碱式碳酸铜制备实验的教学设计

针对传统实验教学中存在的"教师讲授-学生实验"的验证模仿式教学模式的弊端,以实验教学目标的多维化和建构主义学习理论为教学设计的理念指导,设计了碱式碳酸铜的制备实验的教学过程:通过创设碱式碳酸铜及其应用的相关情境,激发学生学习兴趣;进而围绕制备路线的确定、反应条件的控制和实验方案的设计提出5个问题,启发学生积极思考和交流讨论;在此基础上引导学生自主完成实验方案的设计;最后,提供拓展性实验资源,促进知识的迁移应用。该教学设计有利于教师从单纯注重知识传授转变为引导学生学会学习,全面提高实验素养。     

“精细化学品化学”专业课教学改革探索与实践

对"精细化学品化学"专业课的教学内容、教学方法和考核模式进行探索。合理选择课程内容,激发学生的兴趣;改革教学方法,利用多种教学手段,引导学生主动学习;改变考核模式,重视学习过程;调整实验教学内容,利用开放性实验强化学生的思维创新与动手能力,提高学生的综合素质。     

“师生并进”实验教学法探究

为学生创设最佳的学习情境,重视情感陶冶;为学生提供动手、动脑、动口的机会和条件,促使学生理解学习过程,生动活泼地主动学习,是研究化学教学模式,改革化学教学的方法论原理[1]。高师无机实验基本操作与中学化学实验联系最为密切,它覆盖了中学化学实验基本操作的全部内容,是化学实验十分重要的基本功。     

基于“学习金字塔理论”的物理化学实验教学模式改革实践

介绍了东北林业大学物理化学实验课程教学中基于"学习金字塔理论"进行教学模式改革实践的情况。在实施实验教学过程中,通过增加"学生通过在线实验视频预习""学生为学生讲解实验""操作前学生小组讨论"和"操作后学生小组总结讨论"等学习环节,建立了一种有效的"以学生为中心"的实验教学模式,促进了学生综合素质和创新能力的培养,取得了良好的教学效果。     

医药类专业基于滴定分析实验培养学生误差分析能力的教学设计

为提高医药类专业滴定分析化学实验教学效果,设计了一种新的滴定分析测定药品含量实验的教学模式,将实验设计成不同的条件实验,学生分别完成不同的条件实验后共享实验数据,通过处理实验数据,学生可以对整个实验进行条件分析,在学习滴定分析测定药物含量实验的过程中,对实验原理有更深的理解,提高了学生分析实验关键点和处理实验数据的能力,增强了团队合作意识。     

“翻转+分段式”有机化学实验教学设计及实践研究

以FeCl_3·6H_2O催化合成乙酸乙酯为教学内容,采用"翻转+分段式"混合教学方法对整个实验过程进行了改革探索。通过教师准备学习资源,学生自主学习,课堂分段讲解,互动交流以及跟踪评价等,探讨了大学有机化学实验实施"翻转+分段式"混合教学方法的有效途径。实践结果表明:混合教学模式能够显著促进学生对实验内容的理解和掌握,明显增加学生自主操作的时间,还能有效降低实验过程中的安全隐患。     

基于信息加工模拟结构的化学教学实践研究

介绍了美国心理学家加涅运用信息加工理论模拟学习过程的结构,"多元智能"的含义,"问题连续体"理论的5种问题类型,以及在化学教学设计过程中,根据学生的智力发展水平构建5个层次的问题类型以开展教学设计.实验研究证明,实验前后学生的学习成绩、学习兴趣、学习注意力、思维能力、互动效果存在显著差异(P<0.01);采用"问题连续体"教学模式进行教学,学生在探究实验的过程中知识得到深化,思维得到升华,发展了学生的多元智能,发散思维,探索、创新、实践等能力.     

燃烧条件的证明实验

初中教材"氧气的性质和用途"一节中提到,要使可燃物燃烧,需要具备两个条件:1.跟氧气接触;2.温度达到着火点。为了帮助学生理解,增强学生对化学的学习兴趣,提高教学质量,可补充如下证明实验。     

翻转课堂模式在有机化学实验教学中的探索与实践

针对当前有机化学实验课程存在重讲授轻实验、重验证轻探究、重结果轻过程等弊端,学生积极性和主动性受抑制等问题,我们将翻转课堂模式应用于有机化学实验的教学中进行探索和实践。改变课前和课中学习方式,课前通过信息技术手段完成知识传授过程,课中师生研讨完成知识内化过程,将教学模式从"以教为主"转变为"以学为主",提高了学生的学习积极性、课堂参与度,培养了学生的自主学习、团队协作、表达交流等能力。我们发现翻转课堂模式下,学生在实验操作失败率、实验产物收率、实验报告质量、理论考试成绩等实验课程综合能力上获得提高,有机化学实验课程教学质量得到进一步提升。     

《无机及分析化学实验》中物质的制备专题设计

在《无机及分析化学实验》物质的制备专题编写中,以制备实验的一般思路和原则为导向,对"方法引导"和"实验过程"进行了创新设计。旨在通过几个典型的无机化合物的制备实验,使学生在学习不同类型物质制备方法的基础上,熟悉制备物质的一般思路,掌握实验方案设计的基本原则,着重培养学生的基本化学实验素养和整体实验能力。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。