自适应光学系统倾斜校正回路的最优闭环带宽

基于实际自适应光学系统倾斜校正回路最常使用的比例积分控制器,分析了最优闭环带宽与大气湍流、测量噪声之间的关系.利用满足Kolmogorov湍流整体倾斜功率谱密度的时间序列进行了相关的数值仿真.结果表明,根据不同湍流强度及测量噪声选择合适的闭环带宽,可以充分发挥自适应光学系统倾斜校正回路的闭环校正能力,减小闭环残差.     

Modal prediction for closed-loop adaptive optics

The correction efficiency of adaptive optics is limited mainly by measurement noise and time delay. To overcome this problem, we describe a new modal linear predictive controller whose parameters are optimized by means of a recursive least-squares algorithm to minimize the residual optical phase variance. The method copes with the recursivity of the closed-loop operation. We demonstrate that the optimal rejection transfer function for adaptive optics is proportional to the frequency signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we present what we believe to be the first experimental results obtained with a predictor used to control the tip-tilt mirror of an adaptive-optics system.     

Wave-front correction of high-intensity fs laser beams by using closed-loop adaptive optics system

We developed an adaptive optics system to correct the wave-front distortion of an intense fs laser beam from our multi-TW laser system, Jiguang II. In this paper, the instruments of the adaptive optical system are described and the experimental results of the closed-loop wave-front correction are presented. A distorted laser wave-front of 20 wavelengths of P-V values was corrected to 0.15 wavelength of P-V values. The beam quality of the laser system varies from 3.5 diffraction limit to 1.5 diffraction limit.     

无调制两面锥波前传感器的衍射理论分析和数值仿真

两面锥波前传感器(two-sided pyramid wavefront Sensor,TSPWFS)是一种高空间采样率和高光能利用率的波前传感器.为了深入研究它的波前复原原理,采用波动光学理论详细推导了无调制TSPWFS的衍射理论,给出了无调制TSPWFS波前复原时线性重构矩阵的解析解,并且通过数值仿真确定出最佳的光瞳像中心间距,并对静态像差的波前复原及闭环校正进行数值仿真.分析结果表明,无调制TSPWFS具有波前复原时不需要现场测量响应矩阵,可以校正系统像差,闭环校正结果稳定等优点,可以在实际自适应光学系统中进行波前探测. 关键词： 自适应光学 两面锥波前传感器 波前复原     

Closed-loop adaptive optics in the human eye

We have developed a prototype apparatus for real-time closed-loop measurement and correction of aberrations in the human eye. The apparatus uses infrared light to measure the wave-front aberration at 25 Hz with a Hartmann-Shack sensor. Defocus is removed by a motorized optometer, and higher-order aberrations are corrected by a membrane deformable mirror. The device was first tested with an artificial eye. Correction of static aberrations takes approximately five iterations, making the system capable of following aberration changes at 5 Hz. This capability allows one to track most of the aberration dynamics in the eye. Results in living eyes showed effective closed-loop correction of aberrations, with a residual uncorrected wave front of 0.1microm for a 4.3-mm pupil diameter. Retinal images of a point source in different subjects with and without adaptive correction of aberrations were estimated in real time. The results demonstrate real-time closed-loop correction of aberration in the living eye. An application of this device is as electro-optic "spectacles" to improve vision.     

Wavefront response matrix for closed-loop adaptive optics system based on non-modulation pyramid wavefront sensor

Pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) is a kind of wavefront sensor with high spatial resolution and high energy utilization. In this paper an adaptive optics system with PWFS as wavefront sensor and liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) as wavefront corrector is built in the laboratory. The wavefront response matrix is a key element in the close-loop operation. It can be obtained by measuring the real response to given aberrations, which is easily contaminated by noise and influenced by the inherent aberration in the optical system. A kind of analytic solution of response matrix is proposed, with which numerical simulation and experiment are also implemented to verify the performance of closed-loop correction of static aberration based on linear reconstruction theory. Results show that this AO system with the proposed matrix can work steadily in closed-loop operation.     

