Co3O4 nanosheets: synthesis and catalytic application for CO oxidation at room temperature

Hexagonal β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets with edge length of 50 nm and thickness of 10 nm were hydrothermally synthesized with the aid of triethylamine.Upon calcination at 350°C in air,the β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets was converted into Co3O4 nanosheets with a similar dimension.Structural analyses during the calcination process identified that the β-Co(OH)2 precursor was initially dehydrated to HCoO2 and subsequently transferred into Co3O4.When being applied to catalyze CO oxidation at room temperature,the Co3O4 nanosheets exhibited a higher activity than the conventional spherical nanoparticles.This was perhaps related to the partial exposure of the{112}planes over the Co3O4 nanosheets.The porous structure generated during the calcination process also provided significant amounts of surface defects,which might contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity as well.     

Ultrathin Co3O4 Layers Realizing Optimized CO2 Electroreduction to Formate

Electroreduction of CO₂ into hydrocarbons could contribute to alleviating energy crisis and global warming. However, conventional electrocatalysts usually suffer from low energetic efficiency and poor durability. Herein, atomic layers for transition‐metal oxides are proposed to address these problems through offering an ultralarge fraction of active sites, high electronic conductivity, and superior structural stability. As a prototype, 1.72 and 3.51 nm thick Co₃O₄ layers were synthesized through a fast‐heating strategy. The atomic thickness endowed Co₃O₄ with abundant active sites, ensuring a large CO₂ adsorption amount. The increased and more dispersed charge density near Fermi level allowed for enhanced electronic conductivity. The 1.72 nm thick Co₃O₄ layers showed over 1.5 and 20 times higher electrocatalytic activity than 3.51 nm thick Co₃O₄ layers and bulk counterpart, respectively. Also, 1.72 nm thick Co₃O₄ layers showed formate Faradaic efficiency of over 60 % in 20 h.     

The role of low-coordinate oxygen on Co3O4(110) in catalytic CO oxidation

A complete catalytic cycle for carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO(2)) by molecular oxygen on the Co(3)O(4)(110) surface was obtained by density functional theory plus the on-site Coulomb repulsion (DFT + U). Previously observed high activity of Co(3)O(4) to catalytically oxidize CO at very low temperatures is explained by a unique twofold-coordinate oxygen site on Co(3)O(4)(110). The CO molecule extracts this oxygen with a computed barrier of 27 kJ/mol. The extraction leads to CO(2) formation and an oxygen vacancy on Co(3)O(4)(110). Then, the O(2) molecule dissociates without a barrier between two neighboring oxygen vacancies (which are shown to have high surface mobility), thereby replenishing the twofold-coordinate oxygen sites on the surface and enabling the catalytic cycle. In contrast, extracting the threefold-coordinate oxygen site on Co(3)O(4)(110) has a higher barrier. Our work furnishes a molecular-level mechanism of Co(3)O(4)'s catalytic power, which may help understand previous experimental results and oxidation catalysis by transition metal oxides.     

Nitrogen-doped Co3O4 nanowires enable high-efficiency electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Developing highly efficient and cost-effective catalysts for electrochemically oxidizing biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（HMF） into value-added 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid（FDCA） is of great importance.Herein, we report a controllable nitrogen doping strategy to significantly improve the catalytic activity of Co₃O₄ nanowires for highly selective electro-oxidation of HMF into FDCA. The nitrogen doping leads to the generation of defects including nitrogen dopants and oxy...     

Co3O4-SiO2 nanocomposite: a very active catalyst for CO oxidation with unusual catalytic behavior

A high surface area Co(3)O(4)-SiO(2) nanocomposite catalyst has been prepared by use of activated carbon as template. The Co(3)O(4)-SiO(2) composite, the surface of which is rich in silica and Co(II) species compared with normal Co(3)O(4), exhibited very high activity for CO oxidation even at a temperature as low as -76 °C. A rather unusual temperature-dependent activity curve, with the lowest conversion at about 80 °C, was observed with a normal feed gas (H(2)O content ~3 ppm). The U-shape of the activity curve indicates a negative apparent activation energy over a certain temperature range, which has rarely been observed for the heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation of CO. Careful investigation of the catalytic behavior of Co(3)O(4)-SiO(2) catalyst led to the conclusion that adsorption of H(2)O molecules on the surface of the catalyst caused the unusual behavior. This conclusion was supported by in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopic experiments under both normal and dry conditions.     

