Über die Temperaturabhängigkeit optischer Eigenschaften kleiner Silberteilchen

The influence of low temperature on the spectral light absorption of small silver particles has been investigated in the spectral range between 3500 and 4500 Å. Measurements of the absorption coefficient were taken at 293, 77, and 4.2 K. For this purpose a method was developed to obtain silver particles (mean diameter between 20 and 300 Å) inside a matrix of polymethylmethacrylate. This highpolymer allowed measurements of optical transmission at low temperatures and the exact determination of form and size distribution of the inbedded particles by electron microscopy. Using the Kramers-Kronig-analysis modified by Kreibig the optical constants were obtained. The results show relatively good agreement with constants calculated for the Drude free electron gas taking into account temperature dependend electron collision frequency.     

积雪与气溶胶粒子混合的光谱反照率模拟研究

积雪中的黑碳气溶胶粒子会导致积雪光谱反射率显著下降,进而引起的气候辐射变化会推迟或提前积雪融化时间,严重影响了干旱区地表径流特征、区域水循环过程,由此引起的干旱区生态水文问题也越来越受到关注。2018年1月在新疆北疆地区开展积雪中气溶胶粒子观测实验,借助ASD地物光谱仪、Snow Folk积雪特性仪与HR-1024外场分光辐射度计等仪器获取原始积雪光谱数据与其他积雪参数,应用Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiation model(SNICAR)模型模拟了不同雪粒径下、不同太阳天顶角、不同Black Carbon(BC)浓度下的积雪光谱反照率变化状况,讨论了BC、雪粒径在不同光谱范围内敏感性,结果表明:太阳天顶角对雪面光谱反照率的影响在近红外波段比其他波段表现得更明显,在积雪光谱曲线中太阳天顶角从0°变化到80°,可见光波段600 nm处光谱反照率升高了0.045,近红外波段1000,1200和1300 nm处光谱反照率分别升高了0.16,0.225和0.249;在天顶角为60°时,雪粒径从100μm增大到800μm,对应的光谱反照率减少量最大可达到0.15,且100~300μm范围内的雪粒径比400~800μm范围内的引起光谱反照率的下降量明显增大,雪粒径的增大能使吸光性颗粒物的光吸收效应增强;随着BC浓度的增加,积雪反照率会显著下降,且不同浓度的BC对积雪的反照率的差值不同,随着BC浓度的增加,反照率的差值量越来越小。不同的BC浓度在近红外波段对光谱反照率影响较小,影响较大的范围主要集中可见光波段,在光谱800和1100 nm处,5μg·g-1的BC浓度使光谱反照率减小了0.13和0.04,5μg·g-1的BC可使350与550 nm处的光谱反照率减小0.25与0.23;比较不同粒径下,BC浓度对积雪光谱宽波段反照率的减少情况可发现,在BC存在的情况下,雪粒径的增加会增大BC的光吸收效应,且浓度越高,吸收增加的越多;从光谱指数角度表明BC在可见光波段350~740 nm比较敏感,相关系数较高;雪粒径在近红外波段1100~1500 nm比较敏感,尤其在1000与1300 nm左右,BC与雪粒径在积雪光谱曲线中的敏感波段相关性都较高,R 2高达0.9以上;最后将模型模拟的积雪反照率与实测数据进行验证对比,R 2为0.738,模拟效果较好,可为干旱区积雪光谱反照率的研究奠定数据基础。     

The influence of the characteristics of a collection of particles on the scattered spectral density and its applications

The far-zone scattered spectral density of a light wave on the scattering from a collection of particles is investigated, and the relationship between the character of the collection and the distribution of the scattered spectral density is discussed. It is shown that both the number of particles and their locations in the collection play roles in the distribution of the far-zone scattered spectral density. This phenomenon may provide a potential method to reconstruct the structure character of a collection of particles from measurements of the far-zone scattered spectral density.     