Adaptive correction of vortex laser beam in a closed-loop system with phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

We propose and demonstrate the wave front correction of a vortex laser beam by using dual phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs) and a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. One phase only LC-SLM is used to generate vortex laser beam by loading spiral phase screen onto the wave front of input quasi-Gaussian beam. The other phase only LC-SLM under SPGD controller based on the subzone control method adaptively compensates the wave front of vortex laser beam. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that after correction, vortex doughnut like beam is focused into a beam with airy disk pattern distribution in the far field. The adaptive corrections of vortex laser beam with different optical topological charges are studied. The results show that the optical topological charge has little influence on adaptive correction. The powers in the main lobe of far field intensity distributions of vortex laser beams with different optical topological charges are all greatly improved by adaptive correction. The technique proposed in this paper can be used in optical communication, relay mirror and atmospheric turbulence correction.     

Performance simulation of an adaptive optics system with liquid crystal corrector under closed-loop and open-loop control

The adaptive optics system (AOS) often operates in a discrete sampling process with finite closed-loop frequency. Reconstruction, detection, and time lag induced errors are the main correction errors of the system. An AOS that is based on a liquid crystal (LC) benefits from the LC’s high correction precision, thus the reconstruction error can be ignored. The primary error will be induced by the time lag from the time of detection to the time of compensation. In this paper, some theoretical simulations are introduced in order to evaluate the correction precision of AOS with an LC corrector. The main purpose is to compare the correction precision between the open-loop and closed-loop control. We attempt to find a method to ascertain the exact precision of the open-loop control and show whether it improves the correction precision. The conclusion is thus reached that the actual error rejection bandwidth for the closed-loop was lower than the −3 dB error rejection bandwidth measured in practice. The increased refresh frequency of the open-loop control can improve the imaging performance to nearly −3 dB bandwidth of the detector measured, which is the maximum possible bandwidth due to the time lag.     

Experimental investigation of a flowing fluid layer on metal surface roughness measurement and aberration correction using adaptive optics

The induced optical aberration of laser beam passing through a transparent flowing fluid layer on a metal specimen is experimentally and empirical formula studied. The proposed study presents an experimental investigation of metal surface roughness measurement by combining an optical probe of laser-scattering phenomena and adaptive optics (AO) for aberration correction. In the absence of the AO correction scheme, induced flow velocity of 0.278 m/s can severely degrade the residual wavefront root mean square (RMS) error to 0.58 μm and decrease the scattered laser intensity. Real-time AO correction in closed-loop at a sampling rate of 8Hz can reduce the wavefront RMS error to 0.19 μm and improve the attenuation of scattered laser intensity. The maximum relative error of the estimated roughness (R _a) is less than 7.8% compared with the stylus method. The experimental results show satisfactory correction in the presence of a flowing fluid layer using the AO system.     

微机械薄膜变形镜自适应光学系统实验研究

为求出自适应光学系统的最优校正电压, 提出了一种基于改进奇异值分解的闭环迭代控制算法。该算法可通过调节控制参量g1,g2和w,优化模式的收敛速度, 使控制信号快速收敛到一个可靠的局部最优解。搭建基于微机械薄膜变形镜(MMDM)的自适应光学系统, 测量光学影响函数并验证单个电极电压和镜面变形之间的准平方线性关系, 以及各个驱动器电极响应之间的线性叠加性。分别采用模拟眼和人眼出射波前作为原始波前进行实验。实验结果表明, 改进算法能快速有效地对静态或动态畸变波前进行校正, 为基于MMDM的自适应光学系统提供了算法支持。     

Use of a microelectromechanical mirror for adaptive optics in the human eye

Ophthalmic instrumentation equipped with adaptive optics offers the possibility of rapid and automated correction of the eye's optics for improving vision and for improving images of the retina. One factor that limits the widespread implementation of adaptive optics is the cost of the wave-front corrector, such as a deformable mirror. In addition, the large apertures of these elements require high pupil magnification, and hence the systems tend to be physically large. We present what are believed to be the first closed-loop results when a compact, low-cost, surface micromachined, microelectromechanical mirror is used in a vision adaptive-optics system. The correction performance of the mirror is shown to be comparable to that of a Xinetics mirror for a 4.6-mm pupil size. Furthermore, for a pupil diameter of 6.0-mm, the residual rms error is reduced from 0.36 to 0.12 microm and individual photoreceptors are resolved at a pupil eccentricity of 1 degrees from the fovea.     