Co3O4纳米催化剂催化CO的形貌效应：合成过程和催化活性

通过催化剂将CO转化为无毒气体仍然是目前减少CO污染的主要手段.随着纳米技术的快速发展,纳米催化剂因其在催化反应中呈现出的独特结构效应（如形貌效应、尺寸效应等）而受到人们的广泛关注.已有大量研究表明,纳米Co3O4作为一种非贵金属氧化物催化剂具有强烈的催化形貌效应,展现出优异的CO低温催化活性.因此,通过合理的设计来调控催化剂粒子的形貌,从而进一步改善催化剂的性能已成为近年来催化剂领域的重要研究方向.对于Co3O4纳米催化剂的可控制备,水热法具有反应温和、操作简便和产品形貌易控等特点.早期的研究主要围绕于Co3O4形貌的可控合成以及不同形貌Co3O4催化剂对其催化活性产生的影响,较少有对其形貌形成机制的报道.特别是在水热反应中,系统研究各反应参数对催化剂各异形貌的形成影响鲜有报道.
　　本文在前人的研究基础上,重点研究了水热反应过程中各主要反应参数对产品形貌控制的影响,绘制了一副不同形貌Co3O4材料的合成过程图,并研究了Co3O4纳米催化剂催化CO氧化的形貌效应.通过水热法先成功合成了三种不同形貌(纳米棒、纳米片和纳米立方)的碱式碳酸钴纳米粒子,然后将其焙烧得到了Co3O4纳米粒子.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM), X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD),程序升温还原(H2-TPR和CO-TPR),氮气吸附-脱附比表面积测试(BET),氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD), X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段研究了不同反应参数对纳米碱式碳酸钴前驱体形貌形成的作用和各异形貌Co3O4纳米粒子在催化CO氧化反应中催化性能的差异及原因.
　　结果表明, Co3O4较好地继承了碱式碳酸钴的形貌,在较低温度条件下(≤140°C),钴源(CoCl2或Co(NO3)2)是影响前驱体形貌的关键因素,反应时间只对粒子的尺寸产生较大影响.低温下, CoCl2作为钴源易诱导生产纳米棒状碱式碳酸钴,而Co(NO3)2则有利于纳米片状生成.当温度高于140°C后,无论何种钴源,最终均制得纳米立方体.表面活性剂CTAB对前驱体的均一性和粒子的分散性产生重要影响,加入CTAB后得到的产品尺寸更均一,形貌更加规整.对比于其他两种形貌的样品, Co3O4纳米片显示出更好的CO催化氧化活性.
　　 XPS结果表明,各形貌Co3O4纳米材料的表面组成存在明显差异,活性物种Co3+含量的不同是影响催化活性差异的重要原因. Co3O4纳米片具有更多的Co3+活性位,立方纳米Co3O4表面吸附氧含量较高, Co3O4纳米棒则暴露出相对更多的Co2+.因此,在三种形貌催化剂上CO氧化反应中, Co3O4纳米片表现出最优的催化活性,纳米立方次之,而纳米棒最差. H2-TPR, CO-TPR和O2-TPD等结果也表明, Co3O4纳米片拥有更强的还原性能和脱附氧能力,其次是纳米立方Co3O4.这与XPS结果一致,证实了不同形貌Co3O4纳米催化剂上暴露活性位的数量和表面氧物种的不同是造成彼此间催化CO氧化活性差异的重要原因.此外,通过稳定性测试发现Co3O4纳米片具有较高的催化稳定性,在水蒸气存在的情况下Co3O4纳米片逐渐失活,但随后在干燥条件下其催化活性又逐渐得到恢复.     

