邮票上的物理学史42--卢瑟福

新西兰出生的英国物理家卢瑟福是20世纪初一位重要的物理学家,     

邮票上的物理学史40--放射性的发现

电子的发现确证了原子是有结构的,X射线是电子向内层轨道跃迁时发射出来的,与原子结构有密切的关系,它们的发现是原子物理学的开端.而放射性射线则是从原子核内发射出来的,它的发现打开了原子核物理学的大门. 放射性是在对X射线的研究中发现的. 1896年初,伦琴将发现新射线的报告,连同用X射线拍摄的手骨照片,分寄给各国知名科学家,其中包括法国的庞加莱.1月20日,庞加莱在法国科学院的例会上介绍了伦琴的发现,并展示了照片.庞加莱指出,X射线是从阴极对面发荧光的那部分管壁发出的,并问道,是否荧光物质发荧光时也发出X射线?他的话触动了在场的物理学家贝可勒尔.     

邮票上的物理学史：—电磁学的应用（3）无线电

上面两方面(强电和弱电)总称电工学,它的各项发明基本上是在19世纪完成的,它宣告了电力时代的到来.无线电的发明则已经在20世纪的门槛上了,无线电电子学是20世纪发展起来的.     

Nuclear fission with inertial confinement

The possibility of inducing an explosive fission reaction in a small amount of fissionable material by a heavy-ion beam from a high-power accelerator driver developed for bringing about fusion in deuterium-tritium cylindrical targets with direct burning is analyzed. The consequences of the use of this method in the nuclear power industry are discussed.     

Nuclear molecules in ternary fission

Experimental results on particle accompanied cold fission of ²⁵²Cf suggest the existence of a short-lived quasi-molecular state. Within our three-center phenomenological model, described in this paper, we found a possible explanation based on a new minimum in the deformation energy at a separation distance very close to the touching point. Half-lives of some quasimolecular states which could be formed in ¹⁰Be accompanied fission of ²³⁶U, ²³⁶Pu, ²⁴⁶Cm, ²⁵²Cf, ^252,256Fm, ^256,260No, and ²⁶²Rf are roughly estimated.     

Nuclear dissipation,fission probability and neutron multiplicity prior to fission

We discuss the effects of nuclear dissipation on fission probabilities that are characteristic of a diffusion model of the fission process. Reproducing the experimental fission probabilities at low excitation energies fixes the ratioa _f/a_n of the level density parameters for a given strength of the reduced dissipation coefficientβ. These low energy constraints ona _f/a_n andβ balance the effects of transients on neutron multiplicities prior to fission at higher excitation energies. For the competitive decay of¹⁵⁸Er formed in the reaction¹⁶O+¹⁴²Nd at 207 MeV we show that dueto transients only the multiplicity of pre-fission neutrons is enhanced with respect to the prediction of the statistical model in a manner consistent with our earlier general analysis.     

Nuclear fission of Ra and Th isotopes

The fission modes and the corresponding nuclear shapes of Ra and Th isotopes are considered. It is shown that the fission of ²¹⁶Ra is expected to be predominantly symmetric, in accordance with recent experimental findings.     

Nuclear charge radii of molybdenum fission fragments

Radioisotopes of molybdenum have been studied using laser spectroscopy techniques at the IGISOL facility, University of Jyväskylä. Differences in nuclear charge radii have been determined for neutron deficient isotopes ^90,91Mo and neutron rich isotopes ^{102–106,108}Mo (and all stable isotopes). A smooth transition in the mean square charge radii is observed as the neutron number increases with no sudden shape change observed in the region around N=60$N=60$. As N   increases, the nuclear deformation appears to go beyond a maximum and a fall off at N=66$N=66$ is observed. The magnetic moments of the odd isotopes ^91,103,105Mo are also determined.     

Nuclear fission phenomenon—At a glance

This article gives an overview of the physics of the fission phenomenon. It provides a brief introduction to the various aspects of the fission process such as liquid drop model fission barriers, different stages of the fission process, fragment kinetic energy and mass distributions, nuclear shell effects on fission barriers, fragment angular distributions and rare fission modes.     

Nuclear charge distribution of heavy fission fragments from thermal-neutron-induced fission of235U

Fragments from thermal-neutron induced fission of²³⁵U have been separated by a mass spectrometer with respect to their masses and kinetic energies within 1 μsec. The separation principles are briefly described. For masses 130 to 139 amu the charge distributions have been determined by counting the number of beta tracks emitted from the individual mass selected fission fragments in a nuclear photographic emulsion. In another method, the average number of beta particles for each fragment mass is determined by use of a 4π-proportional counter. The mean nuclear charge as a function of mass is compared with other experimental results and theoretical curves. Contradictory to the radiochemical results, this experiment yields a dip in the mean nuclear charge versus mass curve at mass 132 amu corresponding to the doubly magic nucleus (N=82,Z=50)¹³²Sn. Recent theoretical calculations of Nörenberg are in agreement with this finding.     

Nuclear excitation and prompt fission in muonic238U

A study of muonic²³⁸U has been performed in a combined (μ ^?,γ f) and (μ ^?,γγ) coincidence experiment to investigate the role of non-radiative transitions and their fission probabilities. An augmentation of the outer fission barrier ofΔE _b =(0.6±0.1) MeV due to the presence of the muon is deduced. A significant contribution to the prompt fission yield not only results from the (2p→1s) and (3d→1s) non-radiative transitions, but also from other radiationless transitions. Specifically, the measured fission probabilities of the transitions (2p→1s), (3d→1s), and (3p→1s) are (1.5±0.4)%, (5.7±1.7)%, and (5.3±1.9)%, respectively.