

高功率微波在受控热核聚变加热、微波高梯度加速器、高功率雷达、定向能武器、超级干扰机及冲击雷达等方面有着重要的应用.本文针对高功率微波输出窗内侧氩气放电击穿过程,建立了二次电子倍增和气体电离的一维空间分布、三维速度分布（1D3V）模型,并开发了相应的PIC/MC程序代码.研究了气压、微波频率、微波振幅对放电击穿的影响.结果表明：在真空情况下,介质窗放电击穿只存在二次电子倍增过程;在低气压和稍高气压时,二次电子倍增和气体电离共存;在极高气压时,气体电离占主导.给出了不同气压下电子、离子的密度和静电场的空间分布.此外还观察到,在500 mTorr时,随着微波振幅或微波频率的变化,气体电离出现的时刻和电离产生的等离子体峰值位置有较大差异,尤其是当微波频率（GHz）在数值上是微波振幅（MV/m）的2倍时,气体电离出现的较早.     

钙、锶、钡和汞离子激光中的共振辐射俘获效应

根据Holstein的共振辐射俘获理论，讨论了气体温度和辐射俘获下能级粒子数密度对辐射俘获上能级有效辐射寿命的影响，显示辐射俘获下能级粒子数密度是辐射俘获效应中的主导因素.计算了钙，锶，钡和汞四种离子七条共振-亚稳能级跃迁激光在不同电离率下产生共振辐射俘获效应的阈值条件，发现当电离率为5%时这类激光的出光温度与共振辐射俘获的阈值温度相一致，这与实验得出的电离率为3%—5%相符合.表明达到共振辐射俘获阈值条件是该类激光实现粒子数反转的重要因素.     

Numerical investigation of subcritical microwave discharges in a high-pressure gas

Subcritical microwave streamer discharges are investigated using a two-dimensional model that describes gas-dynamic processes in the ideal gas approximation and a self-consistent electromagnetic field in the wave approximation and takes into account the minimum required number of kinetic processes (such as ionization, attachment, recombination, diffusion, and electric conduction). The initial conditions imitate the initiation of a discharge from a small cavity with a reduced gas density and an arbitrarily small degree of gas ionization. The possibility of describing streamer discharges without reference to ionizing hard radiation is confirmed.     

基于混合大气传输模型的单脉冲高功率微波大气击穿理论与实验研究

综合考虑高功率微波强电场作用下的热致快速电子效应、碰撞频率、电离频率等充分体现高功率微波特性的参量模型,基于高功率微波混合大气传输模型,提出了单脉冲高功率微波混合大气统一非线性击穿模型,定义了单脉冲高功率微波击穿阈值.理论研究结果表明:考虑中性气体分子极化作用以及电子的碰撞热效应后,大气击穿时对应的等离子体频率明显变大;大气击穿阈值随高度的增加先逐渐减小然后增大,在30-60 km区域存在一个极小值.开展了X波段窄带高功率微波单脉冲大气击穿实验研究,得到了典型条件下的高功率微波击穿现象、波形和阈值,且与理论结果一致性较好.     

Searching for a molecule with a wide frequency domain for non-resonant two-photon ionization to measure the ultrashort optical pulse width

The frequency domain of non-resonant two-photon ionization, defined as a frequency separation from half of the ionization energy to the excitation energy, was investigated using density functional theory calculations. Several organic compounds have the potential for use in the measurement of the ultrashort optical pulse width in the ultraviolet region using an autocorrelator consisting of a mass spectrometer as a two-photon-response detector.     

沿面闪络流体模型电离参数粒子模拟确定方法

介绍了粒子模拟确定高功率微波介质沿面闪络击穿流体模型相关电离参数的方法.对粒子模拟方法 (包括带电粒子动力学方程、次级电子发射以及蒙特卡罗碰撞模型)和流体整体模型方法 (包括连续性方程和能量守恒方程)做了简介.基于自编的1D3V粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗碰撞程序给出了在高(低)气压、不同气体种类以及不同微波场强和微波频率下流体模型电离参数的粒子模拟结果,包括电离频率、击穿时间、平均电子能量、电子能量分布函数类型.研究结果表明:平均电子能量与电子能量分布函数类型关系不大;中低气压下,电子能量接近Maxwell分布,电子能量分布函数类型对电离参数几乎没有影响;中高气压下,电子能量分布函数类型对电离参数有重要影响,其依赖系数X趋于高阶形式.不同气体的电子能量分布函数类型不同,需要利用粒子模拟对电子能量分布函数类型进行标定.同时,电子能量分布函数依赖系数与微波场强和频率也有关系,其随微波场强增加而增大,随微波频率增加而减小.在给定考察范围(微波场强在7 MV/m以下,微波频率在40 GHz以内),中低气压下,平均电子能量随微波场强增加而迅速增大,电离频率随微波场强增加先增大后降低,平均电子能量随微波频率增加而降低,电离频率随微波频率增加先增加后降低;高气压下,平均电子能量随微波场强增加而缓慢增大,电离频率随微波场强增加而增大,微波频率对平均电子能量和电离频率影响不大.