Co3O4纳米晶表面晶格氧催化氧化CO的理论研究

近年来,纳米科学技术的迅速发展给催化领域,特别是多相催化带来了新的机遇和挑战.科学家们开始着眼于在纳米尺度上对催化剂结构和催化性能进行表征、控制和设计.Co3O4作为一种重要的半导体金属氧化物材料,由于其优异的氧化还原性质,在锂电池、气体传感器以及多相催化领域得到了十分广泛的应用.最近,研究者发现Co3O4纳米晶在催化CO低温氧化和CH4活化等一系列重要反应中表现出显著的反应活性和晶面效应,表明有效设计和合成特定的高活性、高选择性的纳米晶面,对催化领域的发展将具有十分重要的意义.因而,从原子层面对纳米晶所表现出的这种高活性和晶面效应进行深入解释,将为高效催化剂设计提供重要指导.低温CO氧化作为一种重要的催化反应在燃料电池、空气净化与汽车尾气处理中具有重要的应用价值.本文采用密度泛函理论对Co3O4纳米晶催化CO氧化反应的机理、晶面效应以及结构敏感性进行了理论研究.首先,研究了CO在Co3O4(001)和(011)表面Co,CoOo和Co-Ot三种不同位点的吸附扩散行为,发现CO在Co位点表现出较强的吸附行为,但这种吸附构型需要克服很高的能垒(～1 eV)才能转变到Co-O离子对位点,在低温下这种转变将不可能发生,因此我们推断CO在Co位点的吸附对Co3O4催化CO氧化的晶面效应没有显著影响.接着,对CO在Co-O离子对位点抽提晶格氧生成CO2的反应机理进行了研究.我们发现,(011)表面Co-Ot位点可以较强地吸附CO(吸附能-1.15 eV),并十分容易夺取晶格氧离子(能垒0.26 eV),具有很低的势能面,因而其CO氧化活性明显大于(001)面.为了更清楚地理解这种晶面效应和结构敏感效应的本质,我们提出将CO2形成步的过渡态在反应路径上的能级作为反应活性指标.这种活性指标兼顾考虑了CO在Co-O氧位点的吸附覆盖度和CO2形成步的反应能垒,可以近似理解为反应的表观活化能.据此我们得出,Co3O4不同表面不同品格位点催化CO氧化的反应活性顺序为:(011)-Co-Ot＞＞(001)-Co-Oo＞(011)-Co-Oo＞(001)-Co-Ot.由于CO吸附和CO2形成步都涉及到表面被还原的过程,我们因此发现CO催化氧化活性的高低与表面晶格氧位点的可还原性具有正相关性.这种表面不同位点的还原性可以直接通过对空穴形成能的计算获得,降低表面氧空穴的生成能将有利于提高CO氧化的活性.催化设计的终极目标是在对催化活性位点的本质及反应机理深入认识的基础上在原子层面上对催化剂进行可控设计,从而实现催化剂材料的高效、经济的利用.本文研究表明离子对活性位点是Co3O4纳米晶催化CO氧化反应的活性位点,其中阳离子负责对CO的吸附,阴离子则负责CO2的形成过程,这种协同作用实现了Co3O4纳米晶的高反应活性.我们相信,寻找有效的方法在催化剂表面增加离子对位点活性中心的数目是一种实现高性能催化剂设计的途径.     

Dual-template synthesis of defect-rich mesoporous Co3O4 for low temperature CO oxidation

CO oxidation is a benchmark in heterogeneous catalysis for evaluation of redox catalysts due to its practical relevance in many applications and the fundamental problems associated with its very high activity at low temperatures. Among which, Co₃O₄ is one of the most active non-precious metal catalysts. Exposed crystal planes and cobalt sites are considered to be important for its high catalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate an enhanced CO oxidation activity by a defect-rich mesoporous Co₃O₄ that prepared by a designed dual-template method. Two different kinds of silicas are used as hard-templates at the same time, resulting in a defect-rich mesoporous Co₃O₄ with a surface area as high as 169 m²/g. This catalyst exhibited a very high catalytic activity for low temperature CO oxidation with a light-off temperature at −73 ^oC under the space velocity of 80,000 mL h^-1 g_cat^-1. Further studies reveal that the high surface area promotes the lattice oxygen mobility, surface rich of Co²⁺ species and active oxygen species are crucial for the high catalytic activity. Moreover, the dual-template approach paves a way towards the design and construction of high-surface-area mesoporous metal oxides for various applications.     