Fractal Character of Dynamic Light Scattering of Particles

Dynamic light scattering signals from particles, exhibit fractal characteristics. This feature can be used to determine the particle size. The use of the fractal dimension, as a quantitative method to analyze the properties of dynamic light scattering signals from submicron particles, is presented. The analysis is performed directly on the time‐resolved scattered intensity, and the Box Dimensions of light scattering signals of particles with diameters 100, 200, 500 and 1000 nm. The experimental results show that the fractal dimensions of light scattering signals correlate well with particle size. In the submicron size range, the smaller the particles, the larger their fractal dimensions. Compared with the PCS technique, only several hundreds of samples are required in the fractal method. Therefore, the data processing is easily accomplished. However, this method only provides the mean particle size, but not the particle size distribution.     

Correlation spectroscopy measurements of particle size using an optical fiber probe

We propose measuring the size of particles suspended in a liquid by light beating spectroscopy of scattered light using an optical fiber probe inserted into a medium and consisting of three multimode optical fibers. One of them is used to transmit light, the other two — to transmit scattered light to a unit providing its spatial coherence and further to a photodetector. In very turbid media, the multiple-to-single light-scattering spectral line width ratio is determined by the ratio of line widths in two collecting optical fibers. Then the particle size is determined by the spectrum of multiple rather than single scattering.     

A direct method of particle sizing based on the statistical processing of scattered photons from particles executing Brownian motion

A direct method of determining the mean diameter of particles executing Brownian motion is presented. The temporal coherence of the scattered field from submicroscopic particles illuminated by laser light is a function of both the integration time and the particle diameter. The temporal degree of coherence of the time-averaged scattered intensity decreases as the integration time increases. Statistical processing of the scattered photons leads to a method of particle sizing (average diameter), which circumvents the need for digital autocor-relation or power spectral estimation.     

微纳粒子光学散射分析

为实现利用光学方式对微纳尺度粒子性质的研究,探讨了亚微米线及亚微米球对光电磁波的散射效应.微纳米尺度粒子的光学散射,散射粒子尺寸与入射光波长尺寸可满足米氏(Mie)散射条件.利用Matlab数值模拟的方式,将分析结果以模拟图的形式清晰地展现出来.满足尺寸条件的层状粒子以及任意多个散射粒子存在时对电磁波的散射都可采用Mie散射分析方法,并且针对多粒子散射,分析了散射体位于不同位置时对散射造成的影响.通过分析光学散射光场相关的微分散射截面及近场散射电磁场分布,可得出散射光场随散射角度的变化趋势,以及散射光场受各类因素的影响,包括入射光偏振态、散射粒子尺寸、散射粒子结构及粒子构成层数、散射粒子数量等的影响,也包括一些隐含因素对散射光场的影响,如散射粒子与周围介质的相对折射率.本文的科学意义体现在:与入射光波长尺寸可比的亚微米尺度的粒子,可用作传感器,对于其位移的探测可通过光学方式来实现,而由于粒子本身特性对散射光的影响具有一定的参考价值,从而使通过光学方式对机械位移的读出具有更高准确度.研究结果对于光学方式探测亚微米线机械振动具有指导意义.     