Seven-terawatt Ti:sapphire laser system operating at 50 Hz with high beam quality for laser Compton femtosecond X-ray generation

We present a 7-TW Ti:sapphire laser system operating at 50 Hz for laser Compton femtosecond X-ray generation. This laser system delivers 8.4 W of average output power at a repetition rate of 50 Hz with a pulse width of 24 fs. It demonstrates successful management using a dynamically stable resonator in the regenerative amplifier and compensation for thermal lensing by a convex mirror in a ring-type four-pass power amplifier. We also present the results of closed-loop corrections for distorted wavefronts of amplified and compressed laser pulses, using an adaptive optical system consisting of a Shack–Hartmann-type wavefront sensor and a deformable mirror. This closed-loop correction results in dramatic improvements, reducing wavefront distortions below 0.05 λ rms. Received: 31 October 2002 / Revised version: 3 March 2003 / Published online: 5 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-298/61-3349, E-mail: ito@festa.or.jp     

变形镜高斯函数指数对迭代法自适应光学系统的影响

基于613单元自适应光学系统, 描述了迭代矩阵和斜率响应矩阵的特性. 在变形镜驱动器间距和交连值不变的情况下, 研究了变形镜高斯函数指数对迭代矩阵和斜率响应矩阵稀疏度的影响, 对自适应光学系统稳定性和校正能力的影响. 研究表明, 迭代矩阵和斜率响应矩阵的稀疏度随着变形镜高斯函数指数的增大而减小. 高斯函数指数过大或者过小都会影响自适应光学系统的稳定性和校正能力. 最后, 综合迭代矩阵和斜率响应矩阵的稀疏度、自适应光学系统的稳定性和校正能力, 给出了合理的变形镜高斯函数指数的取值范围.     

自适应光学湍流校正影响因素分析

本文讨论了激光发射自适应光学湍流校正系统的校正效果判据,并以大系统调制传递函数(MTF)为判据,通过计算机模拟计算,分析了湍流校正效果与激光发射系统的参数和大气湍流条件之间的关系。     

Robust free space board-to-board optical interconnect with closed loop MEMS tracking

We present a free-space optical interconnect system capable of dynamic closed-loop optical alignment using a microlens scanner with a proportional integral and derivative controller. Electrostatic microlens scanners based on combdrive actuators are designed and characterized with vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) for adaptive optical beam tracking in the midst of mechanical vibration noise. The microlens scanners are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers with a bulk micromachining process using deep reactive ion etching. We demonstrate dynamic optical beam positioning with a 700 Hz bandwidth and a maximum noise reduction of approximately 40 dB. Eye diagrams with a 1 Gb/s modulation rate are presented to demonstrate the improved optical link in the presence of mechanical noise.     

模式耦合对倾斜校正自适应光学系统的非等晕限制

 分析了当入射信标波前与观测目标不在同一方向且考虑模式之间的耦合时,倾斜校正自适应光学系统的波前残余误差。并引入模式耦合因子变量,分析了模式耦合对倾斜校正自适应光学系统波前校正残余误差的影响。此外还给出了光波水平大气传输时的数值计算结果。     