不同沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4低温催化氧化甲醛

室内空气中低浓度甲醛严重危害人类健康,高效去除甲醛成为人们关注的课题.在各种去除甲醛的方法中,吸附法简单快速,但是存在饱和吸附量的限制;光催化降解法能够去除低浓度甲醛,却会产生一些如臭氧等二次污染物;低温催化氧化甲醛由于其高效和产物矿化完全而成为具有实际应用前景的技术.虽然贵金属负载型催化剂具有室温去除甲醛的能力,可是高昂的成本使其难以大规模应用.过渡金属氧化物因其良好的催化氧化性能和较低的成本逐渐成为研究重点.
　　近期研究发现,含钴的氧化物具有较高的催化氧化甲醛能力,同时一些碱金属如钠或钾的加入可增加催化剂表面羟基物种,从而有效促进了甲醛氧化.沉淀法具有操作简单和条件易于控制等特点,因此本文选取不同的沉淀剂(NH3·H2O, KOH, NH4HCO3, K2CO3, KHCO3)采用沉淀法制备了 Co3O4催化剂并进行了甲醛催化氧化性能测试.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和原位漫反射红外光谱(in suit-DRIFTS)等表征手段探讨了不同沉淀剂制备的催化剂催化甲醛氧化性能差异的原因.
　　结果显示,在以 KHCO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4催化剂(KHCO3-Co)上甲醛(100 ppm)完全氧化成 CO2的温度为90°C,明显优于其他样品.在以 NH4HCO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4表面负载2 wt%的 K2CO3后(PC/AHC-Co)具有和 KHCO3-Co相似的催化性能. XRD结果表明,各沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4均为尖晶石型,晶粒尺寸约为18nm,衍射峰位置无明显偏移说明没有其他金属离子掺杂进 Co3O4晶体.结构表征还表明,采用含碳酸根或碳酸氢根离子试剂制备的样品具有较高的比表面积、孔体积和孔径,可能是焙烧阶段碳酸钴分解产生大量 CO2形成的,而负载 K2CO3的样品各参数均大幅降低,说明表面 K2CO3填补或堵塞了部分孔结构. AAS结果表明, KHCO3-Co和 PC/AHC-Co所含 K离子浓度相近并显著高出其他沉淀剂制备样品, XPS结果也证明了这一点.这可能是由于在用 KHCO3沉淀钴离子的过程中,钾离子裹挟在沉淀物中不易被洗涤干净,并且保留在焙烧后的样品中. H2-TPR和 XPS结果显示,用 KHCO3作为沉淀剂时可以增加 Co3O4催化剂表面 Co3+/Co2+比例从而提高了氧化能力,虽然本文 PC/AHC-Co样品有着最高的 Co3+/Co2+比例,但相对较低的比表面积和孔径减少了活性中心,使得其活性与 KHCO3-Co相似.insuit-DRIFTS结果表明, NH4HCO3-Co催化剂上羟基基团在甲醛吸附阶段会被大量消耗,并有二氧亚甲基(DOM)中间物种大量生成.在氧化阶段,随着温度升高, DOM逐渐减少,而甲酸盐和碳酸氢盐物种逐渐增多,最后各物种趋近催化剂的初始状态.在 KHCO3-Co催化剂上,甲醛吸附阶段有大量 DOM和甲酸盐物种生成,而羟基基团消耗并不明显.在氧化阶段随着温度升高, DOM逐渐减少,甲酸盐逐渐增多并最后消失,整个过程并未观测到碳酸氢盐物种生成.这说明 KHCO3-Co样品在催化氧化甲醛反应中能够再生羟基基团,进而提高了催化氧化甲醛活性.
　　综上所述,以 KHCO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4样品具有最佳的甲醛催化氧化性能,其在沉淀过程中样品上会残留一定量钾离子,其作用与在 Co3O4表面负载相当量的 K2CO3相似. Co3O4催化氧化甲醛活性高的主要原因是催化剂表面存在 K+和 CO32-并且具有适当的 Co3+/Co2+混合价态.     

Investigation of CO and formaldehyde oxidation over mesoporous Ag/Co3O4 catalysts

CO and formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation reactions were investigated over mesoporous Ag/Co₃O₄ catalysts prepared by one-pot (OP) and impregnation (IM) methods. It was found that the one-pot method was superior to the impregnation method for synthesizing Ag/Co₃O₄ catalysts with high activity for both reactions. It was also found that the catalytic behavior of mesoporous Co₃O₄ and Ag/Co₃O₄ catalysts for the both reactions was different. And the addition of silver on mesoporous Co₃O₄ did not always enhance the catalytic activity of final catalyst for CO oxidation at room temperature (20 °C), but could significantly improve the catalytic activity of final catalyst for HCHO oxidation at low temperature (90 °C). The high surface area, uniform pore structure and the pretty good dispersion degree of the silver particle should be responsible for the excellent low-temperature CO oxidation activity. However, for HCHO oxidation, the addition of silver played an important role in the activity enhancement. And the silver particle size and the reducibility of Co₃O₄ should be indispensable for the high activity of HCHO oxidation at low temperature.     