降雨粒子的无线紫外光散射特性

紫外光与降雨粒子相互作用发生散射,散射光特性改变能够反映降雨粒子的相关物理特性（如粒子尺寸参数、浓度、形态）,因此研究粒子的物理参数对散射光特性的影响对有效提高光谱法定量探测降水的精度有很大意义。由于雨滴在非球形降水粒子中具有代表性,以群雨滴粒子为例,采用T矩阵理论,利用紫外光直视和非直视单次散射模型,分析了入射光波长、群雨滴粒子形态、降雨强度、粒径大小与散射光强之间的关系。并用蒙特卡洛方法仿真分析了非球形群雨滴粒子在不同降雨强度和粒径下散射角与散射光强之间的关系,以及降雨环境中的风切变对紫外光散射特性的影响。通过理论及仿真分析,得到了不同群雨滴粒子形态下的路径损耗,不同降雨强度、风切变率和粒径下的散射光强分布。仿真结果表明：在紫外光直视与非直视通信方式下,降雨环境中的通信质量比晴天条件下的通信质量差,即路径损耗增大。当粒径分布已知时,随着降雨强度的增大,衰减系数增大,路径损耗增加,且直视通信方式的路径损耗比非直视降低7 dB左右。随着降雨强度、风切变率和粒子粒径的增大,散射光强曲线整体呈下降趋势,其中,降雨强度的变化对散射光强分布影响程度最大。相同通信距离时,不同降雨强度下的紫外光散射光强分布均随着散射角的增大而减小,当散射角继续增大到90°时,有效散射体体积逐渐减小,接收到的光子能量减小,暴雨中的散射光强衰减程度最大。相同降雨强度下考虑风切变时,相比较无风时的路径损耗增大5 dB左右。除此之外,还研究了椭球形和切比雪夫形粒子对紫外光散射光强的影响,结果表明当粒子粒径分布相同时,椭球形粒子的散射光强衰减较广义切比雪夫形粒子大。根据散射粒子的散射光强分布以及路径损耗能够区分雨滴粒子是否由相同粒径及形态组成,为粒子测量提供理论基础。分析降水中群雨滴粒子的光散射特性,为提高光谱法评估降水衰减的数值模拟方面提供理论依据,为光学技术在探测识别降水现象等气象领域的广泛应用提供了设计参考。     

双光路DOAS系统获取大气颗粒物粒谱分布方法研究

当前大气复合污染日趋严重,造成大气氧化性增强,气体向颗粒物的转化加快。大气颗粒物粒径大小及谱分布决定其在大气中的行为,以差分吸收光谱法（DOAS）为基础,结合双光路设计技术,开展实时、在线、获取近地面大气气溶胶颗粒物的粒谱分布的光谱方法研究。首先构建低噪声性能稳定的宽带氙弧灯为光源的双光路差分吸收光谱系统,基于干净天气条件下大气的能见度数据对系统进行校准,通过两个不同光路获得的光谱信号强度之比获取近地面紫外-近红外波段的大气总宽波段消光系数。基于宽波段消光系数,在去除瑞利散射以及气体吸收对消光系数的影响后,解析出气溶胶颗粒物的消光系数。基于核函数准则,利用均匀球型粒子的电磁场Mie理论来反演气溶胶物理特性,获得气溶胶粒子在该测量谱段的体积谱分布,利用体积谱与数密度谱的关系,反演出气溶胶粒子的数密度谱分布。开展利用直方图方法来表现颗粒物的粒谱分布方法研究,首先将DOAS测量波段近似等分为若干谱段,利用谱段处平均值,获取气溶胶粒谱直方分布图。最后把该系统和方法应用于外场实验,获得了气溶胶颗粒物在300～650 nm范围内的消光系数,将测量波段等分为11个谱段,反演了颗粒物的在0.1～1.25 μm粒径范围的数密度谱分布。该研究为整治我国灰霾天气,研究大气气相/粒子非均相化学反应提供科学依据。同时将推动DOAS技术的进一步发展和应用。     

基于六硼化镧与壳聚糖的光热转换生物材料

为实现光合细菌(PSB)产氢过程的光分频利用,用六硼化镧(LaB_6)和壳聚糖制备了光热转换发光发热生物材料,研究了不同LaB_6纳米颗粒的生物材料在可见光下的吸光特性和光热转换特性。研究发现:该生物材料能较好地透过510~650 nm波长的光为PSB产氢供给光能,而其他波段的光用于激发LaB_6粒子产热为PSB提供热能。LaB_6纳米颗粒的吸光度及光热转换能力受颗粒尺寸影响显著,当生物材料中LaB_6颗粒平均水力直径为295 nm时,12 min内的温升速率为0.41℃/min,是载玻片的5.4倍。     

Particle Manipulation by Ultrasonic Standing Wave Fields to complement dynamic light scattering experiments