开环双脉冲液晶自适应光学视网膜成像系统

为了获得高分辨率视网膜图像,利用液晶空间光调制器作为波前校正器建立了一套开环液晶自适应光学视网膜成像系统。与闭环模式相比,采用开环模式后,系统的能量利用率提高了1倍。系统采用双脉冲照明方式,以减少人眼曝光量,保护人眼安全。在照明光学系统中加入了大小视场切换装置使成像视场由之前的0.8°增至1.7°。同时优化了系统的时序控制流程,对人眼像差连续校正的同时快速调节成像相机的前后位置至最佳像面。对于开环模式对动态人眼像差的校正精度进行了测量,实验测得,经开环校正后,残差波面的均方根值约为0.09λ;相应的斯特雷尔(Strehl)比高于0.70,系统分辨率接近光学衍射极限的分辨率。对两名志愿者进行了实验,获得了清晰的眼底视网膜细胞图像。     

一种结合图像复原技术的自适应光学系统控制方法

在天文高分辨成像领域,自适应光学校正和事后图像复原都必不可少,但传统的自适应光学系统控制方法以提升光学成像质量为目的,并未考虑图像复原环节,因此,研究一种结合两者以获得高质量复原图像为目标的控制方法具有重要意义.本文对传统自适应光学技术结合事后图像解卷积的方法进行了分析,阐述了其存在的缺陷.首次提出了将自适应光学技术和图像复原技术相结合进行系统分析的思想,并提出了变形镜校正度(变形镜控制电压相对于传统方法控制电压的缩放比例)的概念,通过改变校正度可实现变形镜校正残差和波前传感器探测误差的调整,同时证明了复原图像质量在校正度下降的方向存在一个最优值,用最优校正度来修正变形镜控制电压,就得到了一种新的控制方法.针对点源目标成像,仿真表明该方法相比于传统方法,能够得到质量更好的复原图像.     

平台间光束耦合传输与控制技术研究

介绍了平台间光路耦合传输系统的构成及光轴稳定控制的实现方法,开展了耦合校正系统和探测控制系统的设计,对校正系统进行了动态范围和模态仿真,优化设计后研制出光束耦合传输与控制系统。在对快反镜性能参数测试之后,开展了平台间光束耦合传输与控制实验,当振动台加载0 db振动谱且控制系统开环时,光轴X轴抖动10.9″@RSM,Y轴抖动102.3″@RSM,闭环时,光轴X轴抖动0.75″@RSM,Y轴抖动1.11″@RSM,通过频谱分析发现,快反镜光轴耦合系统闭环时对28 Hz以内光轴抖动具有较好地抑制作用,在系统开环残差较大的频率段2～6 Hz的抑制比为?40～?30 dB。实验结果表明,该光轴耦合控制系统对平台间光束传输过程中光束抖动具有较好地抑制和稳定效果。     

Free-space laser communications with adaptive optics: Atmospheric compensation experiments

Refractive index inhomogeneities of the turbulent air cause wave-front distortions of optical waves propagating through the atmosphere, leading to such effects as beam spreading, beam wander, and intensity fluctuations (scintillations). These distortions are responsible for severe signal fading in free-space optical communications systems and therefore compromise link reliability. Wave-front distortions can be mitigated, in principle, with adaptive optics, i.e., real-time wave-front control, reducing the likeliness of signal fading. However, adaptive optics technology, currently primarily used in astronomical imaging, needs to be adapted to the requirements of free-space optical communication systems and their specific challenges.In this chapter we discuss a non-conventional adaptive optics approach that has certain advantages with respect to its incorporation into free-space optical communication terminals. The technique does not require wave-front measurements, which are difficult under the strong scintillation conditions typical for communication scenarios, but is based on the direct optimization of a performance quality metric, e.g., the communication signal strength, with a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm.We describe an experimental adaptive optics system that consists of a beam-steering and a higher-resolution wave-front correction unit with a 132-actuator MEMS piston-type deformable mirror controlled by a VLSI system implementing the SPGD algorithm. The system optimizes the optical signal that could be coupled into a single-mode fiber after propagating along a 2.3-km near-horizontal atmospheric path. We investigate characteristics of the performance metric under different atmospheric conditions and evaluate the effect of the adaptive system. Experiments performed under strong scintillation conditions with beam-steering only as well as with higher-resolution wave-front control demonstrate the mitigation of wave-front distortions and the reduction of signal fading.