High-valance molybdenum doped Co3O4 nanowires: Origin of the superior activity for 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural oxidation

Co₃O₄ has been widely explored in electrocatalytic 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF) oxidation. However, the poor intrinsic ability has seriously limited its electrochemical ability. Heteroatom-doping is an efficient method to enhance the electrocatalytic ability of catalyst by regulating electronic structure. Herein, we have modulated the electronic structure of Co₃O₄ by high valance Mo⁶⁺-doping. With the introduction of Mo⁶⁺, the content of Co²⁺ was increased and metal-oxygen bond was strength. Electrochemical results suggested that the electrocatalytic ability of Co₃O₄ towards HMF oxidation has been dramatically improved and reaction kinetics has been fasten. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that the surrounding cobalt sites after Mo⁶⁺-doping with assembled electron has a strong adsorption ability towards HMF molecule leading to more favourable oxidation of HMF. Post characterizations demonstrated pristine Co₃O₄ structure was kept after electrolysis cycles and CoOOH active species were formed. This work provides a valuable reference for developing efficient heteroatom-doped electrocatalysts for HMF oxidation.     

Co3O4-CeO2氧化物对丙烷完全氧化的催化性能（英文）

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是全球大气污染物的主要来源,近年来已造成严重的环境问题.催化氧化是一种有效的、经济可行的VOCs去除技术,其研究的关键在于开发高效、稳定的催化剂.在本文中,我们采用柠檬酸法合成了一系列具有不同Co/(Ce+Co)摩尔比的Co3O4-CeO2二元氧化物催化剂,研究了其对丙烷(低碳VOCs)的催化氧化性能.在催化活性测试中,反应气的组成为0.2 vol.%C3H8和5 vol.%O2,Ar为平衡气,气体总流速为200 mL min^-1.实验结果表明,Ce的掺入能够明显提高Co3O4的丙烷催化氧化性能,Co3O4-CeO2催化剂的丙烷催化氧化活性顺序为CoCeOx-70>CoCeOx-90>Co3O4>CoCeOx-50>CoCeOx-20>CeO2.当Co/(Ce+Co)摩尔比为70%时,CoCeOx-70催化剂的丙烷催化氧化性能最好.在丙烷转化率达到90%时,CoCeOx-70催化剂的反应温度为310℃(GHSV=120000mL h^-1 g^-1),相比于单一的Co3O4催化剂的反应温度降低了25℃.XRD和TEM表征结果显示,在Co3O4-CeO2二元氧化物催化剂中存在Co3O4和CeO2两种晶型,同时随着Ce的掺入,催化剂的粒径明显降低.Raman光谱图显示,Ce的掺入使催化剂的晶格发生畸变,促进催化剂表面氧空位的产生,为催化剂中氧的迁移提供晶格位点.H2-TPR和C3H8-TPSR结果表明,Co3O4与CeO2间存在相互作用,能够提高催化剂的低温还原性能,以促进催化剂的丙烷催化氧化.O2-TPD和O 1s XPS结果表明,Ce的掺入能够增加催化剂表面活性氧物种的产生,提高催化剂中氧的移动性,从而提高了催化剂对丙烷的催化氧化活性.在对Co3O4和CoCeOx-70催化剂进行in-situ DRIFTS表征和简单的动力学研究,我们发现Ce的掺入不改变催化剂的丙烷催化氧化反应路径,其存在能够促进丙烷在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,以提高催化剂的丙烷催化氧化活性.同时,丙酮和酯作为中间物参与到丙烷的催化氧化反应过程中.此外,我们考察了反应气氛中水蒸气和CO2的存在对催化剂催化性能的影响.结果表明,CO2和水蒸气的存在都抑制了催化剂的丙烷催化氧化活性,催化性能随着CO2和水蒸气浓度的增加而降低.在相同条件下,水蒸气对催化剂催化性能的抑制作用明显大于CO2的抑制作用,但这种抑制作用会随着反应气中水蒸气和CO2的消失而消失.在稳定性测试中,CoCeOx-70催化剂表现出优异的抗水蒸气和CO2性能.在反应气中存在5 vol.%水蒸气和5 vol.%CO2的条件下,CoCeOx-70催化剂在50 h的稳定性测试中均未出现明显的失活现象.同时,经过10次加热和降温循环测试后,催化剂的催化活性也没有发生明显变化,这为CoCeOx-70催化剂的未来工业化的应用提供了可能.     