Dynamic light scattering is a widely used technique for the sizing of colloidal suspensions. It is capable of measuring particles across the size range from approximately 1 nm to several microns. However the larger particle sizes tend to pose problems for the interpretation of the scattered light signal either by virtue of their light scattering efficiency relative to the smaller species present or the departure of the scattered light signal from Gaussian statistics. Rapid removal of such particles in-situ could extend the use of dynamic light scattering particularly in on-line analysis or laboratory automated measurement. In this paper a method is demonstrated for the in-situ removal of larger particles in suspension by means of ultrasonic standing waves and concurrent dynamic light scattering measurement. The theory behind ultrasonic particle manipulation and its effect on the motion of the particles is discussed. Data from a scattering cell designed to incorporate the ultrasonic technology is presented showing that dynamic light scattering measurements may be carried out under such conditions. Varying the energy density of the ultrasonic field allows particles greater than a defined cut-off diameter to be removed from the measurement region. Theory shows that the minimum cut-off size may be as small as 100 nm. Results presented here demonstrate complete removal at a lower diameter threshold of approximately 2000 nm.     

Spectral changes produced by static scattering on a system of particles

A formula of considerable generality is derived for the spectrum of light produced by static scattering of polychromatic light on a system of particles. It applies to deterministic as well as to random distributions of monodispersed or polydispersed particles. We illustrate it by examples. It is suggested that spectral changes produced by scattering could be used for determining the structure of some scattering systems.     

光散射聚集速率测定中T矩阵方法的应用

聚集速率是评估胶体体系特性及稳定性的关键参数, 静态光散射和动态光散射则是测量聚集速率的两个重要方法. 然而, 用静态光散射和动态光散射测量聚集速率时, 需要知道有关单粒子和双粒子聚集体光散射特性的数据. 为此, 通常需要把动、静两种方法结合, 才能消去这个数据. 以前各种近似理论曾用来解决这个问题, 但因粒子尺寸和形状的限制, 结果并不理想. 而T矩阵方法可以不受粒子大小和形状的限制计算其光散射特性. 本工作用T矩阵方法直接计算静态光散射和动态光散射所必须的粒子散射特性, 并将该法得到的聚集速率与动静态光散射结合法得到的聚集速率进行了比较, 两者结果很接近. 本工作为简化静态光散射和动态光散射测量聚集速率, 扩展其应用范围开辟了新途径. 关键词： T矩阵')" href="#">T矩阵 光散射法 聚集速率     

Absorption and Scattering of Light by Silver and Gold Nanodisks and Nanoprisms

We study the influence of the shape of silver and gold nanoparticles on the spectra of absorption and scattering of the optical-range electromagnetic radiation. We perform numerical calculations of the cross sections of absorption and scattering of light on the basis of the FDTD method for the particles having the shape of a disk and a triangular prism. We establish that the positions of plasmon resonance peaks and the spectral distributions of intensities differ significantly for nanoparticles of different shapes even when the characteristic sizes of the particles are equal. The calculations carried out thus demonstrate that, along with the size and material of the plasmonic particle, its shape is yet another factor that essentially determines its optical features. The results of the study can be utilized in the development of the spectroscopic method of determining the shape of the metal nanoparticles and the quantitative estimate of their characteristic sizes.     

Determination of particle size in multiphase blends by different methods

Different methods for characterizing the morphology of multiphase blends were applied to a blend of thermoplastic polyurethane with 20 wt% polypropylene as the dispersed phase. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and light scattering were compared. The microscopy methods were evaluated with respect to their suitability for quantitative image analysis for determination of the particle size distribution. Comparison of the particle size distributions revealed that the dependence of the measured particle size on the method of preparation and technique was not very pronounced. The main difference resulted from cutting the particles outside their maximum diameter. The measured particle sizes determined with methods that analyze the whole particles, such as SEM on separated particles and laser light scattering, are larger than those measured on cut specimens. The factor 4/π valid in monodisperse systems for the ratio between the real particle size and that measured on sections was found also to be applicable to this polydisperse blend system. Although light micros-copy requires the least preparation efforts, it is a reliable method for this blend system.     