In situ FT-IR study on CO oxidation over Co3O4/CeO2 catalyst

采用沉淀氧化法制备了Co3O4/CeO2催化剂.分别在干、湿条件下进行了一氧化碳氧化反应研究.运用FT-IR表征手段,在钴铈复合氧化物上进行了CO吸附及CO/O2共吸附研究.结果表明,与纯的Co3O4样品相比,Co3O4/CeO2具有明显的抗湿气能力.Co3O4/CeO2催化剂在进行CO氧化时,表面形成了类碳酸盐物种.当环境温度低于453K时,催化剂上类碳酸盐的生成与形成类碳酸盐物种后受热分解存在着动态平衡.当环境温度高于493K,催化剂上生成的类碳酸盐物全部受热分解.氧化铈的加入提高了催化剂的抗湿气性能.较小粒径的Co3O4与CeO2产生的强相互作用可使CeO2向Co3O4提供氧,因而间接提供了CO氧化需要的氧.     

介孔Co3O4-CeO2复合氧化物的制备及在CO选择性氧化中的应用

以硝酸钴和硝酸铈为前驱物，SBA-15为硬模板，利用双溶剂法制备了Co3O4-CeO2介孔复合氧化物，通过X-射线衍射、N2吸脱附测试、程序升温还原和透射电子显微镜等技术对活性组分及载体进行了表征，并且与浸渍法和共沉淀法所制备的催化剂进行了对比分析。结果表明，相比于浸渍法和共沉淀法，采用双溶剂法制备的介孔Co3O4-CeO2复合氧化物具有均匀的介孔结构、较小的颗粒尺寸、较大的比表面积和较高的活性组分分散度。此外，CO氧化脱除评价显示与常规的共沉淀法和浸渍法所制备的催化剂相比该介孔复合氧化物具有较高的反应活性和选择性，其高活性主要归因于较高的比表面积和活性组分的高分散度。     

高活性Co3O4负载单原子Au催化剂室温催化CO氧化

CO低温氧化是多相催化领域研究最多的反应之一.作为简单、典型的探针反应,其不仅具有重要的基础研究价值,而且在环境污染消除等方面也有着非常重要的实际应用价值.金属氧化物如铜锰(Hopcalite)、铜铬复合氧化物以及氧化钴等都具有优异的低温CO氧化活性.然而氧化物催化剂热稳定性低、反复启动性能差、以及对硫化物、水等物质敏感,严重制约了其实际应用.相对而言,负载型贵金属催化剂因具有较高的CO氧化活性、反应稳定性以及热稳定性而受到关注.但是贵金属价格昂贵、资源稀少,使其持续应用面临严峻挑战.为了提高贵金属利用效率、降低贵金属使用量,在负载型贵金属催化剂中,贵金属多以纳米尺度分散于高比表面载体上.由于多相催化一般在纳米粒子表面发生,只有表面金属原子能够接触到反应物,因而贵金属原子利用率仍然有待提高.最近本课题组成功开发以原子级分散的单原子催化剂并提出“单原子催化”的概念.后续研究以及其他研究人员相继证明氧化物负载贵金属单原子具有高活性和/或不同于纳米粒子的反应性能,表明开发单原子催化剂是最大化贵金属利用效率、降低贵金属用量的可行途径.对于CO氧化而言,目前普遍认为负载Au催化剂具有最高活性.然而负载Au单原子催化剂是否具有活性仍存争议：理论计算表明氧化物负载Au单原子催化剂具有很好的活性,但是缺少实验证据;目前已有一些氧化物负载Au正价离子催化剂的报道,结果也都表明Au单原子活性远低于纳米粒子或纳米团簇.最近本课题组发现氧化铁负载Au单原子不仅具有与Au纳米粒子相当的单位活性位(TOF)活性而且具有更高的单位金属重量(反应速率)活性以及非常高的反应稳定性.本文将载体拓展到氧化钴,开发了具有更高活性的氧化钴负载Au单原子催化剂, Au负载量仅为0.05 wt%即可在室温条件下实现CO完全转化. Co3O4载体用Co(NO3)3与Na2CO3通过共沉淀法制备,400 oC焙烧.然后通过简单的沉淀吸附法制备Co3O4负载Au单原子催化剂(Au1/Co3O4),确保Au单原子能够分散于载体的表面.具有原子分辨率的球差校正高分辨电镜照片显示Au原子确实以单原子形式分散于载体上.催化剂在第一个循环中活性并不非常高,但是在第二个循环中活性提高非常明显,可以在室温条件下实现CO全转化.为了弄清楚活性提高的原因,我们用惰性气体(He)、氧化性气体(5%O2/He)以及还原性气体(5%CO/He)对催化剂进行了热处理,但是活性提高并不明显.由此推断催化剂是在第一个循环反应过程中发生了某些变化,导致活性显著提高.空白载体实验表明Co3O4载体本身虽然具有反应活性,但是远不如负载少量Au原子活性高,表明Au原子或Au原子与载体一起起到高活性的作用.稳定性研究表明该催化剂在室温条件下容易失活,但经惰性气体或氧化气体处理后活性可恢复,表明不是结构性失活而是可逆失活,说明单原子非常稳定.     

Synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles with controllable size and their catalytic properity

Co₃O₄ nanoparticles of controllable size were synthesized via a variant microemulsion method combined with hydrothermal treatment. With this improved method, Co₃O₄ nanoparticles with uniform shape and narrow size distribution were controllably synthesized. By varying the surfactant and water ratio, particles of around 27.97 nm, 42.88 nm and 48.99 nm were synthesized. These nanoparticle catalysts behaved differently at low and high temperature. These samples showed high activity for CO oxidation and 100% CO conversion was achieved at 30 °C. However, the catalysts gradually lost their activity after about 100 min. Our research found that CO₂ had a huge influence on the stability of catalysts at low temperature. The relationship between stability at 30 °C and ratio of Co³⁺/Co²⁺, as well as particle size and desorption rate of CO₂, was also thoroughly investigated in this work.     

纳米Co3O4的制备、表征及CO低温催化氧化

CO的常温催化氧化由于在消除环境污染、空气净化、CO传感器、封闭式CO₂激光器及密闭系统内消除CO等方面的实用价值而颇受关注.已报道的CO催化氧化催化剂有Hopcalite、复合氧化物、贵金属^[4,5]等.     

Improved catalytic properties of Co3O4-impregnated La2O3/MgO over Co3O4/MgO catalyst in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene

Research on Chemical Intermediates - A series of lanthanum oxide (La2O3—2–14 wt%)-encapsulated Co3O4/MgO catalysts and bare Co/MgO solid oxides were prepared by wetness...     

不同的制备方法对Co3O4-CeO2催化剂的影响

用水热法、共沉淀法、柠檬酸络合物法和多元醇法分别合成了铈钴摩尔比1:1的Co3O4-CeO2催化剂,并用XRD、TPR、TPD、FT-IR、BET等对催化剂的晶相结构、还原性能、吸附性能及比表面积等进行了表征。结果表明,制备方法对Co3O4-CeO2催化剂的催化性能具有较大的影响,其中多元醇法制备的催化剂能促进Co3O4和CeO2的相互作用,该催化剂还原温度较低、CO脱附面积较大,在140℃温度下,CO的转化率达到90%以上。     

Effect of gamma-irradiation on surface and catalytic properties of Co3O4 doped with NiO

NiO-doped Co₃O₄ samples precalcined at 500 °C were subjected to various doses of -rays within the range 0.2-1.6 MGy. The particle size and BET-surface areas of different samples were determined using XRD and nitrogen adsorption at -196 °C. The catalytic reactions studied were conversion of ethanol and isopropanol at 250-400 °C using a micropulse technique and H₂O₂ decomposition in aqueous solution at 30-50 °C. The results revealed that the -irradiation brought a significant decrease in the particle size of Co₃O₄ phase with subsequent increase in the S_BET surface areas. The treatment brought also a progressive decrease in the total conversion of both alcohol (dehydration and dehydrogenation) falling to a minimum value (about 20% of its initial activity) at a dose of 0.8 MGy. The catalysts retain their initial activity upon exposure to a dose of 1.6 MGy. On the other hand, the catalytic activity in H₂O₂ decomposition of the investigated system decreased progressively by increasing the dose of -rays and the catalysts lost more than 90% of their initial activity upon exposure to a dose of 1.6 MGy.