Radiative transfer in plant leaves

A two-layer model of light scattering and absorption in plant phytoelements is considered, which takes into account absorption of light by pigments and water and light scattering by particles of two types: chloroplasts and air cavities. An elementary light scattering event is described using the Mie theory. Multiple light scattering in a leaf is described within the framework of the theory of radiative transfer. The equation of radiative transfer with a strongly anisotropic phase function is solved using the method of addition of layers and the method of reduction to a medium with effective parameters depending on the propagation direction of light. The spectral dependences of reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated in the visible range as functions of the leaf structure.     

PGP成像光谱仪的全视场自动化光谱定标方法

为了对PGP成像光谱仪所获得的光谱数据进行定量化分析,需对PGP成像光谱仪进行光谱定标,以获得各光谱通道的中心波长、光谱分辨率及成像光谱仪的光谱弯曲等光谱特性信息。采用单色准直光法设计了一套全视场自动化的光谱定标系统,系统中引入球面镜为待测的成像光谱仪光谱定标提供准直光,通过可自动控制的折转镜改变定标入射光线的入射角,以此实现待测成像光谱仪空间维不同视场的自动化光谱定标。运用该定标系统对PGP成像光谱仪进行光谱定标实验,得到该成像光谱仪的光谱性能参数,并结合定标系统的结构特点,对实验的结果进行了精度分析。实验分析结果表明该系统对PGP成像光谱仪的中心波长定标精度达到0.1 nm,光谱分辨率定标精度达到1.3%。该研究设计的全视场自动化光谱定标系统具有结构新颖紧凑、通用性较强、光谱定标精度较高等特点,且由于自动化的控制,避免了由于人为参与定标过程所带来的额外误差。该系统可用于实现PGP成像光谱仪及其他同类型成像光谱仪的光谱定标。     

可见光隐身涂料设计

根据颗粒粒径与波长相比的不同情形，分别用粗粒子理论、细粒子理论和桥理论求得颗粒的 光散射系数和吸收系数，从而得到含颗粒涂料的漫反射率.讨论了涂料参数如黏结剂和颗粒 的光学常数、颗粒粒径和体积比等对漫反射率的影响.并以含钛白粉颗粒的涂料为例，介绍 了可见光隐身涂料的计算机设计方法. 关键词： 非均匀涂料 涂料设计 可见光隐身     

Size measurement of nanoparticles using the emission intensity distribution of laser-induced plasma

A two-dimensional optical imaging method is presented for monitoring the laser-induced breakdown events of aqueous nanoparticles. The method is based on measuring the light intensity distribution of plasma from spatially resolved breakdown events. The number of laser breakdown events as a function of the emission intensity follows the Gaussian distribution and its full-width at a half-maximum appears in direct correlation with the particle size. Hence the particle size can be determined by measuring the plasma emission intensity distribution. Calibration of the method is carried out with reference polystyrene particles dispersed in water. Application is demonstrated for measuring bentonite colloidal particles of different sizes in groundwater. PACS 42.62.Eh; 52.25.Rv; 52.70.Nc     

双峰分布颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射数据反演

采用多角度动态光散射和加权正则化反演方法,对4组模拟的双峰分布颗粒体系(100/600 nm,200/600 nm,300/600 nm和350/600 nm)分别选取1、3、6和10个散射角进行测量.粒度反演结果表明,采用加权正则化方法反演双峰颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射测量数据,可获得峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径(＞350 nm)颗粒的双峰颗粒粒度分布.采用标准聚苯乙烯乳胶颗粒进行实测的结果验证了这一结论.得到含大粒径颗粒的双峰粒度分布反演结果的原因在于,多角度动态光散射能提供更多的大粒径颗粒的粒度信息,加权正则化反演方法能减少测量数据中的噪声,因而多角度动态光散射测量数据的加权反演能实现峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径颗粒的双峰颗粒体系的测量.